Anda di halaman 1dari 11

MID-SEMESTER TEST

JAN 2009 SEMESTER


PAB1023 - FIRST TEST

Introduction to Petroleum Geoscience


Date : 12 March 2009
Time : 0830 - 1000
Venue : Test Room 1 Block N
Instruction to candidates
1. Answer all questions in PART A and PART B.
2. Write down your name and student ID on every page of the
question and answer papers.
NAME: ___________________________________
STUDENT ID: ______________________________

PART A (40 marks)


(Instruction: Answer Part A in the answer sheet provided. Use short
notes and diagrams/illustrations to answer the questions)
1.

The Great Himalaya Mountain comprise of igneous, sedimentary


and metamorphic rocks with complex geological structures.
a.

Describe the formation of this mountain belt.


[5 marks]
plate

Continental-continental
convergence
boundaries.
Indian-Australian Plate move upward & collided with
Eurasia plate about 10my ago. Instead of subduction, it
crumpled due to quite a similar density.

b.

Explain the sedimentation processes and environment of


deposition.
[5 marks]
During the movement of Indian Plate, erosion took
place and accumulates within fore-basin. Movement took
very long time & the thick sediments formed. It will
combine with volcanic and plutonic rocks during the
collision. Over the time pile of sediments push up by the
convergent when the two continents collided.

c.

Is there any prospect to find oil and gas? Discuss on their


petroleum system.
[5 marks]
Yes.
Sedimentary
rocks
created
during
the
movement of plate contain a lot of carbonaceous material
that will contribute high TOC. It comes together with
porous rocks like sandstone, conglomerate, limestone etc.
The
compression
may
created
anticlines,
faults,
unconformities, pinch-out etc.

2.

a.

Describe the formation of sedimentary basin with relation


to the divergent plate boundaries.
[5 marks]
The divergent plate boundaries may create a good
basin on continent. Extension of the earth crust is
compensated by downward movement of the
hangingwall block. Sometimes a block bounded by
normal faults will drop down, creating a graben.
(graben is a German word for ditch), while the
uplifted fault-bounded block is called horst. Rifts are
graben associated with diverging plate boundaries,
either along mid-oceanic ridges or on continents.

b.

Explain the basic processes involve in the formation of


clastic sedimentary rocks.
[5 marks]
Sediment produced by weathering processes,
transport by geomorphic agents, deposited in basin
(low energy environment), lithification, compaction
by overburden pressure, indurations become a
sedimentary rocks. It classify based on grain size
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale and
mudstone.

c.

With the aid of diagrams, illustrate the importance of


geological structures in the petroleum trap.
[5 marks]

anticline
fault

Antiline/salt

Pinh-out

unconformity

3.

a.

Describe in brief the differences for the following terms


with the use of sketches, if necessary.
i.

Coal and kerogen.

[2 marks]
Coal: When plant die and their organic compounds
deposited within the anaerobic environment. It
classify by grade, low (lignite), intermediate
(bituminous) & high (anthracite).
Kerogen: Important elements for petroleum
generation. It takes place as the breakdown of
organic matter occurs with rising temperature and
pressure
ii.

Structural and stratigraphic trap.

[2 marks]
Structural traps form after the sedimentary rocks
are deposited, usually by tectonic forces, e.g.
4

Anticline: The antiform structure created by the


ductile deformation. The porous layer covered by the
impervious bed.
Stratigraphic traps form at the time the sediments
are deposited, e.g.Pinch out: One kind of
stratigraphic traps due to depositional process. The
porous rocks, e.g. sandstone invaded inside the
impermeable seal.
iii.

Play and prospect

[2 marks]
Play: Perception (or concept / model) of how a
specific region of the earths subsurface may be an
appropriate target for exploration drilling
Prospect: A potential petroleum trap defined by a
grid of seismic lines (at least 2 lines).
iv.

Migration and reservoir.

[2 marks]
Migration: The hydrocarbon migrates within the
source rock itself and also through the porous rockPrimary & secondary migrations.
Reservoir:
The
hydrocarbon
accumulation
or
enrichment in volume in rock formation after
blocked by the trap.
b.

Explain in brief TWO (2) kinds of metamorphic rock and


give an example.
[2 marks]
Contact: Attached to the hear sources, rock chilled
and form a brittle kind of rock, e.g. hornfels
Regional: Contribute by the T & P with different
levels. Classify into grades, low, medium and high.
E.g. slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
Dynamic: Based on P only and associated with the
fault zone.

PART B (60 marks)


(Instruction: Answer Part B by circling the appropriate answer)
1. The earth layers comprise
A. Lithosphere, asthenosphere, outer core, inner core
B. Continental crust, oceanic crust, outer core, inner core
C. Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, core
D. Asthenosphere, mantle, Mohorovicic, Guttenberg
2. Breccia consist of angular to sub-angular clasts is related to
A. desert
B. deep sea
C. continental shelf
D. glacier
3. Forces that cause deformation of rocks related to the plate tectonic
boundaries.
A. Compressive convergent
B. Tensional divergent
C. Shearing transform
D. All above
4. The diapiric traps are mainly created by____________ diapir.
A. volcanic and plutonic
B. fold and fault
C. mud and salt
D. salt and gypsum
5. The typical cements for bonding of grains in clastic sedimentary
rocks are
A. silica, calcite, iron oxide
B. silica, dolomite, pyrite
C. feldspar, limestone, halite
D. hematite, limonite, siderite
6. A rock will deform permanently at a stress higher than its elastic
limit exhibiting ____________ behaviour
A. ductile
B. plastic
C. elastic
D. brittle

7. The ________ texture defines by the bigger crystals floating within


a finer groundmass as a result of crystallization processes.
A. Phaneritic
B. Glassy
C. Porphyritic
D. Sugary
8. When magma comes into quick contact with much cooler materials
on the Earth's surface.
A. Pure volcanic glass is formed.
B. Non-crystalline igneous rocks developed.
C. Texture is an aphanitic.
D. All above
9. A texture developed when platy or elongate minerals are aligned by
differential stress during metamorphism.
A. Bedding
B. Foliation
C. Crystallization
D. Shear
10. A place where hydrocarbon accumulates or a place where oil &
gas are barred from further movement is called
A. migration
B. reservoir
C. trap
D. cap
11. A fault may be recognized due to the presence of _________.
A. cleavage
B. folds
C. breccia
D. joints
12. The term used to describe all the chemical, physical, and biological
changes on sedimentary rock after its initial deposition is
corresponding to
A. diagenesis
B. lithification
C. crystallization
D. metamorphism

13. The first land plant on Earth started from Ordovician. However, the
most abundant land plants or forests are in the age of _________
A. Cretaceous
B. Tertiary
C. Carboniferous
D. Triassic
14. The present day continents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting large masses or ________ that break up about ____ m.y.
A. Panthalassic oceans; 300
B. Gondwanaland masses; 250
C. Supercontinent Pangea; 200
D. Convergent plate boundaries; 150
15. Discontinuities include all mechanical break or fractures occurred
naturally within the rock mass. Types of discontinuity are ______.
A. joints, foliations, folds and cleavages
B. joints, foliations, beddings and cleavages
C. foliations, dykes, beddings and cleavages
D. foliations, beddings, intrusions and cleavages
16. These are the basic geometry of folds, EXCEPT
A. Syncline and anticline
B. Horst and graben
C. Axial plane and fold axes
D. Right and left limb
17. What do you call an expansion joint due to the release of
pressure?
A. Shrinkage joint
B. Orthogonal joint
C. Exfoliation joint
D. Conjugate joint
18. The process by which rocks are broken down and decomposed by
the action of geomorphic agents is referred to ______________.
A. metamorphism
B. weathering
C. shearing
D. alteration

19. Lagoon, river delta, estuary and beach are classified into _______
depositional environment.
A. marine
B. terrestrial
C. pelagic
D. transitional
20. The followings are the primary sedimentary structure, EXCEPT
A. Ripple marks
B. Mud cracks
C. Angular unconformity
D. Cross bedding
21. Kerogen is the most important component for hydrocarbon
generation. The types of kerogen are:
A. oxic, suboxic and anoxic
B. algal, liptinitic and humic
C. diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis
D. bitumenous, anthracite and graphite
22. Which one is NOT post-depositional porosity formation in reservoir
rock?
A. Fenestral
B. Fractured
C. Vuggy
D. Intergranular
23. Which statement below is FALSE?
A. Well-rounded coarse-grained sediments usually have higher
permeability than fine-grained sediments.
B. Poorly sorted sediments usually have lower porosity because
the fine-grained fragments tend to fill in the open space.
C. Highly cemented sedimentary rocks have lower porosity.
D. Marble has higher porosity after diagenesis process.
24. What is the driving force for the movement of lithosphere or
continental drift (plate tectonic) theory?
A. Mantle convection current
B. Liquid outer core rapid spin
C. Radioactive decay of K, U and Th
D. Thick semi-solid behaviour of asthenosphere

25. The __________ are among the parameters involved on enhancing


the ductile behaviour of rocks.
A. temperature, pressure and time
B. discontinuities, parting and cleavage
C. rock characteristic, stress and strain
D. compressive, tensional and shear

W
S

D
E
Z
M

Figure 1
Please refer to Figure 1 to answer question 26 to 30,
26. Combination of F and Z faults may develop
A. thrust and overthrust
B. hanging and footwalls
C. horst and graben
D. heave and throw
27. By using a relative dating principle, which statement is the most
sufficient.
A. E is younger than N
B. E made the pre-existing rocks changed
C. E is the coarse-grained porphyritic granite
D. All the statements are correct

10

28. W is a valley developed by erosion process. What kind of


geomorphic agent might be responsible?
A. wave
B. wind
C. river
D. tide
29. S is an erosional surface corresponding to two different types of
unconformities, such as:
A. disconformity and nonconformity
B. angular unconformity and nonconformity
C. disconformity and angular unconformity
D. none of above
30. If the B horizon is considered as the carbonaceous shale, A is a
porous sandstone, and K is a mudstone. What kind of petroleum
traps are going to developed?
A. stratigraphic and structural
B. fault and angular unconformity
C. unconformity and fault seal
D. all above
- END OF PAPER -

11

Anda mungkin juga menyukai