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Antennas
Radiation resistance
Quality factor
Half-power beamwidth
Far-field of an antenna
Equivalent circuit
Reciprocity
Polarization loss factor
Omnidirectional pattern
Radar cross section
Radiation efficiency
Polarization
Friis transmission equation and its importance
Input impedance
Field regions of an antenna
Vector effective length

An essay question: Linear wire antennas, their advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and operation
principles.
An essay question: Microstrip antennas, their advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and operation
principles.
An essay question: Microstrip antennas, their characteristics and operation principles.

Explain parameters (5 Pcs) which affect the antenna array radiation pattern. b) Draw the structure, dimensions
and radiation pattern for a two element antenna array when the gain is maximized i) in the broadside and ii)
along the axis of array (end-fire). Assume omnidirectional antenna elements.

1> A hypothetical isotropic antenna is radiating in free-space. At a distance of 100 m from the antenna, the total electric
field (E) is measured to be 5 V/m. Find (a) power density (Wrad) and (b) power radiated (Prad).

2> The complex input impedance of a

/2 dipole antenna, including the loss resistance of 2 , is 75+j42.5 .

The antenna is connected to a generator whose output peak voltage is 3 V and internal impedance equals 50 .
Draw the equivalent circuit for the described arrangement. Find a) the power radiated by the antenna, b) the reflection
efficiency of the antenna, c) the radiation efficiency of the antenna, and d) the total (overall) efficiency of the antenna.
(|)

3> Lets consider an electrically small dipole ( /50

<l<

/10 ) which approximated radiation intensity is

U= A 0 sin 2 , where 0, 02.

Determine a) the directivity using the exact formula, and b) the length of an antenna when the radiation resistance is 2
.

4> Three isotropic sources, with spacing d between them, are placed along the z-axis. The excitation coefficient of each
outside element is I1 = I3 = 1 while that of the centre element is I2 = 2. For a spacing of d = /4 between the elements, a)
draw a picture of the array, b) find the array factor, and c) angles (in degrees) where the maxima of the pattern occur
( 001800), d) sketch the pattern for each element, for array factor and for total field pattern.
5> The input reactance of an infinitesimal linear dipole of length l= /60 and radius a=/200 is given by

X =120

ln ( l / 2 a )1
tan kl/ 2

where k=2/ is the wave number. Assuming the wire of the dipole is copper with a conductivity of 5.7x107 s/m,
determine a) the loss resistance, b) the radiation resistance, and c) the radiation efficiency at f=1 GHz.

6> A resonant, lossless half-wavelength dipole antenna, having a directivity of 2.156 dBi, has the input impedance of 73
and is connected to a lossless 50 transmission line. A wave, having the same polarization as the antenna, is incident
upon the antenna with a power density of 5 W/m2 at a frequency of 10 MHz. Find the received power available at the
end of the transmission line.
7> A uniform array of 3 isotropic antenna elements on the z axis is designed so that its maximum of the array factor is
directed broadside. The spacing between the elements is /2. For the array factor of the antenna, determine (a) all the
angles in degrees where the nulls will occur, (b) all the angles in degrees where all the maxima will occur, and (c)
directivity in dBi.
8> Design a rectangular microstrip patch antenna operating at 5 GHz with the dominant TM010 mode. The height and the
dielectric constant of the substrate are 3.2 mm and 3.38, respectively. What is antennas (a) width, (b) length, and (c)
impedance at the resonance frequency and referenced to the edge? In the antenna design you do not need to take into
account the mutual conductance between the radiating slots of the patch antenna.
9> A small one-turn circular loop antenna has the loop radius of /30 and the wire radius of /1000. The operating
frequency is 1 MHz. The wire of the loop is made of copper with the conductivity of 5.7x 107 S/m. Assuming the

antenna is radiating in free space, determine the antenna impedance and the radiation efficiency. = 0=4 x107
H/m.
10> A radiation pattern of an antenna is modeled in such a way that the radiation intensity is uniform over specified
directions and is zero elsewhere. Anexample of the pattern is

where B0 is the constant radiation intensity [W/sr]. For this example, (a) derive an equation for the directivity as a
function of and , and (b) calculate the directivity of the antenna in dBi when = 5 and = 45.

11> Transmitting and receiving antennas, operating at 1GHz with gains of 20 dBi and 15 dBi, respectively, are
separated by a distance of 1 km. Find the maximum power delivered to the receiver input when power at the transmit
antenna input is 150 W. Transmitting antenna is circularly polarized (either right-or left- hand) and the receiving
antenna is linearly polarized.

12> The normalized electric field of a vertical dipole antenna located over perfect conductor (in horizontal plane)
follows the equation

The antenna is used as a communication antenna at the VHF band (f = 200 MHz). In order to avoid interference with
other simultaneously operating communication systems, it is desired to place a null in the far-field amplitude pattern at
an angle of 60 from the vertical.
Determine the three smallest physical heights above the perfect conductor at which the antenna can be placed to meet
the desired pattern specifications.