Linear and Quadratic Equations

Christopher F. Santos

Algebra Lecture 7
De La Salle University

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

1 / 14

Equations as Statements

An equation is a statement saying that two

expressions are equal.
If an equation is true for ALL permissible values (in R)
of the variable, then the equation is called an identity.
y2 4
Example:
= y 2 is true for any y 6= 2.
y +2

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

2 / 14

Equations as Statements
If an equation is NEVER true for all permissible
values (in R) of the variable, then the equation is
called a contradiction.
Example: x + 1 = x is never true for any x R.
If an equation is true for SOME permissible values (in
R) of the variable, then the equation is conditional.
Example:
3x 1 = 2x + 5 is true if x = 6
x 2 x 2 = 0 is true if x = 2 or x = 1
Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

3 / 14

Solution Set of an Equation

A solution/root of an equation is a value of the

variable that makes the equation true. The solution
set of an equation is the set of all solutions of the
equation.
NOTE: Unless specified, the solution sets that we
consider are subsets of R.
GOAL: To find the solution set of a given equation

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

4 / 14

Linear Equations in One Variable

Equations are said to be equivalent if they have the
same solution set.
Example: 2x = 6 and x = 3 are equivalent.
A linear equation in x is an equation which is
equivalent to one of the form
mx + b = 0,

where m, b R and m 6= 0. Its solution set is

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations


b

.
m

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

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Solving Linear Equations in x

Processes in solving equations:
1
Transposing terms (Addition Property of Equality)
2
Simplifying terms
3
Multiplying/dividing both sides of the equation by a
nonzero real number (Multiplication Property of
Equality)
Examples:
1
3x 1 = 2x + 5
2y 3
1
3y
2
+ +5=

5
4
20
2
3

s = v0 t + 21 gt 2 , v0 =?
Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

SS: {6}
(
SS:

SS: {3}
)
s 12 gt 2
t

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

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Exercises
1

4 3p = 2p 11

4(2r 3) 2(r 4) = 3(r 3) 1

2x + 3 x + 1
1

=
4
2
3

s = 21 (v + u)t, u =?

T =

aR0
, R0 =?
R R0

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

7 / 14

Quadratic Equations in One Variable

A quadratic equation in x is an equation which is

equivalent to one of the form
ax 2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c R and a 6= 0.

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

8 / 14

Solving by Factoring
Recall: If ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0.
Examples:
1
6x 2 = 3x

SS: {0, 12 }

x2 = 9

SS: {-3, 3}

x 2 6x + 9 = 0

6x 2 + x 12 = 0
Christopher F. Santos

SS: {3}

Linear and Quadratic Equations

SS: { 34 , 32 }
DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

9 / 14

Solving by Extracting the Roots

Recall: If x 2 = k where k > 0 then x = k .

Examples:
1
x2 = 9

SS: {-3, 3}
(

(4x 2)2 = 8

Christopher F. Santos

SS:

Linear and Quadratic Equations

)
1 2
2

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

10 / 14

Completing the Square and the Quadratic Formula

If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a 6= 0 then

b b2 4ac
x=
2a
Examples:
1
x 2 + 4x 1 = 0

SS: {2

5}

2x 2 6x + 9 = 0

SS: { 33i
2 }

6x 2 + x 12 = 0

SS: { 34 , 32 }

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

11 / 14

Exercises

Find the solution set of each of the ff. equations:

1
x 2 2x + 2 = 0
SS: {1 + i, 1 i}

2
4x 2 + 12x + 9 = 0
SS: 23


3
6x 2 + 11x 10 = 0
SS: 32 , 52

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

12 / 14

Exercises

Find the solution set of each of the ff. equations:

1
x 2 2x + 2 = 0
SS: {1 + i, 1 i}

2
4x 2 + 12x + 9 = 0
SS: 32


3
6x 2 + 11x 10 = 0
SS: 23 , 52

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

12 / 14

Nature of Solutions of a Quadratic Equation

The discriminant of the quadratic polynomial

ax 2 + bx + c is b2 4ac.
The quadratic equation has

2 distinct real solutions

1 unique real solution

2 imaginary conjugate solutions

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

,
,

if b2 4ac > 0
if b2 4ac = 0

if b2 4ac < 0

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

13 / 14

Examples

Equation
SS
b2 4ac
x 2 2x + 2 = 0
{1 + i, 1 i}
<0
3
2
4x + 12x + 9 = 0
2
=0

2
5
6x 2 + 11x 10 = 0
>0
3, 2

Christopher F. Santos

Linear and Quadratic Equations

DLSU Algebra Lecture 7

14 / 14