www.seipub.

org/rameResearchesandApplicationsinMechanicalEngineeringVolume4,2015
doi:10.14355/rame.2015.04.002

SoilEnvironmentalStudieswithApplicationof
SpaceTechnologyAdvancesandGeotechnical
Investigations
SeferKurnaz1,BaharN.Aliyeva2,RustamB.Rustamov*3
AdvisortotheBoardofTrusteesatBahcesehirUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey
GeotechnicalDepartment,EncotecCompany,Baku,Azerbaijan,InstituteofPhysicsNationalAcademyofSciences,
Baku,Azerbaijan
seferkurnaz1@yahoo.com;bahar.aliyeva@yahoo.com;*r_rustamov@hotmail.com
Abstract
Aninvestigationofsoilcontaminationisaveryimportantissueinsoilenvironmentalstudies.Itleadstoclassificationofallliving
organisms in the soil, as well as essential materials and particles that these organisms use to survive which together form the
soilecosystem.Itisvitaltostudythesoilecosystemtounderstandinterfaceandrelationshipoforganismsexistinginthesoiland
theirimpacttoenvironmentsurroundingthem.
Soilenvironmentalstudyattractsaninterestofscientistsasoneofthemainfactorsofhumanlivesafetyaspect.Itisnecessaryto
find out the way of combining of practical analysis and interpretation of soil surface information with further classification of
environmentalfactors.
Geotechnical investigations are useful instruments in soil quality studies. They are based on the field measurements, soil, and
groundwatersamplingdirectlyfromstudiedarea.Thesamplesarethenanalyzedinlaboratorieswithappropriateequipmentand
chemicalsubstancestodeterminetheirmineralcomposition,physicalandmechanicalproperties,andextentsofpollution.
Remote Sensing method and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) represent the technology where geospatial data can be
represented in the graphic form integrated into the geotechnical, geological and hydrological information routinely used by
geotechnical engineers. Remote Sensing and GIS make available wide forms of spatial data to be integrated, selected, and sorted
withanynumberofphysical,chemical,oranypossibleenvironmentalfactorsaccessedbygeotechnicalmeasurements.
There are number of existing traditional methods for soil environmental studies. It is extremely important to use advances of
technologyfordailyhumansocialandpublicneedsmaintainingandsatisfactions.
Undoubtedly,geotechnicalinvestigationsintegratedintothespacetechnologydataopenalargerangeofapplicationsforsolvingof
soilenvironmentalproblems.
Keywords
GeotechnicalInvestigations;Environment;Tests;RemoteSensingandGIS

Introduction
There is no doubt that Remote Sensing method is the instrument for development of GIS. It is obvious that GIS
technology developments need collection of initial data based on aero and space information as well as field data
collected by means of geotechnical measurements. A Remotely Sensed information required for GIS technology
applicationsneededtobeprocesseddependingofkindofproblemnecessarytobesolved.
Majorareasofspacescienceandtechnologyapplicationsinstudyofsoilarefollowing:

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Geotechnicalinvestigation;

Foundations;

Earthquake;

LandslideStudies;

ApplicationofRemoteSensing&GIS;

Geological&GeophysicalInvestigation;

IndustrialWaste&ContaminatedSoil.

Someoftheimportantinfrastructuresingeotechnicalinvestigationscanbeclassifiedas[1]:

Totalstationforsurveying&monitoring;

SubsurfaceprofilingbyEngineeringSeismograph,ResistivitymeterandGeoradar;

Mobiledrillingrigforsoilandrockexploration;

Laboratory&fieldtestingfacilitiesforsoil;

Petrologicalmicroscope;

ComputercontrolledTriaxialandconsolidationTestingSystem;

ComputercontrolledLaserParticleSizeAnalyzer;

Geotechnicalinstrumentationforperformanceevaluation;

FoundationPileDiagnosticSystem;

StrongMotioninstruments;

DigitalImageProcessingandGeographicalInformationSystem;

Geotechnical Data as an Indicator for Environmental Studies

An impact of soil contamination can play significant role in its use as an indicator in environmental soil studies.
Applicationofgeotechnicalmethodsinenvironmentalstudiesisoneofthepossibilitiesinmonitoringoftheprocesses
especially in modification of indicators, which allows us to identify the reason and consequences of environmental
impacts. The best way in applying of such indicators is evaluation of the benefits for the land, stabilization,
improvementofthesoilquality,creationabetterareaforsustainablebiodiversity(floraandfauna),andimprovement
ofthesustainablecharacterforthefutureuse.Subsequently,itleadstounderstandingofapictureofinfluenceofthe
possiblenegativeconsequencesincludingeconomicissues.
Undoubtedly,allindicatorsinenvironmentalinvestigationneedtobeaccuratelyidentifiedinthebeginningstageof
measurement.Itisnecessarytoconsidersuchfeaturesoftheselectedareaasfeatureofexistingfloraandfaunaaswell
assoilcondition.Itmakespossibilityofselectingsegmentsforsamplingandmeasurementsandmanagesuccessfully
allthestagesofinvestigationprocesses.
ThereisonemoreadvantagetouseofremotesensingmethodsandGIStechnologyapplications,whichisavailability
of integration of all data collected from different sources. At the same time, it makes possibility of archiving and
storingaccesseddataineversioninlayoutswithreflectionofdatasegments,whichismostconvenientforuseincase
of any future needs. Remote sensing and GIS technology applications open wide advances in study of dynamic
changesofenvironmentconditionanddesignrequiredcasesandidentificationofreasonsbothpositiveandnegative
indataprocessingstage.

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Anintegrationofgeotechnicalandspacetechnologyadvancesisanexcellentinstrumentinsoilenvironmentalstudies.
Fielddataishighlyimportantinspacetechnologydataprocessingasthenecessarystageofthewholeprocess.
Data Access in GIS Developments for Environmental Studies
Remote Sensing method operates based on detection and analysis of Earth surface features and phenomena using
imagery acquired from aircraft and satellites. A GIS is the system for management and display of processed
informationaccessedbyRemoteSensingmethodtobeusedindecisionmakingframework.Operationalapplications
of GIS today include such activities as Earth monitoring for diversity aims, land and resources management, traffic
planning,marketing,militaryplanning,andawidevarietyofotheruses.TheintegrationofRemotelySenseddataand
GISformappingofLandCover/LandUseoptionrequiresadetailedunderstandingoftheecology,soils,topography,
andgeomorphologyofthestudyarea.
NowadaysvarioustypesofRemoteSensingdatafromsatellite,suchasMSS,TM,SPOTandAVHRRhavebeenused
withGISfornaturalresourcesstudy,managementanddevelopmentofsemiaridareasoftheWorld[24].
ThefactisthatthemostexpensiveandtimeconsumingcomponentofGISistheupdateddataaccessduetothelackof
sufficientinformationselectedforstudyareaforthereasonoflimitedstoreofgeotechnicalinformationinelectronic
format.Thereareanumberofproblemsevenwithavailableinformation,whichneededtobeedited,assomeofsoil
features in older maps has to be corrected and specified. Some paper maps can be scanned electronically as raster
images,whichconvertmaplinestoaseriesofpointsanddigits.ManyGISapplicationswereformulatedtoemphasize
spatialrelationshipsbetweenmappedobjectsandsuchboundaries,whereusuallyrepresentedbyaline.Thelinemay
bearoad,mappedboundary,orsomesortoflinkbetweentwootherpointsofinterest.Civilinfrastructureelements,
such as roads, may not be reflected accurately, in terms of absolute scale, but simply represented by a default line
width(s)codedintothemappingsoftware.ThisconditioncreateslimitationinapplicationmainlyinGISdevelopments
especiallyindynamicchangestudieswherecorrectbaseinformationisnecessaryforcorrelation,comparisonofold,
andexistingsituations.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesefactsinassessmentofenvironmentalimpactsfromvarietyof
sources.
RemotesensingandGIS

Spacedata

Geotechnicaldata

Spacedataprocessing

Environmentaldata
collection/field
measurement

Dataanalysis

Space/geotechnical
dataintegration

Outcomes(table,maps)
FIGURE1.GEOTECHNICALENVIRONMENTALDATAPROCESSINGWITHSPACEINFORMATIONINTEGRATIONANDINTERPRETATION.

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Remote sensing and GIS technology application is an instrument for appropriate data collection with further
processingandintegrationintoGISinenvironmentalstudies.ItisimportantstageofGISdevelopmenttostartfrom
thesegmentsofdatacollectionsbasedonRemoteSensingmethoduseintegrationintoGIStechnology.
AqualityoffinalproductingeotechnicalinvestigationsdependshowcorrectandrightRemoteSensingdatashallbe
used for GIS technology application. The process of interface of Remote SensingGIS/Geotechnical environmental
investigations has demonstrated in Figure 1. The space image for processing selects after the area for investigation
defined.Thefactisthatthenextstageofthemethodistocollectfielddatabasedongeotechnicalmethods.Asamples
isneededtobeanalysedinlaboratoryandintegratedintospacedataforfinalprocessing.
Stages of Data Integration
AGISmakesitpossibletomixorintegrateinformationthatwouldotherwisebedifficulttoassociatethroughother
means. These could be soil chemical contamination, physicalmechanical properties in the form of scanned, geo
referenced,andsandwichedwithotherkindsofdata,suchastopographicandgeologicmaps.
DataStructures
Digitalgeospatialdataiscollectedandstoredinmanydifferentformats.AGISmustbeusedtoconvertdatafromone
typeofstructuretoanother.SatellitedatacanusuallybereadintotheGISinarasterformat.Rasterdatafilesconsist
of rows ofuniform cells coded according to data values. Computer can manipulate raster filesquickly, but they are
often less detailed and may be less visually appealing than vector data files. Vector digital data files have been
capturedaspoints,lines(aseriesofpointcoordinates)orareas(shapesboundedbylines).Atypicalvectorfilewould
betaxassessorsparcelmaps[5,6].
DataModelling
AGISallowstoobtaintwoandthreedimensionalcharacteristicsoftheEarthssurface,subsurfaceoratmospherefrom
geospatial data. Some common examples of data modeling would be creating isohyets based on different initial
informationsources.ThesedatamodelscanthenbecombinedwithothertypesofinformationlayersintheGIS[7,8].
Somecommonexampleswouldbe:combiningmeasureddifferentinformationsourceswithelevation,orthethickness
ofacertaingeologicformation(isopach)ascomparedtothedepthtoitsuppersurface(isopleth)whereavailable.
Outcomes
OneoftheimportantissuesofGISisitsabilitytoproducepleasinggraphicsthatconveyanalysestodecisionmakers
andthepublicatlarge.Theseanalysesusuallybeginwithenteringanycodifiedrestrictions,suchasstructuralsetbacks.
Anattributesincludedcanthenbeelectronicallycombinedandweightedaccordingtoarbitraryvaluessetbythebody
orderingtheanalysis.Suchkindofdevelopedhybriddataintheformofmapsfrustratemanyengineersbecausethey
canarbitrarilybeweightedtorestrictoreveneliminatedevelopmentfromareaswheretheprojectsdetractorsreside
onadjacentparcelswithallthesameattributes.
Geotechnical Field Measurements
FiledmeasurementsingeotechnicalinvestigationsareveryimportantindevelopmentofGIStechnology.Duringfield
worksboreholesaredrilled,samplesobtainedandfieldtestsperformed[9].
Forthispaper,weselectedanareainSangachaldistrictlocatedonthecoastoftheCaspianSea45kilometers(28mi)
southofBaku,Azerbaijan.TheselectedSangachalTerminalareaisanindustrialcomplexconsistingofanaturalgas
processing plant andoil production plan. It is well known and studied during many stages of geotechnical
investigationsperformedpreviously,thereforethereislargeamountofdata,whichcanbeusedforfurtherprocessing
andintegrationwithspacedata.

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DrillingandSampling
Drillingattheareastartedimmediatelyafterrealizationofdetailedgeodeticandtopographicinvestigations.During
thedrillingprocessthewholeinformationaboutthesite,depthofboreholes,date,numberofsamplesandsoiltype
wererecorded.Allpossiblemeasurestopreventcoresfromanykindofdisturbancewereundertaken.Sampleswere
tightlypackedwithasuitablematerialintocontainerandsenttolaboratoryforfurthertesting.
StandardPenetrationTest(SPT)
SPT test is carried out inside the borehole for determination of the resistance of soil at the base of a borehole to the
penetrationofthesplitbarrelsamplerwhichisdrivendynamicallyinastandardmanner,andobtainingofadisturbed
sampleforidentificationpurposes.
SoilElectricalResistivityTest
Soil resistivity is dependent on moisture content and temperature as well as on soil constituents, so that it can vary
seasonallyandprogressivelyduetothehydrologicaltrendssuchaschangingwatertablesorcontinuousdrainage.
Laboratory Processing of Field Data
Thefollowingtestshavebeenconductedforsoilsamplescollectedfrominvestigatedarea.
MoistureContent
Thewatercontentisdeterminedbydryingselectedmoist/wetsoilmaterial(themassofmoistsoilmaterialisnotless
than30g)foratleast18hourstoaconstantmassinadryingovenat105Cupto110C.Thedifferenceinmassbefore
andafterdryingisusedasthemassofthewaterinthetestmaterial.Themassofmaterialremainingafterdryingis
used as the mass of the solid particles. The ratio of the mass of water to the measured mass of solid particles is the
watercontentofthematerial.
ParticleSizeAnalysis
Particle size analysis can be performed by means of sieving and/or hydrometer readings. Sieving is carried out for
particlesthatwouldberetainedona0.063mmsieve,whileadditionalhydrometerreadingsmaybecarriedoutwhena
significantfractionofthematerialpassesa0.063mmsieve.
MaximumDryDensityandOptimumWaterContent(ProctorTest)
Anindicationofthestateofcompactionofacohesionless(freedraining)soilisobtainedbyrelatingitsdrydensityto
itsmaximumandminimumpossibledensities(thelimitingdensities).Thetestsdescribedinthissectionenablethese
parameterstobedeterminedforcohesionlesssoils.
DeterminationofMaximumDensityofSands
Thistestcoversthedeterminationofthemaximumdensitytowhichcleansandcanbecompacted.Methodissuitable
for sands containing a small amount of material passing a 63mm test sieve, and up to 10%of fine gravel passing a
6.3mmtestsieve.Thesoiliscompactedintoa1Lmouldunderwaterusinganelectricvibratinghammer.
DeterminationofMaximumDensityofGravellySoils
This test covers the determination of the maximum density to which gravel or sandy gravel can be compacted. The
methodissuitableforsoilspassingthe37.5mmtestsieveandcontainingasmallamountofmaterialpassingthe63mm
testsieve.Thesoiliscompactedintoa152mmdiameterCBRmouldusinganelectricalvibratinghammer.

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BulkDensity
Thebulkdensityofasoil,isthemassperunitvolumeofthesoildepositincludinganywateritcontains.Thedry
densitydisthemassofdrysoilcontainedinaunitvolume.BothareexpressedinMg/cm3.
AtterbergLimits
Atterberg limits are determined on soil specimens with a particle size of less than 0.425mm. If necessary, coarser
materialisremovedbydrysieving.TheAtterberglimitsrefertoarbitrarilydefinedboundariesbetweentheliquidand
plastic states (Liquid Limit, wL), and between the plastic and brittle states (Plastic Limit, wp) of finegrained soils.
Theyareexpressedaswatercontent,inpercent.
UnconsolidatedUndrainedTriaxialCompressionTest
Thistestmethodcoversdeterminationofthestrengthandstressstrainrelationshipofacylindricalspecimenofeither
undisturbedorremoldedcohesivesoil.Specimensaresubjectedtoaconfiningfluidpressureinatriaxialchamber.No
drainageofthespecimenispermittedduringthetest.Thespecimenisshearedincompressionwithoutdrainageata
constantrateofaxialdeformation.
DirectShearTest
The soil is dried and sieved with 5mm sieve, wetted and placed in the ring of the shear device. Three rings are
preparedfromonereformedsample,whichisplacedinthedeviceforpreconsolidation.Theappliedloadsvariedin
range100kPato600kPa,thentheboxisfilledwithwaterorbynaturalmoistureleftforconsolidation.
OneDimensionalConsolidationPropertiesofSoils(OedometerTest)
The oedometer test covers determination of the rate and magnitude of consolidation of a laterally restrained soil
specimen,whichisaxiallyloadedinincrementsofconstantstressuntiltheexcessporewaterpressureshavedissipated
foreachincrement.Normally,eachloadincrementismaintainedfor24hours.
Keyparameterthatcanbeobtainedfromthistestisthepreconsolidationpressurec.Thepreconsolidationpressureis
estimatedusingthegraphicalCasagrandeconstruction.Otherparametersthatmaybederivedfromthistestarethe

compressionindexCc.
CollapsePotentialofSoils
Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthemagnitudeofonedimensionalcollapsethatoccurswhenunsaturated
soils are inundated with fluid. Collapse index Ie, percent relative magnitude of collapse determined at 200 kPa.
CollapsepotentialIc,percentrelativemagnitudeofsoilcollapsedeterminedatanystresslevelotherthan200kPa.
DeterminationofPermeabilityofSoils
Thepermeabilityofasoilisameasureofitscapacitytoallowtheflowofwaterthroughtheporespacebetweensolid
particles.Thedegreeofpermeabilityisdeterminedbyapplyingahydraulicpressuregradientinasampleofsaturated
soilandmeasuringtheconsequentrateofflow.Thecoefficientofpermeabilityisexpressedasavelocity.
SoilChemicalAnalysis
Chemicalanalysesofsoilarecarriedouttodeterminechloride,sulphate,calciumcarbonatecontent,pH.SoilpHisone
of the most common measurements in soil laboratories. It reflects whether a soil is acid, neutral, basic or alkaline.
Dependingontheamountofsulphateincontactwiththeconcrete,itmaybenecessarytoprotecttheconcretewitha
plasticliner,sulphateresistantconcretemix,oraprotectiveadhesivecoating.

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Table1representsthetypicalvaluesofphysicalpropertiesofSangachalTerminalsoils.
Samplinginterval,m

Moisturecontent,%

Plastic
limit:%

Liquid
limit:%

Plasticity
number:%

VoidRatioe0

Max.
preconsolidation
pressureG,kPa

Internal
frictionangle
,deg

Unitcohesion
C,kPa

BH7

BH6

BH5

BH4

BH3

BHNo

TABLE1.SAMPLEGEOTECHNICALTESTRESULTSFORSANGACHALTERMINALSOILS.

5.05.3

11.5

20.4

0.478

1006

23.8

79.9

6.56.8

11

24.6

49.7

25.1

14.014.3

20

27.7

62.3

34.6

21.4

92.8

0.00.5

14.3

7.17.5

11.6

20.1

21.9

44.1

22.2

0.495

954

20.5

77.0

8.59.0

11.4

11.612.0

13

23.4

46.3

22.9

23.0

79.0

8.28.5

11.0

20.6

23.0

44.1

21.1

0.457

1039

24.1

58.1

9.710.0

12

19.219.5

22.7

20.0

28.8

63.6

24.8

4.75.0

11.5

20.2

24.3

50.7

26.4

0.490

756

6.26.5

15

24.5

82.5

17.017.3

19.9

20.6

26.2

55.5

29.3

17.8

73.3

5.76.0

12.4

20.3

23.0

44.3

21.3

23.4

70.1

15.115.6

19.8

20.5

26.9

56.9

30.0

Unitweight,kN/m3

Atterberglimits

Directshear

Data Processing Stage

Figure2showslocationsoftestingpointsattheareaselectedforgeotechnicalinvestigations(redpoints).Thenumber
oftestinglocationsdependsonengineeringtaskandscopeofeachproject.Insomecases,itbecomesveryexpensiveto
carry out huge amount of geotechnical investigations because ofthe size of areaunderinvestigationand number of
engineeringfacilitiesintendedtobeconstructed.

FIGURE2.SKETCHOFTHESELECTEDAREA(SANGACHALTERMINAL).REDCIRCLESSHOWTESTINGLOCATIONS.

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It is highly important to define the process of GIS development in geotechnical investigations. Figure 2 describes
segmentsofdatacollectionfromdifferentsourcesandthatintegration[10].
IthasbeenconsideredtodeveloplayersforGISpresentationfollowingperformance:

Soilinvestigationsdata;

Chemicalcontamination;

Physicalandmechanicalpropertiesofsoil;

Groundwaterconditionofsoil

LandUse/LandCover;

Geodeticandtopographicdata.

Dependingonengineeringrequirements,moregeotechnicaldatacanbeintegratedintoGISlayers.Themainavailable
informationistiedtovariousformsofgeoreferencedinformation.Accuratemergingoftopographicmapwithspace
imageofselectedareaisrequiredtoachievedemandedcartographiccorrections.AnexcellentadvantageofGISisits
incorporate processing subroutines that can transform older data to modern coordinates if a sufficient number of
georeferencingpointscanbecolocatedonboththeoldandnewmaps.Thesegeoreferencepointsmaybepresentedby
establishedandconstructedbenchmarks(stateorinstalled),oldstructures,roads,orevenabovegroundpowerlines;
anythingthatcanbeidentifiedonbothmapsintheGIS.
ResultsofdataimposedonthespaceimageforselectedareaareshowninFigure3.Forthispicture,spaceimagewith
spatialresolutionof1mwasused.Thisresolutionishighenoughforthecaseofgeotechnicalstudiesofselectedarea.

FIGURE3.INTEGRATIONOFGEOTECHNICALDATAANDPROCESSEDSPACEIMAGEDATA.

Conclusions
ThispaperdescribesgeotechnicalinvestigationscarriedoutatselectedareainAbsheronpeninsula,Azerbaijan.During
theseinvestigations,physicalandmechanicalpropertiesofsoilsweredeterminedtogetherwithsoilandgroundwater
aggressiveness to concrete and metal structures. There is no doubt that it is an excellent source reflecting soil
conditions,whichcanbeusedforengineeringsolutionsinanystageofimplementation:tenderpackagepreparation,
designandconstruction.
AtthesametimeintegrationofgeotechnicaldataintotheGISdevelopedonthebaseofspacedatacollectedbyremote
sensing method is an advantage of outcomes application in different areas of engineering where suitability and
simplicityofdataaccessisrequiredtouse(suchasprojectcoordinationandmanagement,construction,supervision).

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Inthemeantime,theuseofdataintegratedintoGISallowsustolinktheexistinginformationtothecoordinatesystem,
whichisveryimportantinallstagesofachievements.
Undoubtedly, integration of geotechnical data into space information accessed by means of remote sensing with
furtherdevelopmentofgeographicinformationsystemdemonstratesvarietyofuseandsuccessinthearea.Itisnot
limited only to geotechnical investigations at the selected area for collection of data with purpose of further
engineeringactivities.Atthesametime,itisthewayofsolutionofdifferentproblems,forinstanceenvironmentalas
wellasintegratingofdataintothespaceinformation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Weareexpressingourappreciationtotheteaminvolvedintocollectionandprocessingofgeotechnicaldata.Itwasan
excellentcontributioninpaperdevelopmentprocessandsuccess.Providedfieldandlaboratorydatamadeavailable
itsintegrationintospaceinformationwithfurtherprocessing.
REFERENCES

[1]

McGrawHillGeotechnicalEngineeringsportablehandbook,ISBN0071351116,2000;

[2]

Russell Schimmer, A Remote Sensing and GIS Method For Detecting Land Surface Areas Covered By Copper Mill Tailings,
Pecora17TheFutureOfLandImagingGoingOperationalNovember1820,2008,Denver,Colorado;

[3]

Barredo, J. & Engelen, G. (2010). Land Use Scenario Modeling for Flood Risk Mitigation. Sustainability, pp.13271344; doi:
10.3390/su2051327;

[4]

BouKheirR;Abdallah,C&Khawlie,M.(2008).AssessingsoilerosioninMediterraneankarstlandscapesofLebanonusing
remotesensingandGIS,EngineeringGeology,Vol99,pp.239254].

[5]

GilesD.,1994,Ageographicalinformationsystemforgeotechnicalandgroundinvestigationdataandanalysis.FifthEuropean
ConferenceExhibitionofGeographicInformationSystem,Vol.I,pp.776778;

[6]

NetelerM.,1998,IntroductiontoGRASSGISsoftware.Hanover,Germany,availableathttp://www.geog.unihannover.de;

[7]

Andrus,R.,Stokoe,K.,Chung,R.,andJuang,C.,(2003),GuidelinesforEvaluatingLiquefactionResistanceusingShearWave
Velocity Measurement and Simplified Procedures, Report No. NIST GCR 03854, National Institute of Standards and
Technology,Gaithersburg,MD,151pp;

[8]

Deaton, S.L., Frost, J.D., Luna, R., and Parsons, R.L., (2001), GISBased Evaluation of Geotechnical Borehole Log Quality,
JournaloftheTransportationResearchBoard,TRRNo.1755,TRB/NRC,Washington,D.C.,pp.1525;

[9]

W.K.Kupolati,EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentOfCivilEngineeringInfrastructureDevelopmentProjects,Department
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(online).

[10] Deaton, S.L., and Frost, J.D., (2002), Integrated Digital Earthquake Reconnaissance, 7th U.S. National Conference on
EarthquakeEngineering,CDROM.

Dr.SeferKurnazwasborninApril19,1956inGiresun,Turkey.HehasaretiredcolonelfromTurkishAirforce
Command.Inthepast,hewasinchargingofasDirectorofAeronautics&SpaceTechnologiesInstitute(ASTIN)
inTurkishAirforceAcademy,Istanbul.Seferkurnazhasmainlyspecializedinspacetechnologyapplication.He
hasgraduatedPhDatthestanbulUniversityandspecializedincomputerscience.Hewasworkedat6AlliedAir
TacticalForce(6ATAF)inNATO,Izmirasasystemsupportsectionchief.Heisafounderandbeforeretiringwas
ageneralchairResentAdvancesinSpaceTechnologies(RAST)InternationalConference,Turkey.Heisanauthor
of two books in the famous publishers in Turkey and United States of America. Under his leadership have
publishedoverthan20scientificpapers.

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www.seipub.org/rameResearchesandApplicationsinMechanicalEngineeringVolume4,2015

Bahar N. Aliyeva was born in Terter, Azerbaijan, 1983. She obtained her B.E and MSs degrees in Azerbaijan
State Oil Academy (Baku, Azerbaijan) in 2004 and 2006 respectively. At the moment she is PhD. student of
Institute of Physics of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (Baku, Azerbaijan). Currently works as
GeotechnicalEngineerinengineeringcompanyEncotec,Baku,Azerbaijan.

Associate Prof. Dr. Rustam B. Rustamov was born in May 25, 1955 AliBayramli, Azerbaijan. He is an
independentexpertonspacescienceandtechnology.InthepasthewasinchargingoftheAzerbaijanNational
Aerospace Agency activities as an Acting Director General. Rustam B. Rustamov has mainly specialized in
space instrumentation and remote sensing and GIS technology. He has graduated PhD at the Russian
PhysicalTechnical Institute (S. Petersburg). Rustam B. Rustamov was invited for the work at the European
SpaceAgencywithintheFrameworkoftheUnitedNationsProgramonSpaceApplicationsattheEuropean
SpaceResearchandTechnologyCenter,TheNetherlands.RustamB.RustamovhasappointedfortheUnited
NationsOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairsActionTeams(member,Vienna,Austria),UnitedNationsEconomical
and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (national focal point, Thailand), International Astronautical
Federation (Federations contact, France), Resent Advances in Space Technologies International Conference Program Committee
(member, Turkey). He is an author of 9 books published by the Europe and United States famous publishers and more than 90
scientificpapers.

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