COMALGE Algebra: The Set of Real Numbers

The Set of Real Numbers
Christopher F. Santos
Algebra Lecture 1
De La Salle University
Christopher F. Santos ()
DLSU Algebra Lecture 1
1 / 48
Sets
A set is a well-defined collection of objects. The
objects belonging to the set are called elements.
The following are sets:
collection of counting numbers 5
collection of vowels in the English alphabet
The following are not sets:
collection of large numbers
collection of smart people
2 / 48
Finite vs. Infinite Set
Finite set - elements can be listed down

Ex. collection of vowels in the English alphabet
Infinite set - elements cannot be counted
Ex. collection of counting numbers
3 / 48
Notations
Uppercase letters: Names of sets

a A: a is an element of A
a 6 A: a is not an element of A
Empty set: or {}
Universal set U: set consisting of all elements
under consideration
n(A): cardinality of a finite set A, the number
of its elements
4 / 48
The Suitor Problem
Elsa has 50 suitors: 20 are tall, 25 are dark, 30 are

handsome, 14 are tall and dark, 16 are dark and
handsome, 14 are tall and handsome, and 10 are tall
dark and handsome. How many of her suitors are:
tall and handsome but not dark?
dark but neither tall nor handsome?
not tall, dark, nor handsome?
5 / 48
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams are used to visualize sets, their

relations, and operations.
U - denotes the universal set, the set of all
elements under consideration; usually
represented by a rectangular region
A - a set; represented by any closed region,
usually circular
x or y - elements; usually represented by dots
6 / 48
Two Ways to Describe Sets
Let A be the set of counting numbers 5

1
Listing/Roster Method:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Rule Method:
A = {x | x is a counting number 5}
7 / 48
Subsets
A is a subset of B, written A B, if and only if

every element of A is an element of B.
If set A is not contained in set B, we write A 6 B.
A is a proper subset of B, written A B, if and
only if A B but B 6 A.
If A is a subset of B but not a proper subset then
A = B.
8 / 48
Subsets
Remarks:
Any set is a subset of the universal set.
The empty set is a subset of any set.
9 / 48
Set Operations
The union of two sets A and B is the set of

elements that belong to A or B or both.
A B = {x |x A or x B }
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of
elements that belong to both A and B.
A B = {x |x A and x B }
10 / 48
Set Operations
Given sets A, B, and C, note that:

AB =BA
and
AB =BA
If A B, then A B = B and A B = A
If A B = , then A and B are said to be disjoint.
11 / 48
Set Operations
The difference of two sets A and B is the set of

elements in A which are not in B.
A B or A\B = {x |x A and x 6 B }
Let A U. The complement of A is the set of
elements of U which are not in A.
A0 or Ac = {x U |x 6 A}
12 / 48
Set Operations
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a

and b denoted by (a, b).
The Cartesian product A B of sets A and B is the
set of ordered pairs (a, b) where a A and b B.
13 / 48
Set Operations
Given sets A, B, C, and D, note that:
In general, A B 6= B A.
A==A
n(A B) = n(A) n(B)
If C A and D B, then C D A B.
14 / 48
Subsets of the Set of Complex Numbers
N := {1, 2, 3, . . .}
Z := {. . . , 1, 0, 1, . . .}
nm
o
Q :=
| m, n Z
n
R := {numbers for lengths of line segments}
C := {a + bi | a, b R, i = 1}
15 / 48
Interval Notation vs. Set Notation
[a, b] = {x R | a x b}
(a, b) = {x R | a < x < b}
[a, b) = {x R | a x < b}
(a, b] = {x R | a < x b}
[a, +) = {x R | x a}
(a, +) = {x R | x > a}
(, b] = {x R | x b}
(, b) = {x R | x < b}
16 / 48
Have you ever wondered why...?
2 is a real number
x 0=0
(x)(y ) = xy
x + 3 = 5 = x = 5 3
17 / 48
Axioms, Theorems, Corollaries, Lemma
Axioms - assumed-to-be-true statements

Theorems - statements which can be proven using
axioms, definitions, previous theorems
Corollaries - statements which follow immediately
from theorems
Lemma - theorems which has almost no application
other than for proving another theorem
18 / 48
Axioms of Equality
Let x, y , z R.
Reflexive Property for Equality:
x =x
Symmetric Property for Equality:

If x = y then y = x.
Transitive Property for Equality:
If x = y and y = z then x = z.
Addition Property for Equality:
If x = y then x + z = y + z.
Multiplication Property for Equality:
If x = y then x z = y z.
19 / 48
Axioms of Addition and Multiplication

Let x, y , z R.
Closure Axioms:
x + y R and xy R
Associativity Axioms:
(x + y ) + z = x + (y + z) and (xy )z = x(yz)
Commutativity Axioms:
x + y = y + x and xy = yx
Distributivity Axiom:
x(y + z) = xy + xz and (x + y )z = xz + yz
20 / 48
Axioms of Addition and Multiplication
Identity Axioms:
!0 R such that x + 0 = 0 + x = x
!1 R such that x 1 = 1 x = x
Inverse Axioms:
x R, !(x) R such that x + (x) = (x) + x = 0
x R, x 6= 0, ! x1 R such that x x1 = x1 x = 1
21 / 48
Recall: Axioms of Addition and Multiplication
Associativity Axioms
Commutativity Axioms
Distributivity Axiom
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
Which of the axioms above justifies the statement
6 x = x 6?
22 / 48
Commutativity Axioms: 6 x = x 6
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
23 / 48
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
t + 0 = t?
24 / 48
Identity Axioms: t + 0 = t
Inverse Axioms
25 / 48
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
5(ab) = (5a)b?
26 / 48
Associativity Axioms: 5(ab) = (5a)b

Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
27 / 48
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
4y + 4z = 4(y + z)?
28 / 48
Distributivity Axiom: 4y + 4z = 4(y + z)
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
29 / 48
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
3 1 = 3?
30 / 48
Identity Axioms: 3 1 = 3
Inverse Axioms
31 / 48
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
6(m + n) = 6(n + m)?
32 / 48
Commutativity Axioms: 6(m + n) = 6(n + m)
Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
33 / 48

Identity Axioms
Inverse Axioms
8
1
= 1?
8
34 / 48
Identity Axioms
1
Inverse Axioms: 8 = 1
8
35 / 48
Some Theorems
Let x, y , z R.
The Cancellation Law for Addition:
If x + z = y + z then x = y .
If z + x = z + y then x = y .
The Cancellation Law for Multiplication:
If xz = yz and z 6= 0 then x = y .
If zx = zy and z 6= 0 then x = y .
36 / 48
Some Theorems
Let x, y , z R.
36 / 48
Some Theorems
Let x, y , z R.
36 / 48
Some Theorems
x 0 = 0 x R
If xy = 0 then either x = 0 or y = 0.
Law of Signs
1
(x) = x
(x)y = xy
(1)x = x
(x)(y ) = xy
(x + y ) = (x) + (y )
37 / 48
Some Theorems
x 0 = 0 x R
Law of Signs
1
(x) = x
(x)y = xy
(1)x = x
(x)(y ) = xy
(x + y ) = (x) + (y )
37 / 48
Some Theorems
x 0 = 0 x R
Law of Signs
1
(x) = x
(x)y = xy
(1)x = x
(x)(y ) = xy
(x + y ) = (x) + (y )
37 / 48
Some Theorems
The equation x + a = b has the unique solution

x = b + (a).
The equation ax = b where a 6= 0 has the unique
solution x = a1 b.
38 / 48
Definitions
Subtraction:
Division:
b a = b + (a)
ba=
b
a
=b
1
a
39 / 48
Definitions
Subtraction:
Division:
b a = b + (a)
ba=
b
a
=b
1
a
39 / 48
Definitions
Subtraction:
Division:
b a = b + (a)
ba=
b
a
=b
1
a
39 / 48
Some Theorems

x = b + (a).
solution x = a1 b.
40 / 48
Some Theorems

x = b + (a) = b a.
solution x = a1 b = ba .
41 / 48
Some Theorems: Properties of Subtraction
aa=0
a (b) = a + b
a(b c) = ab ac
42 / 48
Some Theorems: Properties of Division

Let all denominators be non-zero.
1
a
a
=1
a
1
= a;
a
b
ax
bx
c
d
1
1
a
=a
= ba ;
a
b
a
b
c
d
ad+bc
bd
a
b
a
b
a
b
iff ad = bc
a
b
a
b
a
b
c
d
=
c
d
ac
bd
ad
bc
43 / 48
Positive vs. Negative Real Numbers
a R is positive if and only if a > 0.

a R is negative if and only if 0 > a.
44 / 48
Order Axioms on R
Let x, y , z R.
Trichotomy Axiom: One and only one of the ff.
is true: a = b or a > b or b > a.
Transitive Property for Inequality:
If a > b and b > c then a > c.
Addition Property for Inequality:
If a > b then a + c > b + c.
Multiplication Property for Inequality:
If a > b and c > 0 then ac > bc.
45 / 48
Definition of Less Than and Non-Strict Inequalities
a<b b>a
a b a > b or a = b
a b a < b or a = b
46 / 48
Some Theorems
The set of positive real numbers

is closed under addition.
The set of positive real numbers
is closed under multiplication.
If a is positive then a is negative.
If a is negative then a is positive.
47 / 48
Some Theorems
If a > b then a < b.
a2 0.
(Cor.) 1 > 0.
If a > b and c < 0 then ac < bc.
If a > 0 then
1
a
> 0.
If a > b > 0 then

1
a
< b1 .
48 / 48

COMALGE Algebra: The Set of Real Numbers

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

COMALGE Algebra: The Set of Real Numbers

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

The Set of Real Numbers

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Finite vs. Infinite Set

Finite set - elements can be listed down

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Uppercase letters: Names of sets

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The Suitor Problem

Elsa has 50 suitors: 20 are tall, 25 are dark, 30 are

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Venn Diagrams are used to visualize sets, their

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Two Ways to Describe Sets

Let A be the set of counting numbers 5

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

A is a subset of B, written A B, if and only if

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The union of two sets A and B is the set of

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Given sets A, B, and C, note that:

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The difference of two sets A and B is the set of

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Subsets of the Set of Complex Numbers

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Interval Notation vs. Set Notation

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Have you ever wondered why...?

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Axioms, Theorems, Corollaries, Lemma

Axioms - assumed-to-be-true statements

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Symmetric Property for Equality:

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Axioms of Addition and Multiplication

The Set of Real Numbers

DLSU Algebra Lecture 1

Axioms of Addition and Multiplication

The Set of Real Numbers