2
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Abstract
Do you think high quality means more money and more time? Many
organizations think so.
In a way it is true for the simple fact that one half of most software
development project budgets and two thirds of the typical development
teams time are spent fixing poor quality or software defects. A study
conducted by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
reports that software defects cost the U.S. economy $59.5 billion annually.
Caper Jones in his 2001 IEEE paper, Measuring Software Process
Improvement, gave a hope to software executives around the world by
revealing that software process improvement leads to 80% reduction in
post-release defects and a 65% increase in productivity, while reducing
project schedules and costs by 20%.
This paper highlights the need for an early detection of defects, its impact
on the business & also emphasizes on the cost of fixing a defect.
Figure 1
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3
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
?
External failure costs - the cost incurred due to the defects, after
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4
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Figure 3
This cost feeds back into SDLC and many managers do not actually know
what it costs their organizations to fix the defects.
An estimate by Boehm & Basili suggests that the cost of fixing the defect
grows exponentially for each downstream phase of the software
development lifecycle in which it remains undetected. The fixing of the
defect after product delivery can be 100 times more costly than doing so in
the requirements and design phases.
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5
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Table 1 also shows the cost of fixing the defect depending on the SDLC phase & the time it is detected. If
the defect in the requirements is detected post-release, then it would cost 10100 times more to fix than if the
defect had already been detected in the requirements phase.
Time Detected
Requirements Architecture Construction System testing Post-release
Time
Introduced
Requirements
510
10
10100
Architecture
10
15
25100
Construction
10
1025
Table 1
$14,500
$28,250
$69,000
$90,000
$89,500
Below you would find two hypothetical cases of a project that will help
you understand how to determine the cost of fixing a defect & its impact
in your project.
Project X is developing a financial software product and below are the
project details:
Duration
11 months
Team Size
10 FTE
Scope
Billing Rate
Table 3
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6
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Figure 4
Before Scenario
10
300
# of defects fixed
300
60 days
10*60=
Bef
ore
Sce
nar
io
Billing rate
Table 4
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7
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Figure 5
After Scenario
10
120
# of defects fixed
120
20 days
10*20=
200 Person days
Billing rate
Table 5
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8
a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
Conclusion
It takes courage and commitment to make a Zero defect policy. But with
focused effort one can certainly commit to achieving minimal defects and
reduce the cost associated with them. Product managers can absolve
themselves from the dilemma of whether we need to do one more round
of testing. Defect prevention simplifies the test cycles, reduces overall
cost and improves product quality.
References:
Boehm B, Basili VR. Software defect reduction top 10 list. IEEE
Computer. January, 2001.
Principles of Quality Costs: Principles, Implementation, and Use,Third
Edition, ed. Jack Campanella, ASQ
What Does It Cost to Fix a Defect? By Johanna Rothman
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a stitch in time saves nine Economics of defect prevention
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