Continental-continental
convergence
boundaries.
Indian-Australian Plate move upward & collided with
Eurasia plate about 10my ago. Instead of subduction, it
crumpled due to quite a similar density.
b.
c.
2.
a.
b.
c.
anticline
fault
Antiline/salt
Pinh-out
unconformity
3.
a.
[2 marks]
Coal: When plant die and their organic compounds
deposited within the anaerobic environment. It
classify by grade, low (lignite), intermediate
(bituminous) & high (anthracite).
Kerogen: Important elements for petroleum
generation. It takes place as the breakdown of
organic matter occurs with rising temperature and
pressure
ii.
[2 marks]
Structural traps form after the sedimentary rocks
are deposited, usually by tectonic forces, e.g.
4
[2 marks]
Play: Perception (or concept / model) of how a
specific region of the earths subsurface may be an
appropriate target for exploration drilling
Prospect: A potential petroleum trap defined by a
grid of seismic lines (at least 2 lines).
iv.
[2 marks]
Migration: The hydrocarbon migrates within the
source rock itself and also through the porous rockPrimary & secondary migrations.
Reservoir:
The
hydrocarbon
accumulation
or
enrichment in volume in rock formation after
blocked by the trap.
b.
13. The first land plant on Earth started from Ordovician. However, the
most abundant land plants or forests are in the age of _________
A. Cretaceous
B. Tertiary
C. Carboniferous
D. Triassic
14. The present day continents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting large masses or ________ that break up about ____ m.y.
A. Panthalassic oceans; 300
B. Gondwanaland masses; 250
C. Supercontinent Pangea; 200
D. Convergent plate boundaries; 150
15. Discontinuities include all mechanical break or fractures occurred
naturally within the rock mass. Types of discontinuity are ______.
A. joints, foliations, folds and cleavages
B. joints, foliations, beddings and cleavages
C. foliations, dykes, beddings and cleavages
D. foliations, beddings, intrusions and cleavages
16. These are the basic geometry of folds, EXCEPT
A. Syncline and anticline
B. Horst and graben
C. Axial plane and fold axes
D. Right and left limb
17. What do you call an expansion joint due to the release of
pressure?
A. Shrinkage joint
B. Orthogonal joint
C. Exfoliation joint
D. Conjugate joint
18. The process by which rocks are broken down and decomposed by
the action of geomorphic agents is referred to ______________.
A. metamorphism
B. weathering
C. shearing
D. alteration
19. Lagoon, river delta, estuary and beach are classified into _______
depositional environment.
A. marine
B. terrestrial
C. pelagic
D. transitional
20. The followings are the primary sedimentary structure, EXCEPT
A. Ripple marks
B. Mud cracks
C. Angular unconformity
D. Cross bedding
21. Kerogen is the most important component for hydrocarbon
generation. The types of kerogen are:
A. oxic, suboxic and anoxic
B. algal, liptinitic and humic
C. diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis
D. bitumenous, anthracite and graphite
22. Which one is NOT post-depositional porosity formation in reservoir
rock?
A. Fenestral
B. Fractured
C. Vuggy
D. Intergranular
23. Which statement below is FALSE?
A. Well-rounded coarse-grained sediments usually have higher
permeability than fine-grained sediments.
B. Poorly sorted sediments usually have lower porosity because
the fine-grained fragments tend to fill in the open space.
C. Highly cemented sedimentary rocks have lower porosity.
D. Marble has higher porosity after diagenesis process.
24. What is the driving force for the movement of lithosphere or
continental drift (plate tectonic) theory?
A. Mantle convection current
B. Liquid outer core rapid spin
C. Radioactive decay of K, U and Th
D. Thick semi-solid behaviour of asthenosphere
W
S
D
E
Z
M
Figure 1
Please refer to Figure 1 to answer question 26 to 30,
26. Combination of F and Z faults may develop
A. thrust and overthrust
B. hanging and footwalls
C. horst and graben
D. heave and throw
27. By using a relative dating principle, which statement is the most
sufficient.
A. E is younger than N
B. E made the pre-existing rocks changed
C. E is the coarse-grained porphyritic granite
D. All the statements are correct
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