Electrical Machinery and

Measurements (ELEC 2012Y)

Lab Reports (Semester 1)
Author: Mr. Rungen Ramalingum Brian
ID: 1411458
Date of Submission: 15/01/2016

University of Mauritius
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Electrical and Machines Laboratory
Faculty of Engineering

Testing and Operation of a Single Phase Transformer (Exp

203)
Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report
By RUNGEN Ramalingum Brian

Attn: Dr B.Rajkumarsingh
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Mauritius
Date of Submission: 15 January 2016

Abstract
This lab report is based on the Testing and Operation of a Single Phase Transformer. The main
objectives of the practical are to be able to determine the various parameters from the opencircuit and short-circuit tests, the efficiency of the transformer at various load currents as well as
the full load voltage regulation.
The open-circuit and short-circuit tests have been carried out. The readings obtained have been
recorded and tabulated. Using these recorded values, R0 and X0 for the magnetizing circuit has
been determined. From the results obtained, the equivalent circuit with all its parameters such as
Zeq, Req and Xeq has been determined. Using the values of measured current from the shortcircuit test, the efficiency of the single phase transformer has been calculated. Furthermore, a
graph of Efficiency against load current has been plotted in order to be able to draw appropriate
conclusions about the behavior of the transformer at different load currents. Moreover, the full
load voltage regulation at unity power factor has been also calculated.
The raw readings have been tabulated in appropriate tables in Appendix 1 and the calculations
for the various parameters have been performed in Appendix 2.
From the above analysis, it can be deduced that the transformer reaches maximum efficiency
when the core loss is equal to the Copper loss. From the graph, it can be concluded that the
transformer is well designed since it has a maximum efficiency of about 98%. The full load
voltage regulation is equal to 3.45% which a desirable value as for more effective operation of a
transformer, the voltage regulation should be as small as possible.

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Contents
Testing and Operation of a Single Phase Transformer (Exp 203) ................................................................ 2
Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report ............................................................................... 2
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Theory ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 The Practical Single Phase Transformer ............................................................................................. 1
2.2 Equivalent Circuit Referred to the Primary or Secondary Side .......................................................... 4
2.3 The Open-Circuit Test ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.4 The Short-Circuit Test ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.5 Voltage Regulation ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 Efficiency of a Transformer ................................................................................................................ 9
3. Equipment and Components Used .......................................................................................................... 12
4. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Open-Circuit Test.............................................................................................................................. 13
4.2 Short-Circuit Test.............................................................................................................................. 13
5. Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
6. Graph of Efficiency against the Load Current I1 .................................................................................... 15
7. Observation: ............................................................................................................................................ 15
8. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 16
9. Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 17
9.1 Raw Values ....................................................................................................................................... 17
9.1.1 Open-Circuit Test....................................................................................................................... 17
9.1.2 Short-Circuit Test....................................................................................................................... 17
10. Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................................ 18
10.1 Determination of R0 and X0 for the Magnetizing Circuit................................................................ 18
10.2 Determination of Equivalent Impedance, Resistance and Reactance ............................................. 19
10.3 The Calculation of Efficiency at Various Values of Measured Current from Short Circuit ........... 19
10.4 Calculation of the Full Load Voltage Regulation at Unity PF ........................................................ 20
11. Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 22

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1. Introduction
The aim of this experiment is to first of all be able to understand the operation and function of a
single phase transformer. Moreover, the equivalent circuit for both short- circuit and opencircuit tests should be obtained. Finally, the efficiency as well as the voltage regulation of the
transformer is to be determined from the results obtained while carrying the different tests.

2. Theory
2.1 The Practical Single Phase Transformer
Sen (1996) stated that A transformer is a static machine. Transformers are commonly used in
systems where energy conversions are required. However, it should be noted that a transformer
is not an energy conversion device.
Basically, a transformer is made up of two or more windings coupled by a mutual magnetic
field. These windings are referred to as the primary and secondary windings. The primary
winding is usually connected to an AC supply whereas the secondary winding is connected to a
load. The primary and secondary windings have different number of turns. The winding with
the higher numbers of turns is called the high voltage winding and the winding with the lower
number of turns is called the lower voltage winding. (Sen, 1996, p.41)
Figure 1.1 below shows the symbol used for transformer. This was highlighted in Sens
Principles of electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.42)

Figure 1.1- Transformer Symbol

Sen (1996) quoted that, compared to an ideal transformer; there are some assumptions which are

invalid in the case of a practical transformer. For instance, in a practical transformer, the
windings have resistances, the magnitude of the flux differs for the individual windings,
permeability of the material is not infinite and when the core material s is subjected to timevarying flux, core losses occur.
There are different methods which can be used to analyze the operation of practical transformer.
One of the methods which are most usually used is called the equivalent circuit model. This
method contributes to a more appropriate interpretation of the phenomena which occurs. (Sen,
1996, p.50)
A practical winding has a resistance, and this resistance can be shown as a lumped quantity in
series with the winding as shown in figure 2.1. A common flux m is settled when there exists a
current that flows through the windings in the transformer. This common flux is limited
principally to the magnetic core. However, a small amount of flux known as flux leakage, l,
shown in figure 2.2, links only one winding and does not link the other winding. The leakage
path is primarily in the air, and therefore the leakage flux varies linearly with current. The effects
of the leakage flux can be accounted for by an inductance, called leakage inductance: (Sen, 1996,
p.51). The figure below was highlighted in Sens Principles of electrical machines and power
electronics (Sen, 1996, p.50).

Figure 2.1 Practical Transformer Windings

Sen (1996) stated that If the effects of winding resistance and leakage flux are respectively accounted for
by resistance R and leakage reactance XL, as shown in figure 2.3, the transformer windings are tightly
coupled by a common flux. (Sen, 1996, p.53). The figure below was highlighted in Sens Principles of

electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.50).

Figure 2.2 Tightly Coupled Transformer

Sen (1996) mentioned that a magnetizing current Im is necessary to for a flux to settle in the core
of a practical transformer. It should be noted that the core should have a finite permeability.
This effect can be represented by a magnetizing inductance Lm. Also, the core loss in the
magnetic material can be represented by a resistance RC. If these imperfections are also
accounted for, then what we are left with is an ideal transformer as shown in figure 2.4. A
practical transformer is therefore equivalent to an ideal transformer plus external impedances that
represent the imperfections of the practical transformer. The figure below was highlighted in Sens
Principles of electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.51).

Figure 2.3 Wiring Diagram for Tightly coupled Transformer

2.2 Equivalent Circuit Referred to the Primary or Secondary Side

Sen (1996) quoted that the ideal transformer in figure 2.4 can be moved to the right or to the left
by referring all quantities to the primary or secondary side, respectively. The equivalent circuit
with the ideal transformer moved to the right is shown in figure 2.5 with all the quantities
referred to one side. The quantities include the voltages, currents and impedances. The referred
quantities are indicated with primes. By analyzing this equivalent circuit the referred quantities
can be evaluated and the actual quantities can be determined from them if the turns ratio is
known. (Sen,1996, p.53). The figure below was highlighted in Sens Principles of electrical
machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.51).

Figure 2.4 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

The voltage drops I1R1 and I1Xl1 are normally small and |E1| is approximately equal to |V1|. If this
is true then the shunt branch which is made of Rc1 and Xm1 can be moved to the supply terminal,
as shown in figure 2.6. This approximate equivalent circuit simplifies computation of currents,
because both the exciting branch impedance and the load branch impedance are directly

connected across the supply voltage. Besides, the winding resistances and leakage reactances can
be lumped together. This equivalent circuit is frequently used to determine the performance
characteristics of a practical transformer. (Sen, 1996, p.53). The figure below was highlighted in
Sens Principles of electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.52).

Figure 2.5 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer Referred to one Side

Therefore we can say that
V2 = aV2 and I2 = I2/a

In a transformer, the exciting current I is a small percentage of the rated current of the
transformer (less than 5%). A further approximation of the equivalent circuit can be made by
removing the excitation branch as shown in figure 2.7. The equivalent circuit referred to side 2 is
also shown in figure 2.8. The figures below were highlighted in Sens Principles of electrical
machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.52).

Figure 2.6 Equivalent Circuit Referred to side 1

Referred to side 1, Zeq1 = Req1 + jXeq1

Figure 2.7 Equivalent Circuit Referred to side 2

Referred to side 2, Zeq2 = Req2 + jXeq2
Req2 = Req1/a2 = R2 +R1
Xeq2 = Xeq1/a2 =Xl2 +Xl1
V1 = V1/a
I1 = I2 = aI1
The equivalent circuit model for the actual transformer can be used to predict the behavior of the
transformer. The parameters R1, Xl1, Rc1, Xm1, R2, Xl2 and a = (N1/N2) must be known so that the
equivalent circuit model can be used.
However, these parameters can be directly and more easily determined by performing tests which involve
little power consumption. These tests are known as the open-circuit test and the short-circuit test. They
will provide information for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a transformer.

2.3 The Open-Circuit Test

Sen (1996) commented that this test is performed by applying a voltage to either the high-voltage side or
low-voltage side. A wiring diagram for the open-circuit test of a transformer is shown in figure 2.9 with
the secondary winding kept open. Therefore, from figure 2.6 of the transformer equivalent circuit, the
equivalent circuit under open-circuit conditions is shown in figure 2.10. The primary current is the
exciting current and the losses measured by the wattmeter are essentially the core losses. The equivalent
circuit of figure 2.10 shows that the parameters RC and Xm can be determined from the voltmeter,
ammeter and wattmeter readings (Sen, 1996, p.54). The figures below were highlighted in Sens

Principles of electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.54).

Figure 2.9 Wiring Diagram for Open-Circuit Test

Figure 2.10 Equivalent Circuit under Open-Circuit Conditions

2.4 The Short-Circuit Test

Sen (1996) quoted that this test is performed by short-circuiting one winding and applying rated
current to the other winding as shown in figure 2.11. In the equivalent circuit of figure2.6 for the
transformer, the impedance of the excitation branch which is composed of RC and Xm is much
larger than that of series branch made up of Req and Xeq. If the secondary terminals are shorted,
the high impedance of the shunt branch can be neglected. The equivalent circuit with the
secondary short-circuited can thus be represented by the circuit shown in figure 2.12. Since Z eq =
Req + jXeq is small, only a small supply voltage is required to pass rated current through the
windings. It is convenient to perform this test by applying a voltage to the high-voltage winding.
From figure 2.12, it can be seen that the parameters Req and Xeq can be determined from the
reading s of the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter. In a well designed transformer, R1 = a2R2 =

R2 and Xl1 = a2Xl2 = Xl2. Because the voltage applied under the short-circuit condition is small,
the core losses are neglected and the wattmeter reading can be taken entirely to represent the
copper losses in the windings represented by Req (Sen, 1996. p.55). The figures below were
highlighted in Sens Principles of electrical machines and power electronics (Sen, 1996, p.55).

Figure 2.11 Wiring Diagram for Short-Circuit Test

Figure 2.12 Equivalent Circuit under Short- Circuit Conditions

2.5 Voltage Regulation

Sen (1996) mentioned that voltage regulation is used to identify the characteristic of voltage
change in a transformer. The voltage regulation is defined as the change in magnitude of the
secondary voltage as the load current changes form the no-load to the loaded condition.

||
Voltage Regulation =

||

The absolute sign are used to indicate that is the change in magnitudes that is important for the
performance of the load. The voltages in equation can be calculated by using equivalent circuits
referred to the either the primary or secondary. If we consider the equivalent circuit referred to
the primary, shown in figure 2.8. Equation can be written as

Voltage Regulation = (|V2|NL -|V2|L) / (|V2|L)

The load voltage is normally taken as the rated voltage. Therefore

From figure 2.8,

If the load is thrown off (I1 = I2 = 0), V1 will appear as V2.. Hence,

And therefore,

(Sen, 1996, p.59)

2.6 Efficiency of a Transformer

Sen (1996) quoted that since the losses in transformers are small, they tend to operate at a high
efficiency. In a well-designed transformer, the efficiency can be as high as 99%. The efficiency
is defined as:

The losses in a transformer are the core loss (Pc) and the copper loss (PCu). Therefore,

The copper loss can be determined if the winding currents and their resistances are known.

The copper loss is a function of the load current. The core loss depends on the peak flux density
in the core, which in turn depends on the voltage applied to the transformer. Since a transformer
remains connected essentially to a constant voltage, the core loss is almost constant and can be
obtained from the no-load test of a transformer. Therefore, if the parameters of the equivalent
circuit are known, the efficiency of the transformer under any operating condition may be
determined.

Therefore,

Normally load voltage remains fixed. Therefore the efficiency depends on load current I2 and power
factor cos 2.
For constant values of the terminal voltage V2 and load power factor angle 2, the maximum efficiency
occurs when

If this condition is applied to equation, the condition for maximum efficiency is

That is, core loss = copper loss. For full-load condition,

Let

Where X is the % full load current,

From Equations

For constant values of the terminal voltage V2 and load current I2, the maximum efficiency
occurs when,

If this condition is applied to equation, the condition for the maximum efficiency is:

Therefore, the maximum efficiency in a transformer occurs when the load power factor is unity.
That is, the resistive load and load current is such that copper loss equals core loss. (Sen, 1996,
p.63)

3. Equipment and Components Used

1. Single phase transformer.
Primary 230V, 50Hz, I1 = 8.5A, I2 = 17.5A; N1 = 192 turns, N2 = 92 turns.
2. Electronic Wattmeter.
3. Two Digital Multimeters.
4. Ammeter 0-20A

4. Methodology
4.1 Open-Circuit Test
1. The circuit for the open circuit test is connected as shown in figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 Wiring Diagram used in the Experiment

2. The rated primary voltage is applied and the readings from the instruments are noted.

4.2 Short-Circuit Test

1. The secondary (high current side) is shorted by the ammeter (0-20A range).
Starting from zero, the applied voltage is gradually increased until full load current (I2 =
17.5A) is reached.
2. The readings on the instruments are noted.
3. Repeat with decreasing values of I2.
Note: All readings have been tabulated in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 in Appendix 1

5. Results
1. From the calculations performed (Refer to Appendix 2), the values obtained for R0 and

X0 are 2000 and j490.2 respectively.

2. From the calculations performed (Refer to Appendix 2), the values of Zeq, Req and Xeq

are 1.121, 0.934 and 0.771 respectively.

3. Table 5.1 below shows the calculated value for the efficiency of the transformer at

different values of voltage.

Table 5.1 Calculated Values of Efficiency of Transformer

S/kVA

Pc/ W

PCu/W

Efficiency,

1955

20

64

0.959

1955

20

52

0.964

1955

20

44

0.971

1955

20

34

0.973

1955

20

26

0.977

1955

20

20

0.980

1955

20

12

0.978

4. The voltage regulation is equal to 3.45% (Refer to Appendix 2).

6. Graph of Efficiency against the Load Current I1

Figure 6.1 Graph of Efficiency against Load Current

7. Observation:
From the above graph, it can be observed that the maximum efficiency is approximately equal to
0.97 and this occurs at a load current of about 10.0A. From calculations performed, it can be
seen that the transformer acts as a step-down transformer with a turns ratio of 0.479. Moreover,
the maximum efficiency occurs when core loss and copper loss has the same value, that is, 20W.

8. Conclusion
After completion of this experiment, the various parameters from the open-circuit and shortcircuit test have been determined. The efficiency of the transformer at various values of load
current has been calculated as well as the full load voltage regulation has been determined.
It was observed that the core loss remains constant throughout the experiment whereas the
copper loss changes when the load current is varied. When the core loss and the copper loss =
20W, maximum efficiency was reached. Therefore, it can be deduced that maximum efficiency
occurs when both the copper loss and the core loss have the same magnitude. Since the
maximum efficiency was approximately equal to 98%, it can be deduced that it is a welldesigned transformer. Furthermore, from the values of efficiency obtained, it can be concluded
that the transformer has minor losses. The voltage regulation at full load is equal 3.45% which is
reasonable since for more effective operation of a transformer, the value of the voltage regulation
should be as low as possible. This experiment has provided better understanding of how to use
the open and short circuit tests in order to obtain an equivalent circuit for a transformer and to
calculate the various parameters. As indicated by Marked by Teachers in their report Single
Phase Transformer, this technique might potentially be utilized for the power transmission to the
population of a country and particularly the electric board to calculate the desired amount of
power input and power output. This will be an advantage since it can decrease expenditures and
damage to transformers can be reduced. (Marked by Teachers, n.d)
To improve the experiment results, better quality copper wires should have been used and the
readings must be taken when fluctuations on the meters stop.

9. Appendix 1
9.1 Raw Values
9.1.1 Open-Circuit Test
Table 7.1 below shows the readings obtained for the open-circuit test performed on the single
phase transformer.
Table 7.1 Recorded Values for the No- Load Test
Applied

Current I 1/A

Current I2/A

Voltage V2/V

Voltage V1/V
200

Wattmeter
Readings/W

0.42

96.7

20

9.1.2 Short-Circuit Test

Table 7.2 below shows the readings obtained for the short-circuit test performed on the single
phase transformer.
Table 7.2 Recorded Values for the Short-Circuit Test
Applied Voltage

Current I1/A

Current I2/A

Voltage V2/V

V1/V

Wattmeter
Readings/ W

9.28

8.28

17.5

64

8.50

7.60

16.0

52

7.69

6.21

15.0

44

6.83

6.04

13.0

34

6.04

5.31

11.0

26

5.44

4.75

10.0

20

4.35

3.62

8.0

12

10. Appendix 2
10.1 Determination of R0 and X0 for the Magnetizing Circuit

Figure 8.1 Equivalent Circuit for Determination of R0 and X0

Referring to the recorded values for the open-circuit test, the voltage across the branch is equal to
200V. The total current through the shunt branch was also recorded and it is equal to 0.42A.
Using these values, the magnitude of R0 and X0 are calculated.

Using the Equation P

= ,

Therefore, RC1

= (200)2/20
= 2000

Using Ohms Law,

V1 = IC1 x RC1
Therefore, IC1

= (200)/ (2000)
= 0.100A

Hence, Im1

Using Ohms Law,

. . = 0.408A

V1 = Xm1 x Im1 which leads to Xm1 =

= j (200)/ (0.408) = j490.2

Therefore RC1 = R0 = 2000 and Xm1 = X0 = j490.2

10.2 Determination of Equivalent Impedance, Resistance and

Reactance
Referring to the recorded values for the short-circuit test, the magnitude of Zeq, Req and Xeq are
calculated.
From Table 7.2, V1 = 9.28V, I1 = 8.28A and P = 64W.
Therefore, P
Hence,

= I2Req

Req = P/I2 = (64)/ (8.28)2 = 0.934

Using Ohms Law,

V = I x Zeq
Therefore, Zeq

= V/I = (9.28)/ (8.28) = 1.121

We know that Xeq =

. . = 0.771

10.3 The Calculation of Efficiency at Various Values of Measured

Current from Short Circuit
Note: The power factor is assumed to be 1
It was mentioned earlier that,

Where, Pout: S cos

Pc: Core loss = Wattmeter Reading during the Open-Circuit Test (constant)

PCu: Copper Loss = Wattmeter Reading during the Short-Circuit Test.

S is the KVA rating of the transformer and it equal to the product of the rated voltage and the
rated current, that is, S = Irated x Vrated
Therefore, if the first row of value of Table 7.2 is considered, where Irated =8.5A, PCu = 64W,
Vrated = 230V and Pc = 20W, the efficiency of the transformer can be calculated for this specific
situation.
Hence, =

+ +

. ()
. + + ()

= 0.959

The same procedure is repeated for the other recorded values for the short-circuit test and is
tabulated in Table 5.1 (See Results).

10.4 Calculation of the Full Load Voltage Regulation at Unity PF

Given I1 = 8.5A, V1 = 230V, I2 = 17.5A, N1 = 192 turns and N2 = 92 turns

Therefore, V2 = (V1 x I1)/I2

= (230) (8.5)/ (17.5) =111.17V

= aV2 = (192/92) (111.17) = 233.143V

From the Equation

V1 = (233.143) + (8.5)(0.945) =241.176V

Therefore, voltage regulation =

..
.

x 100% = 3.45%

11. Bibliography
1. Markedbyteachers.com, (2015). Single Phase Transformer (Experiment) Report. - A-

Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com. [Online]. 2015. Available from:

http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/science/single-phase-transformerexperiment-report.html. [Accessed: 24 September 2015].

2. Sen, P. (1996). Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. 2nd Ed.

Kingston, Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & Sons.

Connecting Two 3-Phase Transformers in Parallel (Exp 204)

Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report
By RUNGEN Ramalingum Brian
ID: 1411458

Attn: Dr B. Rajkumarsingh
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Mauritius
Date of Submission: 15 January 2015

Abstract
This lab report contains the procedures that should be followed in order to be able to connect to
three-phase transformers for parallel operation.
The different configuration in which three-phase transformers can be arranged has been
described. In order to be able to achieve the above objective, it is imperative that several tests
such as the continuity test, the insulation test, the voltage test and the polarity test to be
performed. The methodology used has also been mentioned. The readings obtained from each
test have been tabulated in appropriate tables in Appendix 1.
The continuity test showed that all the terminals were electrically connected. The insulation test
demonstrated that the primary side of the transformer is well insulated from the secondary side.
By performing the voltage test, the neutral terminal has been identified. For the transformer A, it
is the terminal 1 and for the transformer B, it is the terminal 4. The polarity test showed that the
terminals A1-B4, A2-B3, A3-B2 have zero potential; hence, they have the same polarity.
After performing all these tests, it has been found that all the necessary conditions have been
satisfied and hence, the two three-phase transformers can be connected together for parallel
operation.

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Contents
Connecting Two 3-Phase Transformers in Parallel (Exp 204) ..................................................... 23
Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report ............................................................... 23
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 23
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
2. Theory ......................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Three-Phase Transformers .................................................................................................... 1
2.1.1 Y- Configuration .......................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 -Y Configuration .......................................................................................................... 3
2.1.3 The Y-Y Configuration .................................................................................................. 4
2.1.4 The - Configuration ................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Tests ...................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.1 Continuity Test ............................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Insulation Test ................................................................................................................ 6
2.2.3 Voltage Test .................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.4 Polarity Test .................................................................................................................... 7
3. Equipment and Components used ............................................................................................... 7
4. Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 8
5. Discussions ................................................................................................................................. 9
5.1 Continuity Test ...................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 Insulation Test ....................................................................................................................... 9
5.3 Voltage Test .......................................................................................................................... 9
5.4 Polarity Test ........................................................................................................................ 10
5.6 Use of the Phase Sequence Indicator .................................................................................. 10

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5.7 Consequence of Having Two or More unlike Polarities Connected Together for Parallel
Operation ................................................................................................................................... 10
6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 11
7. Appendix 1 ................................................................................................................................ 12
7.1 Raw Values ......................................................................................................................... 12
7.1.1 Continuity Test ............................................................................................................. 12
7.1.2 Insulation Test .............................................................................................................. 13
7.1.3 Voltage Test .................................................................................................................. 14
7.1.4 Polarity Test- Between A and B with Neutrals Linked ................................................ 14
8. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 15

List of Figures
Figure 1- Y- Configuration .......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2- The -Y Configuration ................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3- The Y-Y Configuration ................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 The - Configuration .................................................................................................. 5
Figure 5- Wiring Diagram .............................................................................................................. 8

List of Tables
Table 1- Recorded Values for the Continuity Test. ...................................................................... 12
Table 2 Recorded Values for the Insulation Test....................................................................... 13
Table 3- Recorded Values for the Voltage Test............................................................................ 14
Table 4- Recorded Values for the Polarity Test............................................................................ 14

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1. Introduction
The aim of this experiment is to connect two 3-phase transformers with unmarked terminals in
parallel. Several tests such as the continuity test, insulation test, voltage test and polarity test will
be performed on the transformers. By performing the voltage test, the neutral terminals of each
transformer as well as the same line voltages will be identified.

2. Theory
2.1 Three-Phase Transformers
Sen (1996) mentioned that the production and supply of the huge amount of electrical energy to
the population of a country is usually done by using three phase transformers. To increase or
decrease voltages through the different phases of power transmission, the use of three-phase
transformers is necessary.
To build a three-phase transformer, three single phase transformer are connected in parallel in
either a Y-connection or a -connection. Therefore, the configuration of a three-phase
transformer can be a Y- connection, a -Y connection, a - connection or a Y-Y connection.
The total kVA of the three-phase transformer is shared equally by each transformer. It should
be noted that the magnitude of currents and voltages of the individual single-phase transformer
will be based on the configuration used. (Sen, 1996, p.69)

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2.1.1 Y- Configuration
The figure below was highlighted in Rajkumarsinghs Auto-transformer and Three-Phase
Transformer Lecture (Rajkumarsingh, 2015, p.16)

Figure 3- Y- Configuration
The primary voltage on each phase of the transformer is

VP =

The secondary phase voltage is

VLS = VS

2|Page

The overall voltage ratio is

=
=

This connection is commonly used to step down a high voltage to a lower voltage. The neutral
point on the high-voltage side can be grounded, which is desirable in most cases.
Rajkumarsingh (2015) stated that One problem associated with this connection is that the
secondary voltage is shifted by 300 with respect to the primary voltage. This can cause problems
when paralleling 3-phase transformers since transformers secondary voltages must be in phase
to be paralleled. (Rajkumarsingh, 2015, p.17)

2.1.2 -Y Configuration
The figure below was highlighted in Rajkumarsinghs Auto-transformer and Three-Phase
Transformer Lecture (Rajkumarsingh, 2015, p.16)

Figure 4- The -Y Configuration

3|Page

The primary voltage on each phase of the transformer is

VP = VLP
The secondary phase voltage is

VLS = VS
The overall voltage ratio is

=
=

This configuration is commonly used to step up voltage.

2.1.3 The Y-Y Configuration

The figure below was highlighted in Rajkumarsinghs Auto-transformer and Three-Phase
Transformer Lecture (Rajkumarsingh, 2015, p.11)

Figure 5- The Y-Y Configuration

The primary voltage on each side of the transformer is

=
The secondary voltage is

4|Page

 =
The overall voltage ratio is

= a

This connection is rarely used because of problems with exciting current and induced voltages.

2.1.4 The - Configuration

The figure below was highlighted in Rajkumarsinghs Auto-transformer and Three-Phase
Transformer Lecture (Rajkumarsingh, 2015, p.11)

Figure 6 The - Configuration

This configuration is also called as the open-delta connection.
The primary voltage phase on each of the transformer is

=
The secondary phase voltage is
5|Page

 =
The overall voltage ratio is

=
=

This connection has an advantage that one transformer can be removed for repair and the
remaining two can continue to deliver three-phase power at a reduced rating of 58% of that of
the original bank.

2.2 Tests
2.2.1 Continuity Test
The continuity test is performed in order to check whether in an electric circuit if current flows.
In other words, it is check is the circuit is complete. Multimeters are used to carry out the
continuity test. Fluke Corporation (2015) stated that, the Continuity Test mode on a digital
multi-meter can be used to test switches, fuses, electrical connections, conductors and other
components. A good fuse, for example, should have continuity. An audible response (a beep) is
produced when it detects a complete path. (Fluke Corporation, 2015)

2.2.2 Insulation Test

Jim Gregorec (2004) quoted that the insulation test involves the measurement of the resistance of
an insulator across which a current flows. If the value of resistance measured is large, this
implies that amount of current leaking out is very small whereas if the value of resistance
measured is low, this means that high amount of current is escaping from the insulation.
It is extremely important to perform insulation test on electrical machines since it enables the
users to be know whether the insulation of the machine is in good working conditions. Moreover,
it provides a baseline reading to use as a reference for future testing. (Jim Gregorec, 2004)

2.2.3 Voltage Test

Electrical4u (2011) mentioned that the voltage test is also known as the turns ratio test. The
performance of a transformer largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio
6|Page

of transformer. So, transformer ratio test is an essential type test of transformer. The voltage
should be applied only in the high voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage.
(Electrical4, 2011)

2.2.4 Polarity Test

The importance of the polarity test is to make sure that the power is being fed in the correct
direction. If power is being fed the wrong way round then it is obvious the transformer is being
fed. This can cause damage to the transformer. In other words, this test is performed in order to
identify the same line voltages.

Note:
For parallel operation of transformers, the conditions to be satisfied are:

The secondaries must have the same phase sequence.

All corresponding secondary line voltage must be in phase.

The secondaries must give the same magnitude of line voltages.

The % impedance of each transformer when referred to its own rating should be
identical.

3. Equipment and Components used

Two 3-phase transformers.

3-Phase variable A.C Supply (variac).

Insulation Tester.

Digital Meters.

Phase-Sequence indicator.

7|Page

4. Methodology
1. The continuity test and insulation test are performed and the readings obtained are
recorded in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. (See Appendix 1)
2. The primary terminals of the two transformers are connected to the three-phase variac.
3. The voltmeter is connected to measure the primary voltage.
4. The supply is switched on and the variac is adjusted to 110V
5. The voltage tests are performed separately on the two transformers and the readings
obtained are recorded in Table 3. (See Appendix 1)
6. The supply is switched off.
7. From the results obtained from the voltage test, the neutral terminals of each transformer
are identified.
8. The two neutral terminals are linked.
9. The supply is switched on and the voltage tests are performed so as to identify the same
line voltages, that is, the same polarity. The results are recorded in Table 4.
10. The transformers can now be connected in parallel.
Figure 5 below shows the wiring diagram for the experiment performed.

Figure 7- Wiring Diagram

8|Page

5. Discussions
5.1 Continuity Test
From the results obtained for the continuity test it can be deduced that the terminals were
electrically connected since the resistance values are relatively small and the beeping sound was
emitted for all the terminals tested.

5.2 Insulation Test

From the results obtained for the insulation test, it can be deduced that the primary side is
completely isolated from the secondary side of the transformer since the resistance values
measured are quite large. Therefore, the current leakage is very low.

5.3 Voltage Test

The voltage test is performed to identify the neutral terminal. The primary side of the transformer
was connected in the delta configuration. Hence, it can be deduced that the primary side does not
have any neutral terminals. That is,

=
The secondary side of the transformer was connected in the Y-configuration. Therefore, the
phase voltage should be smaller than the line voltage between any two terminals other than the
neutral terminal. That is,

VLS = VS
From the results obtained for the voltage test, the smallest voltage obtained from both
transformer A and B is 32V and the largest voltage is 56V. Therefore, using the above equation,
it can be deduced that the line voltage is 56V and the phase voltage is 32 V.
VLS = x 32 = 55.4V

9|Page

The neutral terminal is the one which has the 32V in common. From Table 3 it can be deduced
that this is the terminal 1 from transformer A and terminal 4 from transformer B.

5.4 Polarity Test

In order to connect a 3-phase transformer, the terminals connected together should have the same
polarity. In other words, the terminals must have zero potential between them. From the results
obtained, terminals A1-B4, A2-B3 and A3-B2 have zero potential.

5.6 Use of the Phase Sequence Indicator

For a three phase supply, the different phases R, Y and B are displaced by 1200 from each other
respectively. For instance, consider two transformers A and B connected in phase sequences
RYB and RBY respectively. It can be seen that Y and B phase voltages are connected together,
hence there will be a potential difference between these two terminals and this will lead to a
current flow between the terminals which in turn will lead to a short circuit connection between
the phases. This is why phase sequence indicator is used. The latter has three terminals that are
connected to the output of the transformer other than the neutral. The phase sequence indicator
determines the direction of rotation of the voltages. The direction can be either clockwise or
counterclockwise. For example, the phase sequence indicator will indicate clockwise rotation if
RYB, BYR and YRB is connected to it in these order.

5.7 Consequence of Having Two or More unlike Polarities

Connected Together for Parallel Operation
This will result in a current flow between these two terminals and thus resulting in a short circuit
between the transformers. Therefore, the large potential between the two terminals will result in
a large short circuit current flowing in the transformer, hence the transformer will not be able to
function properly.

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6. Conclusion
The principle aim of this experiment was to be able to connect two 3-Phase transformers in parallel.
Before doing so, several test such as the continuity test, voltage test, insulation test and polarity test had to
be performed to ensure proper operation of the two transformers.
From the continuity test, it can be said that all the circuits were electrically connected. Moreover, the
insulation test allows us to conclude that the primary side is properly insulated from the secondary side
due the large resistances. By performing the voltage test, the neutral terminal of the secondary side of the
transformer has been identified. Furthermore, the polarity test shows which terminals have to be
connected together so as to achieve the same phase sequence.
Hence, it can be concluded that the following conditions have been satisfied:

The secondaries must have the same phase sequence.

All corresponding secondary line voltage must be in phase.

The secondaries must give the same magnitude of line voltages.

The % impedance of each transformer when referred to its own rating should be identical.

After performing all these tests, the two 3-phase transformers can now be connected together for
parallel operation.

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7. Appendix 1
7.1 Raw Values
7.1.1 Continuity Test
Table 1- Recorded Values for the Continuity Test.
Primary Terminals

Transformer A/

Transformer B/

R-Y

2.4

2.4

Y-B

2.4

2.4

B-R

2.4

2.4

1-2

1.3

0.7

1-3

1.3

0.7

1-4

0.7

0.7

2-3

1.3

1.3

2-4

0.7

1.3

3-4

0.7

1.3

Secondary
Terminals

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7.1.2 Insulation Test

Table 2 Recorded Values for the Insulation Test
Terminals

Transformer A/M

Transformer B/ M

R-1

33

40

R-2

34

41

R-3

34

42

R-4

34

41

Y-1

34

42

Y-2

35

42

Y-3

35

42

Y-4

35

42

B-1

34

41

B-2

35

42

B-3

34

41

B-4

33

42

R-G

10

Y-G

10

B-G

10

1-G

18

23

2-G

21

26

3-4

23

27

4-G

25

28

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7.1.3 Voltage Test

Table 3- Recorded Values for the Voltage Test
Terminals

Transformer A/ V

Transformer B/ V

R-Y

110

110

Y-B

110

110

B-R

110

110

1-2

56

32

1-3

56

32

1-3

32

32

2-3

56

56

2-4

32

56

3-4

32

56

7.1.4 Polarity Test- Between A and B with Neutrals Linked

Table 4- Recorded Values for the Polarity Test

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Terminals

Volts

A1-B2

56

A1-B3

56

A1-B4

A2-B2

56

A2-B3

A2-B4

56

A3-B2

A3-B3

56

A3-B4

56

8. Bibliography
1. Electrical4.com Online Electrical Engineering, (2015). Voltage and turn ratio test for
transformer. [Online]. 2015. Available from: http://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-andturn-ratio-test-of-transformer/. [Accessed: 25 September 2015].

2. Fluke Corporation, (2015). How to test for continuity? [Online]. 2015. Available from:
http://en-us.fluke.com/training/training-library/test-tools/digital-multimeters/how-to-testfor-continuity-with-a-digital-multimeter.html. [Accessed: 25 September 2015].

3. Gregorec, J. (2004). What is insulation testing? [Online]. 2004. Electrical Construction

and Maintenance. Available from: http://ecmweb.com/content/what-insulation-testing.
[Accessed: 25 September 2015].

4. Rajkumarsingh, B. (2015). Auto-transformer and Three-Phase Transformer.

5. Sen, P. (1996). Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. 2nd Ed.
Kingston, Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & Sons.

15 | P a g e

The Single Phase Induction Motor

(Exp 206)
Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report
By RUNGEN Ramalingum Brian

Attn: Dr B.Rajkumarsingh
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Mauritius
Date of Submission: 15 January 2016

16 | P a g e

Abstract:
This lab report is based on the principle of operation of a capacitor start single-phase induction
motor. The main objective of the practical is to be able to determine the various parameters of
the induction motor by performing the no-load and locked rotor tests.
The no-load and locked rotor tests have been carried out. The readings obtained have been
recorded and tabulated. Using these recorded values, RC and Xm for the magnetizing circuit has
been determined. From the results obtained, the equivalent circuit with all its parameters such as
Zeq, Req and Xeq has been determined.
Readings for motor starting, motor running and locked rotor have been recorded in tabulated in
Appendix 1. Calculations to determine the various parameters have been performed in Appendix
2.
According to the observations made, it was deduced that the direction of rotation of the motor
can be reversed. Furthermore, when the capacitor is switched, the motor cannot be started. It was
also observed that the power loss is high during the motor running as compared to motor starting
due to the several losses occurring.

i|Page

Contents
The Single Phase Induction Motor
(Exp 203)

16

16

Electrical Machinery and Measurements Lab Report ............................................................... 16

Abstract:

1.Introduction: 4
2.Theory:

2.1 Double Revolving Field Theory: .......................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Rotor at Standstill: .......................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Rotor Running: ............................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Slip: ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Torque Pulsation: ............................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor: ...................................................... 10
2.4 Capacitor-Start Motors: ....................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Tests on a Single-Phase Induction Motor: .......................................................................... 13
2.5.1 No-Load Test: ............................................................................................................... 13
2.5.2 Blocked Rotor Test: ...................................................................................................... 13
3. Equipment Used:

14

4. Methodology:

14

5. Appendix 1: 18
5.1 Table of Results:.................................................................................................................. 18
5.1.1 Motor-Starting Test: ..................................................................................................... 18
5.1.2 Motor-Running Test: .................................................................................................... 18

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5.1.3 Locked Rotor Test: ....................................................................................................... 19

5.1.4 Resistance of Coils: ...................................................................................................... 19
6. Appendix 2: 20
6.1 Calculations: ........................................................................................................................ 20
6.1.1 Locked-Rotor Test: ....................................................................................................... 20
6.1.2 No-Load Test: ............................................................................................................... 20
7. Observations:

16

8. Conclusions:

17

9. Bibliography:

22

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1. Introduction:
Engineering Student (2011) quoted that the single-phase induction motors are the most familiar
of all electric motors because they are used in home appliances, businesses, and small industries.
In general, they are employed when three-phase power is not available. As mentioned, the
majority of fractional horsepower motors are of induction type. They are classified according to
the methods used to start them and are referred to by names descriptive of these methods. Some
common types are resistance-start which is also known as split-phase, capacitor-start, capacitorrun and shaded-pole.
Therefore, the aim of this experiment is to study the principle of operation of a capacitor start
single-phase induction motor. By performing a no-load test and a short circuit test, the required
parameters will be determined. Moreover, the magnitude of the stator coil resistance will be
found by recording values during motor starting and motor running. (Engineering Student,2011)

2. Theory:
Sen (1996) mentioned that motors of the induction type have cage rotors and a single-phase
distributed stator winding. Fig.1 below, was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical
Machines and Power Electronics, shows the schematic diagram of a single-phase induction
motor. Such a motor inherently does not develop any starting torque and therefore will not start
to rotate if the stator winding is connected to an A.C supply. However, if the motor is given a
spin or started by an auxiliary means, it will continue to run. (Sen, 1996, p.374)

Figure 8- Squirrel Cage Rotor

2.1 Double Revolving Field Theory:

The operation of a single-phase induction motor can be explained and analyzed by the double
revolving field theory.

2.1.1 Rotor at Standstill:

Sen (1996) stated that the rotor is considered to be stationary and the stator winding is connected
to a single-phase A.C supply. A pulsating mmf, hence a pulsating flux s is established in the
machine along the axis of the stator winding as shown in Fig.2 below which was highlighted in
Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. This pulsating stator flux
induces current by transformer action in the rotor circuit, which in turn produces a pulsating flux
r acting along the same axis as the stator flux s. By Lenzs law, these two fluxes tend to
oppose each other. As the angle between these fluxes is zero, no starting torque is developed.
(Sen, 1996, p.374)

Figure 9- Pulsating mmf

2.1.2 Rotor Running:

As mentioned by Sen (1996), the rotor is assumed to be running. This can be done either by
spinning the rotor or by using auxiliary circuits. The single-phase induction motor can develop
torque when it is in the running condition.
A pulsating field (mmf or flux) is equivalent to two rotating fields of half the magnitude but
rotating at the same synchronous speed in opposite directions.
5|Page

Consider two vectors of equal magnitude OP, f moving forward in the anticlockwise direction
and b moving backward in the clockwise direction as shown in Fig.3 below which was
highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. They rotate at the
same speed in opposite directions. Their vector sums OR alternate in magnitude between +20P
and -2OP and always lies along the same straight line.

Figure 10- Direction of Pulsating Field

Moreover, OR is a sine function of time if the vectors rotate at the same constant speed.
Therefore, the pulsating field, represent by OR, produced by the current in the stator winding
may be regarded as the resultant of the two rotating fields, represented by f and b, of the same
magnitude but rotating in opposite directions. The pulsating stator flux, s pulsating along the
axis of the stator winding, is equivalent to two rotating fluxes f and b as shown in Fig.4 below
which was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics.

Figure 11- Pulsating Stator Flux

6|Page

Mathematically, for a sinusoidally distributed stator winding, the mmf along a position in Fig.5,
was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics is

Where N, is the effective number of turns of the stator winding.

Figure 12- Stator Winding

Where Ff represents a rotating mmf in the direction , and Fb represents a rotating mmf in
opposite direction. Both of these rotating mmfs produce induction motor torque, although in
opposite directions. These component torques and the resultant torque are shown in Fig.6 below,
highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. At standstill,
these two torques, forward and backward, are equal in magnitude and therefore the resultant
starting torque is zero. At any other speed, the two torques are unequal and the resultant torque
keeps the motor rotating in the direction of rotation. (Sen, 1996, p374-376)

7|Page

Figure 13- Torques in Motor

2.2 Slip:
As indicated by Sen (1996), the rotor is assumed to be rotating in the direction of the forward
rotating field at a speed n rpm and the synchronous speed is ns rpm.
The slip with respect to the forward field is

The rotor rotates opposite to the rotation of the backward field. Therefore, the slip with respect to
the backward field is

The rotor circuits for forward and backward rotating fluxes are shown in Fig.7 below which was
highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. At standstill, the
impedances are equal and so are the currents. Their mmfs affect equally (oppose) the stator
mmfs and therefore the rotating forward and backward fluxes in the air gap are equal in
magnitude. However, when the rotor rotates, the impedances of the rotor circuits are unequal and
the rotor current I2b is higher than the rotor current I2f. Their mmfs, which oppose the stator
mmfs, will result in a reduction in the backward rotating flux. Consequently, as the speed
8|Page

increases, the forward flux increases while the backward flux decreases; but the resultant flux
remains essentially constant to induce voltage in the stator winding, this is almost the same as the
applied voltage. If the voltage drops across winding resistance and leakage reactance are
neglected. Hence, with the rotor in motion, the forward torque increases and the backward torque
decreases compared to Fig.6. (Sen, 1996, p376-377)

Figure 14- Rotor Circuits

2.2.1 Torque Pulsation:

Sen (1996) stated that in a single-phase motor, instantaneous power pulsates at twice the supply
frequency. Consequently, there are torque pulsations at double the stator frequency. The
pulsating torque is present in addition to the torque shown in Fig.8 below which was highlighted
in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. The torque shown on the
torque-speed curves is the time average of the instantaneous torque. The pulsating torque results
from the interactions of the oppositely rotating fluxes and mmfs, which cross each other at twice
the synchronous speed such as the interaction the forward flux and the backward rotor mmf.
The interaction of the forward flux with the rotor forward mmf and that of the backward flux
with rotor backward mmf produce constant torque. (Sen, 1996, p.377-378)

9|Page

Figure 15- Torque on Motor

2.3 Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor:

As mentioned by Sen (1996), when the stator of a single-phase induction motor is connected to
the power supply, the stator current produces a pulsating mmf that is equivalent to two constantamplitude mmf waves revolving in opposite directions at the synchronous speed. Each of these
revolving waves induces current in the rotor circuits and produces induction motor action similar
to that in polyphase induction machine. This double revolving field theory can be used for the
analysis to assess the qualitative and quantitative performance of the single-phase induction
motor.
Therefore, two equivalent circuits are built: one for the forward component mmf and one for the
backward-rotating component field. Then, the two component fields are combined and the two
equivalent circuits are interconnected. These are shown in Fig.9 which were was highlighted in
Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. (Sen, 1996, p.379-381)

10 | P a g e

Figure 16- Equivalent Circuit for Single-Phase Motor

2.4 Capacitor-Start Motors:

Sen (1996) stated that higher starting torque can be obtained if a capacitor is connected in series
with the auxiliary winding as shown in Fig.10 below which was highlighted in Sens Principles
of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics (Sen, 1996, p.388)

Figure 17- Capacitor Start Motors

Trade of electrician (2013) quoted that when a capacitor of a suitable value is connected in series
with the auxiliary winding, it reduces the inductive reactance of that winding circuit to a low
value. The main winding circuit now has a higher inductive reactance and the two branch
11 | P a g e

currents Ia and Im now have a greater phase difference between them. This phase difference
between the two currents sets up a rotating magnetic field in the stator and again, the rotor turns
in the same direction.
Once the motor reaches 75-80% full speed the centrifugal switch opens causing the supply to be
disconnected from the auxiliary winding and capacitor. This increases the phase angle between
the winding currents as shown in Fig.11 which was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical
Machines and Power Electronics. (Trade of electrician, 2013, p.35)

Figure 18- Phase Difference

The torque-speed characteristic is shown in Fig.12 below and was highlighted in Sens
Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. (Sen, 1996, p.388)

Figure 19- Torque-Speed Characteristic

12 | P a g e

2.5 Tests on a Single-Phase Induction Motor:

Sen (1996) quoted that the parameters of the equivalent circuit, RC, Xm, and R1, X1, X2 and R2
can be determined from the results of a no-load test, a blocked rotor test (short circuit test) and
from measurement of the dc resistance of the stator winding. (Sen, 1996, p.229)

2.5.1 No-Load Test:

Sen (1996) stated that the no-load test on an induction machine, like the open-circuit test on a
transformer, gives information about exciting current and rotational losses. The test is performed
by applying balanced polyphase voltages to the stator windings at rated frequency. The rotor is
kept uncoupled from any mechanical load. The small power loss in the machine at no load is due
to the core loss and the friction and windage loss. The rotational loss at the rated voltage and
frequency under load is usually considered to be constant and equal to its value at no load. Fig.13
below was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics and
shows the equivalent circuit for the no-load test. (Sen, 1996, p.229)

Figure 20- Equivalent Circuit for No-load Test

2.5.2 Blocked Rotor Test:

Sen (1996) mentioned that the blocked rotor test on an induction machine, like the short-circuit
test on the transformer, gives information about leakage impedances. In this test the rotor is
blocked so that the motor cannot rotate, and balanced polyphase voltages are applied to the stator
terminals. The blocked rotor test should be performed under the same conditions of rotor current
and frequency that will prevail in the normal operating condition. If the performance
characteristics in the normal running conditions, that is, low-slip region, the blocked rotor test
should be performed at a reduced voltage and current. The frequency also should be reduced
because the rotor effective resistance and leakage inductance at the reduced frequency

13 | P a g e

(corresponding to lower values of slip) may differ appreciably form their values at rated
frequency. Fig.14 below was highlighted in Sens Principles of Electrical Machines and Power
Electronics and it shows the equivalent circuit for the blocked rotor test. (Sen, 1996, p.229)

Figure 21- Equivalent Circuit for Blocked Rotor Test

3. Equipment Used:

A 4 - pole single - phase squirrel cage split - phase induction motor.

Electronic Wattmeter.

Two digital multimeters.

Variac.

Hand tachometer.

4. Methodology:
1. The wiring diagram of stator coils is studied. Refer to Fig.15.

14 | P a g e

Figure 22- Wiring Diagram of Stator Coils

2. The measuring instruments are connected as shown in circuit diagram below. Refer to
Fig.16

Figure 23- Circuit Diagram

3. The motor-starting test is performed:

i.

The supply is switched on.

ii.

The maximum current when starting is noted.

iii.

The speed at which the centrifugal switch becomes off is noted.

iv.

The readings for the motor-starting test are recorded in Table 2.

4. The motor-running test is performed:

i.
15 | P a g e

The supply is switched on.

ii.

The readings on the instruments are noted.

iii.

The speed is measured.

iv.

The supply is switched off.

v.

The readings are tabulated in Table 3.

5. An open - circuit (no -load) test is performed and the readings are recorded.
6. A short-circuit (locked rotor) test is performed and the readings are recorded in Table 4.
7. The stator coils resistances are measured and the readings are tabulated in Table 5.
Observations to be made:

How the speed of rotation can be reversed.

When the capacitor is switched off, the motor does not start.

Note: Refer to Appendix 1 for Raw readings.

5. Observations:
Since both motor windings were the same, it was observed that the direction of rotation of the
motor can be easily reversed by simply changing the connection of the starting capacitor from
one section of a motor winding to the other.
In addition, it was observed that without a capacitor, the motor will not be able to start. This can
be explained by the fact that if a capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding, the
phase angle between the two winding currents will become more than 30o (about 80o) that is
obtained in the split-phase motors. This increase in phase angle will increase the starting torque.
Switching off the capacitor will not provide the required torque for the motor to rotate properly.
The centrifugal switch is an electric switch that operates using the centrifugal force created from
a rotating shaft of an electric motor. The switch is designed to activate or de-activate as a
function of the rotational speed of the shaft. It was observed that the switch becomes off at 850
rpm which corresponds to between 75% and 80% of the nominal speed of the motor.
From the readings taken when the motor started and during run time, it was observed that the
power supplied at start being 250W is much more than the reading obtained during run time

16 | P a g e

which was only 80W. This decrease in power is due to several losses happening during the
running of the motor. The losses include: Core losses, Windage and friction, Stator losses, Rotor
losses and due to additional load losses.
Furthermore, the resistance of the stator coils at start, i.e. 22.8 is greater than that during run
time 7.8 . This discrepancy can be explained as such , by using P = I2R , since the power at
start is much more than during run time, it can be mentioned that the resistance at start will
indeed be greater than at run time given that the difference in current is small between the two
stages.

6. Conclusions:
The main aim of the experiment was to study the principle of operation of a capacitor start
single-phase induction motor. Moreover, the different parameters of the motor have been
calculated by performing the no-load and the locked rotor tests. Parameters such as Req, Zeq and
Xeq were found from the locked rotor test and Rc and Xm were found from the no-load test.
The table below shows the calculated parameters for the single phase induction motor.
Table 1- Table of Results

17 | P a g e

Req

20.41

Xeq

23.90

Zeq

31.43

Rc

151.25

Xm

50.40

7. Appendix 1:
7.1 Table of Results:
7.1.1 Motor-Starting Test:
The table below shows the recorded value for the motor starting test.
The speed at which centrifugal switch becomes off = 850 rpm.
Table 2- Recorded Values for Motor Starting

Voltage/ V

110

Current/ A

3.60

Wattmeter Reading

0.5

Capacitor/ F

Frequency/ Hz

50

Power/ W

0.5 x 5 x 100 = 250

7.1.2 Motor-Running Test:

The table below shows the recorded values for the motor running test.
Table 3- Recorded Values for Motor Running
Voltage/ V

110

Current/ A

2.30

Wattmeter Reading

0.16

Frequency/ Hz

50

Speed/ RPM

1450

Power/ W

0.16 x 5 x 100 = 80

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7.1.3 Locked Rotor Test:

The table below shows the recorded value for the locked rotor test.
Table 4- Recorded Values for Locked Rotor Test
Applied Voltage/ V

110

Current/ A

3.5

Wattmeter Reading

0.5

Power/ W

0.5 x 5 x 100 = 250

7.1.4 Resistance of Coils:

The table below shows the recorded values for the resistance of coils
Table 5- Recorded Values for Resistance of Coils
Starting Winding/

22.8

Running Winding/

7.80

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8. Appendix 2:
8.1 Calculations:
8.1.1 Locked-Rotor Test:

250
3.52

= 20.41
=

110
3.5

= .
=
=

31.432 20.412

= .

8.1.2 No-Load Test:

, cos 0 =

80
=
= 0.316

110 2.30

0 = 1 0.316
= .
= cos
= (2.30)(0.316)
= .
=

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110
= .
0.727
= sin
= 2.30 sin 71.6
= .
=

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110
= .
2.182

9. Bibliography:
Engineering Student, (2015). Single-phase Induction Motors. [Online]. 2015. Available
from: http://estudent24h.blogspot.com/2011/06/single-phase-induction-motors.html.
[Accessed: 27 November 2015].

Sen, P. (1996). Principles of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics. 2nd Ed.
Ontario: John Wiley & Sons.

Watters, J. (2015). Trade of Electrician Standards Based Apprenticeship Induction

Motors. 1st Ed. [Online]. Dublin: SOLAS. Available from: http:
//local.ecollege.ie/Content/APPRENTICE/liu/electrical_notes/LL241.pdf. [Accessed: 27
November 2015].

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