The Effect of The Slip Condition On Ows of An Oldroyd 6-Constant Uid

Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 202 (2007) 402 413
www.elsevier.com/locate/cam
The effect of the slip condition on ows of an Oldroyd

6-constant uid
T. Hayat , Masood Khan, M. Ayub
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
Received 11 July 2003; received in revised form 21 October 2005
Abstract
The steady ows of a non-Newtonian uid are considered when the slippage between the plate and the uid is valid. The constitutive
equations of the uid are modeled by those for an Oldroyd 6-constant uid. They give rise to non-linear boundary value problems.
The analytical solutions are obtained using powerful, easy-to-use analytic technique for non-linear problems, the homotopy analysis
method. It is shown that solutions exist for all values of non-Newtonian parameters. The solutions valid for no-slip condition for
all values of non-Newtonian parameters can be derived as the special cases of the present analysis. Finally, graphs are plotted and
critical assessment is made for the cases of slip and no-slip conditions.
2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Oldroyd 6-constant uid; Analytic solution; Boundary value problems; Slip condition; Homotopy analysis method
1. Introduction
Mechanics of non-linear uids present some interesting challenges to researchers in engineering, applied mathematics
and computer science. In the previous years, non-linear uids are intensively studied by mathematicians, essentially
from the point of view of differential equations theory. The non-linearity can manifest itself in a variety of ways and the
ow characteristics of non-Newtonian uids have been found quite different from those of the Newtonian uid. This
suggests that we cannot replace the behavior of non-Newtonian uid in practical applications with Newtonian uid.
Hence, it is necessary to study the ow behavior of the non-Newtonian uids in order to obtain a thorough cognition
and improve the utilization in various manufactures. Among the many models which have been used to describe the
non-Newtonian behavior exhibited by these uids, the uids of differential type [13] and those of rate type [53] have
received many attention. Here, we shall consider a model due to Oldroyd [52] which contains as special cases some of
the previous uids. Existence results for some shearing motions of such a uid have been established in [24]. Recently,
Baris [6] discussed the two-dimensional steady and slow ow of an Oldroyd 6-constant uid between intersecting
planes, one of which is xed and the other moving. Using truncated series expansions, the solutions of the reduced
linear ordinary differential equations are given. To the authors knowledge the exact solutions for an Oldroyd 3-constant
uid seem to be those of Rajagopal and Bhatnagar [55], Rajagopal [54], Hayat et al. [27,28] and Fetecau [18,19].
Corresponding author. Tel.: +92 51 227 5341; fax: +92 51 921 9888.
E-mail address: t_pensy@hotmail.com (T. Hayat).

0377-0427/$ - see front matter 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.
doi:10.1016/j.cam.2005.10.042
T. Hayat et al. / Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 202 (2007) 402 413
403
In all the mentioned studies, the effect of slip condition is not considered. Navier [50] proposed a slip boundary
condition when slip velocity depends on the shear stress. He developed slip boundary conditions based on molecular
calculations. There is a rigorous work [21,14,69,22,9,73,75,26,68,65] concerning the ow of a NavierStokes-slip,
threshold-slip, etc. Since the equations for non-Newtonian uids are of higher order than the NavierStokes equations
so additional boundary conditions are necessary in order to obtain the unique solution. The adherence boundary
conditions are insufcient to determine a unique solution. Rajagopal and Gupta [56] and Rajagopal and Kaloni [57] gave
examples of non-uniqueness in domains with porous boundaries. This implies that additional boundary conditions are
necessary to ensure the well-posedness but it remains an open question what boundary conditions should be imposed.
Moreover, non-Newtonian uids such as polymer melts often exhibit wall slip. The uids exhibiting boundary slip
have important technological applications. For example, the polishing of articial heart valves and internal cavities in
a variety of manufactural parts is achieved by imbedding such uids with abrasives [60]. Several attempts have been
made to explain slip phenomena [37,72,25,62]. Examples of well-posedness results for the NavierStokes equations
with Navier slip, and more references are given in [16,66,63,67]. Rao and Rajagopal [59] also examined the effect of the
slip boundary condition on the ow of uids in a channel. Le Roux [61] studied in detail the existence and uniqueness
of the ow of second grade uids with slip boundary conditions. The non-Newtonian ows with wall slip have been
studied numerically in Refs. [70,10,35,36,64,20,12,71,17]. The effect of slip condition at the wall for Couette ow for
steady and unsteady state conditions have been studied, respectively, by Jha [32] and Marques et al. [48] and for Stokes
and Couette ows by Khaled and Vafai [34].
The objective of this work is to obtain and study solutions of the equations describing the ows of Oldroyd 6constant uid. The considered non-Newtonian uid model involving six constants is not a popular model. None of the
six constants have been measured with certainty for any specic uid. However, the considered model contains several
other models that are commonly used. With this motivation the governing non-linear equations are considered and the
solutions for three steady ows (Couette, Poiseuille and generalized Couette) are constructed using homotopy analysis
method (HAM) [38] when the no-slip condition between the plate and the uid is no longer valid. The HAM is based
on a basic concept in topology, i.e., homotopy [30] that is widely applied in numerical techniques [3,7,11,23]. Unlike
perturbation techniques [8,15,31,49,51], the HAM is independent of small/large parameters. Unlike all other reported
perturbation and non-perturbation techniques such as the articial small parameter method [47], the -expansion method
[33,4] and decomposition method [1,2], the HAM provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence
region and rate of approximation series. The HAM has already been successfully applied to many non-linear problems
[3946,74,5].
2. Governing equations
In absence of body forces, the equations governing the ow of an incompressible uid are

jV
+ (V )V = T,
jt
div V = 0.
(1)
(2)
In above equations V = (u, v, w) is the velocity vector and is the density. The Cauchy stress tensor T of an Oldroyd
6-constant uid is
T = p1 I + S,
(3)

DS 3
DA1
5
2
S + 1
+ (SA1 + A1 S) + (tr S)A1 = A1 + 2
+ 4 A1 ,
Dt
2
2
Dt
(4)
A1 = L + LT ,
(5)
where
L = grad V.
404
Here, p1 is the pressure, I is the identity tensor, S is the extra stress tensor, A1 is the rst RivlinEricksen tensor,
, 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 are the material constants and the contravariant convected derivative D/Dt is given by
DS dS
=
LS SLT ,
Dt
dt
(6)
in which d/dt is the material derivative. Recently, Rajagopal and Srinivasa [58] have described a thermodynamic
frame work for rate-type uids. This shows that the popular Oldroyd-B uid with constant material moduli are only an
approximation and that the material moduli depends on the shear rate, etc. This is also true for the model considered
here.
For steady ow, the expressions for extra stress tensor and velocity are given as

S(y) =
Sxx
Syx
Szx
Sxy
Syy
Szy
Sxz
Syz
Szz

u
V(y) = 0 .
0
(7)
Using Eq. (7) continuity equation is identically satised and from Eqs. (1) and (3)(7) we arrive at
jp1
d
=
Sxy ,
jx
dy
(8)
jp1
d
=
Syy ,
jy
dy
(9)
jp1
d
=
Szy ,
jz
dy
(10)
2
du
du
,
= (4 22 )
Sxx + (3 21 )Sxy
dy
dy

du
du
du
3 + 5
du 5
Sxy 1 Syy
+
(Sxx + Syy )
+
Szz
= ,
dy
2
dy
2
dy
dy

du
3 21
Szx +
Szy
= 0,
2
dy
Syy
2
du
du
+ 3 Sxy
,
= 4
dy
dy
Szy +
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
du
3
Szx
= 0,
2
dy
(15)
Szz = 0,
(16)
Sxx + Syy = 2(4 2 )
du
dy
2
2(3 1 )Sxy
du
.
dy
(17)
From the above equations

jp
d
=
Sxy ,
jx
dy
(18)
jp
jp
=
= 0,
jy
jz
(19)
405
where
p = p1 Syy ,
(20)
Szx = Szy = 0,
2
du
[4 3 + 2(1 2 )]
1
dy
Sxx =
4 ,
+[4 2 1 3 + 2(1 1 2 2 )] du
dy

3
du
du
1
,
+ 1

Sxy =
dy
dy
M

2
4
du
du
1
Syy =
,
+ (4 2 1 3 )
(4 3 )
M
dy
dy
(21)
1 = 1 4 (3 + 5 )(4 2 ),
(25)
2 = 1 3 (3 + 5 )(3 1 ),
2
du
.
M = 1 + 2
dy
(26)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(27)
We note from Eq. (19) that p is independent of y and z and is a function of x only. Thus, Eq. (18) becomes
dp
d
=
Sxy .
dx
dy
(28)
Making use of Eq. (23) in Eq. (28) and then integrating the resulting equation we get
3

2

dp
du
du
dp
du
2 y
y
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1 = 0,

dy
dy
dx
dy
dx
(29)
where 1 is constant of integration.

3. Plane Couette ow
Let us consider laminar ow of an Oldroyd 6-constant uid. The uid is between two innite parallel plates distance
d apart. When the pressure p is constant (or there is zero pressure gradient in the x-direction), the velocity is zero
everywhere for the given ow eld. The ow is due to motion of the top plate with velocity U. The bottom plate is at
rest. Here, we also consider the existence of slip between the velocity of the uid and of the plates. The relative velocity
between uid and plates is assumed to be proportional to the shear rate at the plates. In the absence of pressure gradient
the governing equation (29) takes the following form:

3
du
du
du 2

1 2
+ 1 = 0,
(30)
+ 1
dy
dy
dy
with the slip conditions as
u
du
=0
dy
u+
du
=U
dy
for y = 0,
for y = d,
(31)
where is the slip coefcient. For simplicity, we take the slip corresponding to viscous uid, however the governing
equation is for Oldroyd 6-constant.
406
Introducing the following dimensionless parameters

u =
u
,
U
y =
y
,
d
1 =
1 U 2
,
d2
2 =
2 U 4
,
2
=

,
d
1 =
1
,
dU 3
R =
the boundary value problem after dropping the becomes

3
du
du 2
du
2
1 2
+ R = 0,
+ 1
dy
dy
dy
u
du
=0
dy
for y = 0,
u+
du
=1
dy
for y = 1,
dU

(32)
(33)
(34)
where = / and R is the Reynold number.

Now, we apply the HAM to give an explicit, uniformly valid, totally analytic solution to the given problem. Due to
the governing equation (33) and slip conditions (34), it is straightforward to choose
u0 (y) =
[y + ]
1 + 2
(35)
as the initial guess of u(y). Furthermore, we choose

L[u(y; p)] =
ju(y; p)
jy
(36)
as our auxiliary linear operator, where p [0, 1] is an embedding parameter. Then, we construct the zero-order
deformation equation

ju(y; p) 3
ju(y; p) 2
ju(y; p)
2
(37)
+ 1
1 2
+R
(1 p)L[u(y; p) u0 (y)] = p h
jy
jy
jy
subject to the following boundary conditions:
u(y; p)
ju(y; p)
=0
jy
for y = 0,
u(y; p) +
ju(y; p)
=1
jy
for y = 1.
(38)
When p = 0, it is straightforward that the solution of Eqs. (37) and (38) is

u(y; 0) = u0 (y).
(39)
When p = 1, Eqs. (37) and (38) are, respectively, the same as Eqs. (33) and (34), provided
u(y; 1) = u(y).
(40)
Thus, as p increases from 0 to 1, u(y; p) varies from the initial guess u0 (y), dened by Eq. (35), to the exact solution
u(y) governed by Eqs. (33) and (34). This kind of continuous variation is called deformation in topology.
Due to Eq. (39), it is straightforward to expand u(y; p) in power series of the embedding parameter p as follows:
u(y; p) = u0 (y) +

k=1
uk (y)p k ,
(41)
where
uk (y) =

1 jk u(y; p)
k!
jp k p=0
(k 1).
407
(42)
Note that the zero-order deformation equation (37) contains a non-zero auxiliary parameter 2. Thus, u(y; p) and uk (y)
are dependent upon the auxiliary parameter 2. Obviously, 2 also affects the convergence rate and region of the series
(41). Assume that 2 is so properly chosen that series (41) is convergent at p = 1. Then, due to Eqs. (40) and (41), we
have the relationship
u(y) = u0 (y) +
(43)
uk (y).
k=1
Differentiating k-times the zero-order deformation equations (37) and (38) with respect to p and then dividing them by
k! and nally setting p = 0, we have, due to the denition (42), the kth-order deformation equation
i
k1

L[uk (y)
k uk1 (y)] = h uk1 (y) + 1
uk1i (y)
uij (y)uj (y)

1 2
i=0
k1

j =0
uk1i (y)ui (y) + R 2 (1

k ) ,
(44)
i=0
with
uk (0) uk (0) = uk (1) + uk (1) = 0,
where
k =
0,
1,
(45)
k 1,
k 2
and prime denotes the derivative with respect to y.

The three terms solution of the problem (33) and (34) after solving Eq. (44) with conditions (45) up to second-order
approximations is given by
u(y) = u0 (y) =
[y + ]
,
1 + 2
(46)
where
u1 (y) = u2 (y) = 0.
The above equation shows that the velocity distribution across the gap of the parallel plates is linear. Here, we also
remark that steady plane Couette ow in case of Oldroyd 6-constant uid is identical to that of viscous uid.
4. Plane Poiseuille ow
Here, the uid is bounded between parallel plates of innite length at y = 0 and d. Both plates are at rest and ow
is due to a constant pressure gradient in the x-direction. The governing problem consists of Eq. (29) and the following
boundary conditions
u
du
=0
dy
for y = 0,
u+
du
=0
dy
for y = d.
(47)
408
Dening
u =
u
,
U
1 =
1 U 2
,
d2
y =
y
,
d
2 =
x =
2 U 4
,
2
xU
,

1 =
p =
p
,
U 2
1
,
dU 3
=
R =

,
d
dU
.

(48)
Eq. (29) and conditions (47) after dropping give

2
3
du
dp
du
du
2
2
y
+ R = 0,
+ 1
+ 1
dy
dy
dx
dy
u
du
=0
dy
for y = 0,
u+
du
=0
dy
for y = 1.
(49)
(50)
From governing equation (49) and the slip conditions (50), we choose
u0 (y) =
CR 2 2
[y (y + )]
2
(51)
as the initial guess of u(y), where

C=
dp
.
dx
Let us construct the zero-order deformation equation

ju(y; p) 3
ju(y; p) 2
ju(y; p)
2
(1 p)L[u(y; p) u0 (y)] = p h
+ 1
(yC + 1 ) 2
+R
jy
jy
jy
(52)
subject to slip conditions

u(y; p)
ju(y; p)
=0
jy
for y = 0,
u(y; p) +
ju(y; p)
=0
jy
for y = 1.
(53)
Differentiating k-times the zero-order deformation equations (52) and (53) with respect to p and then dividing them by
k! and nally setting p = 0, we have, due to the denition (42), the kth-order deformation problem
i
k1

L[uk (y)
k uk1 (y)] = h uk1 (y) + 1
uk1i (y)
uij (y)uj (y)
i=0

(yC + 1 ) 2
k1

j =0

uk1i (y)ui (y) + R 2 (1
k ) ,
(54)
i=0
uk (0) uk (0) = uk (1) + uk (1) = 0.
(55)
409
Now solving Eq. (54) subject to slip conditions (55) up to second-order of approximations, we obtain the three terms
solution of problem (49) and (50) and is given by
u(y) = u0 (y) + u1 (y) + u2 (y),
(56)
where
u1 (y) =
h 3 4 2
C R (R 1 2 )[2y 4 4y 3 + 3y 2 (y + )],
8
u2 (y) =
h 2 C 3 R 4 2
(R 1 2 )
2! 4
(57)

1
1+
{2y 4 4y 3 + 3y 2 (y + )}
h

C 2 R2
2
6
5
4
3
2
+
(3R 1 22 ){16y 48y + 60y 40y + 15y 3(y + )} .
12
(58)
5. Generalized Couette ow
Suppose that the uid is bounded by two parallel plates of innite length at y = 0 and d. The uid starts suddenly
due to a pressure gradient and by the motion of the upper plate. For this ow the governing dimensionless problem
consists of Eq. (49) and the slip conditions (34). Here, we choose
u0 (y) =
CR 2 2
[y + ]
[y (y + )] +
2
1 + 2
(59)
as the initial approximation of u(y). The zero-order deformation problem is of the following form

ju(y; p) 3
ju(y; p) 2
ju(y; p)
2
,
(yC + 1 ) 2
+R
+ 1
(1 p)L[u(y; p) u0 (y)] = p h
jy
jy
jy

u(y; p)
ju(y; p)
=0
jy
for y = 0,
u(y; p) +
ju(y; p)
=1
jy
for y = 1.
(60)
(61)
Differentiating k-times the zero-order deformation equations (60) and (61) with respect to p and then dividing
them by k! and nally setting p = 0, we have, due to the denition (42), the kth-order deformation
problem
L[uk (y)
k uk1 (y)] = h uk1 (y) + 1
k1

i=0

(yC + 1 ) 2
k1

uk1i (y)
i

j =0
uij (y)uj (y)

uk1i (y)ui (y) + R 2 (1
k ) ,
(62)
i=0
uk (0) uk (0) = uk (1) + uk (1) = 0.
(63)
410
Now solving Eq. (62) subject to slip conditions (63) up to second-order of approximations, we obtain the three terms
solution of problem (34) and (49) and is given by Eq. (56), where
h C 2
(R 1 2 )[f1 (y) + f2 (y)],
1

f3 (y) + f4 (y) + f5 (y) + f6 (y)
h Cy
1
2
u2 (y) =
(R

)
+

1
2
2 ,
2! 30(1 + 2)2 1
+f7 (y) + f8 (y) + f9 (y)
u1 (y) =
(64)
(65)
where the functions fi (y) (i = 1.9), 1 and 2 can be determined routinely.

6. Discussion of results
This section describes the effects of slip and non-Newtonian parameters. Figs. 1a and b show the effect of slip
coefcient on the velocity prole for Couette and generalized Couette ow, respectively, for the case (h = 0.5,
C = 0.5, R = 2, 1 = 2 = 0.2; = 0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.5). From these gures, it is observed that velocity near the
moving plate decreases as increases, however the velocity increases near the xed plate. Fig. 1c is a graph of u in
Poiseuille ow vs. y for the case (h = 0.5, C = 0.5, R = 2, 1 = 2 = 0.2; = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2). It is found that u
increases with the increase of . The solution for Couette ow is identical to that of Newtonian uid. In Poiseuille ow
symmetric proles are formed. Further, it can be seen that increasing 2 and keeping 1 xed will lead the velocity
prole becoming more parabolic and u increases [29].The velocity proles in generalized Couette ow tend to approach
= 0.0
= 0.05
= 0.2
= 0.5
0.8
= 0.0
= 0.05
= 0.2
= 0.5
1.2
1
0.8
u
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(a)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
(b)
= 0.0
= 0.05
= 0.2
= 0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
(c)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Fig. 1. Proles of dimensionless slip velocity u(y) for: (a) plane Couette ow; (b) generalized Couette ow and (c) plane Poiseuille ow with various
values of for xed values of h,
C, R, 1 and 2 .
411
the linear distribution for which the shearing can unattenuately extend to the whole ow domain from the boundaries
corresponding to shear thickening phenomenon.
7. Conclusion
In this work both the Oldroyd 6-constant uid and uid-slip on the three non-linear boundary value problems are
studied. The governing non-linear equations are solved using the HAM. The obtained solutions are valid for all values
of the non-Newtonian parameters. Further, it is found that velocity increases with increase of the slip coefcient in
Poiseuille ow. On the other hand for Couette and generalized Couette ows, u decreases in the vicinity of the moving
plate and increases near the xed plate when increases. Similar to the case of no-slip condition [29] the velocity in
generalized Couette ow is positive across the entire cross section for favourable pressure gradient and for adverse
pressure gradient the velocity may either be all positive or a combination of a positive and negative regime, depending
on the value of the adverse pressure gradient.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the referee for bringing useful references to our knowledge. Support from URF is also
acknowledged.
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