Maclaurin Series

(1)n x 2 n+1
x3 x 5 x 7
sin x x + ++
IOC: (, )
3! 5! 7!
n=0 ( 2 n+1 ) !

(1)n x2 n
x2 x 4 x6
cos x 1 + ++
IOC: (, )
2! 4! 6!
( 2 n) !
n=0

x 2 x3 x 4
xn
x
e 1+ x + + + ++
IOC: (, )
2! 3 ! 4 !
n =0 n !
1cos( 2 x)
sin 2 x=
2

Trig Identities
cos x +sin x=1
1+tan 2 x=sec 2 x
cos 2 x=

IOC:

(1,1)

Polar Graphs
=
line w/ angle, with angle on x-axis
x
tan =
r cos = x
r sin = y
y
Circle: # cos

1+ cos(2 x)
2

cos2 xsin2 x
cos(2 x )= 12sin 2 x
2 cos2 x1

1
1+ x+ x 2 + x 3+ x 4+ + x n
1x
n=0

1+cot 2 x=csc 2 x

sin ( 2 x )=2sin x cos x

Limits
lim

or # sin

x 0

sin x
=1
x

sin x
lim
=0
x
x
Cardioid:

a a cos

Limacon w/ Loop:
Limacon w/o Loop:
Roses (odd):

or

or

a b cos
a b cos

a cos (b)

lim

a a sin

or

or

x 0

a b sin
a b sin

a s (b)

n>m, dne/
Roses (even): a cos (b) or a s (b)
Lemniscate: r 2=acos (b)a sin(b)
dr
r cos + sin
dy
d
=
dx
dr
r sin + cos
d
Slices

a<b
a>b

a=length b= petals

1cos x
lim sin x=DNE
=0
x
x
1
1
lim =DNE
lim =0
x 0 x
x x
1
lim =
x 0
num
n=m,
n<m, 0
den

a=length2 b= petals

Trig Integrals

Volume in

b
du
u
=arc
sin
+c
square=
s2

2
2
a
a u
a
b
du
1
u

semicircle= s 2
a2 +u2 = a arctan a + c
8 a
|u|
du2 2 = 1a arcsec a + c
u u a

Trig Derivatives
d
sin x=cos x
dx

d
cos x=s x
dx

3
equ . triangle=
4
d
tan x=sec 2 x
dx

d
cot x=csc 2 x
dx

1
hyp . triangle=
4

d
sec x=sec x tan x
dx
1
legtriangle=
2
d
u'
arc sin u=
dx
1u2
d
u'
arctan u=
2
dx
1+u
d
u'
arcsec u=
dx
|u| u 21

d
csc x =csc x cot x
dx

Area & Volume

d
u '
arccosu=
dx
1u2

A= (T B ) dx ( RL)dx
a

d
u '
arccot u=
2
dx
1+u
d
u '
arccsc u=
dx
|u| u 21

V = (linefar )2(lineclose)2 dxdy

a

Logistic Growth
dP
=kP(LP)
dt

Reiman Sums
Reimann Sums & Integral
b
n
ba
Ln
(f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 1) + f ( x 2 ))
f
(
x
)
dx=lim

f ( x i) x
n
n i=1
a
ba
ba
x i=a+i x
Rn
(f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2) + f ( x 3 ) )
x=
n
n
x0 + x1
x 1 + x 21
ba
M n
(f
+f
)
n
2
2
ba
T n
(f ( x 0 ) +2 f ( x 1 ) +2 f ( x 2 )+ f ( x 3 ) )
n
Reimann Sums Under/Overapproximation
Rn if f ( x ) inc . overapproximation , f ( x ) dec .underapproximation
Ln if f ( x ) inc .underapproximation , f ( x ) dec . overapproximation
M n if f ( x ) concave upunderapproximation , f ( x ) concave down overapproximation
T n if f ( x ) concave up overapproximation , f ( x ) concave down undera pproximation

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