Corporation Law Review

CORPORATION LAW
BACKGROUND
They claim that in Roman times they had this counter-part organization, which is like
Kolegiak(?), which exists for mutual benefit, providing, for example, burial benefits to the
members. During the Middle Ages, the so-called corporations were actually religious organization for
the administration of the temporalities of the Church. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, U.S.
started getting industrialized and it was the corporate vehicle that enable the U.S. to be
industrialized. Why? Because of the limited liability of the stockholders. Exposure is limited to
subscription, so people were willing to venture into business risks because if the business enterprise
turns out to be unsuccessful, you dont lose everything but your losses will be limited to your
subscription. And the advantage of the corporate vehicle is that you can raise a large sum of money
billion of pesos, which may be needed to run a business, but the management can be efficient,
because the management is concentrated in the hands of a small board of directors. For e.g. San
Miguel, with about 30,00 stockholders.
CORPORATION CODE
SECTION 2. Corporation defined.A corporation is an artificial being created by operation of
law, having the right of succession and the powers, attributes and properties expressly
authorized by law or incident to its existence.
AN ARTIFICIAL BEING
A corporation is an artificial being. It is an artificial personit is not a natural person. Why?
Well, one said, You can never smell the armpit of a corporation. One American writer said that the
corporation has no body to kick and no soul to damn.
It is an artificial person, that is why the Court has said in many cases, like the ABS-CBN case,
that a corporation, as a general rule, can not recover moral damages. Being an artificial person, it
has no feelings, it can not experience wounded feelings, anxiety, mental anguish. HOWEVER, the
court said, in the SEMEX case and also in the recent JARDIN LAND case, that a corporation has a
reputation which can be besmirched and therefore it can recover damages for besmirched
reputation. In American law, what we call moral damages in our Civil Code are also treated as part
of actual damages- the rule is that what we call as moral damages would be called actual damages.
Under such law, you can only recover actual damages for the besmirched reputation of the
corporation if the act by its very nature is something that undermines the reputation. In other
words, it must be libel. You can recover damages for libel. In that JARDIN case, the Court awarded
moral damages to the corporation, it said that its reputation has been besmirched because it was not
paid on timeits credit standing was impaired. That is not allowed in American Law.
CREATED BY OPERATION OF LAW
A corporation is created by operation of law. It is a person because of legal fiction. It is not a
natural person, it only exists as a person because of legal fiction. That is why a corporation is
different from a natural person. A natural person, under the Civil Code, can perform any act except
what is prohibited by law. In the case of a corporation, it can perform all the acts authorized by
law---anything not authorized, it cannot perform---it would be ultra vires. In other words, its powers
are limited.
RIGHT OF SUCCESSION
A corporation has a right of succession. In other words, stockholders come and go but the
corporation continues to exist as the same corporation. It will have succession in its existence, in its
name, even if there is a change of the stockholders. One English writer has said that a corporation is
Jimenez Transcripts (Corporation Code)
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like the River Thames and the stockholders are like the waters of the river, waters are constantly
flowingthere is a constant change in the waters of the riversbut it is the same river.
POWERS, ATTRIBUTES AND PROPERTIES EXPRESSLY AUTHORIZED BY LAW OR INCIDENT
TO ITS EXISTENCE
There are many consequences that will arise from the fact that a corporation has a separate
and distinct personality from that of its stockholders. It has the guarantees of the Bill of Rights, like
the guarantee of due process, equal protection, against unreasonable searches and seizures. In the
case of Stonehill v. Diokno, it was held that if the rights of the corporation are violated, the
stockholders cannot assert those rights. The Court said that Stonehill could not question the search
warrant against the corporation, for which he is a stockholder, because it was not his rights that
were violated, but that of the corporation.
Likewise, the debts of the corporation are not the debts of the stockholders. A stockholder, as
a general rule, ca not be held liable for the debts of the corporation. In the same way, a corporation
can not be held liable for the debts of a stockholder. Time and again, the Court said that you cant
garnish the properties of a stockholder because of the judgment against the corporation. And the
properties belonging to a corporation are owned by it, they do not belong to the stockholders. That
is why the Court said that a stockholder could not intervene in an action involving property of a
corporation, he has no interest. In that case involving the Hidden valley, the corporation can sue a
stockholder to recover a parcel of land belonging to a corporation because the stockholder was
occupying the land.
And because of that also, there is this so-called DOUBLE TAXATION. When a corporation
earns profits, it pays income tax, when the corporation distributes the profits to the stockholders,
the income will again be subject to tax---as you know, dividends are subject to withholding tax.
Moreover, a stockholder can not be held liable for the contracts entered into by the
corporation, and in the same way, a corporation can not be held liable for the contracts entered into
by the stockholders. That is why the Court said that where a stockholder sued to annul the
conveyance of a parcel of land by a corporation, it can not have the notice of lis pendens annotated
because he is not the owner of the property, therefore, he has no rights to protect. A stockholder
can not be held liable to a lawyer who is claiming atty.s fees against the corporationand the lawyer
of the stockholder cant sue the corporation for the payment of atty.s fees. The Court said that this
is Reverse Piercing of the Corporate Veilyou pierce the veil to run after the stockholder, now, he is
running after the corporation because of the debts of the stockholder.
F. Guanzon and Sons Inc. Case
FACTS: the corporation was dissolved and so its properties were conveyed to the stockholders as
liquidating dividends. The government is claiming that they should pay tax on the gain they made.
The stockholders said NOthere was no conveyance of property. They said that this is a case of
partitioning what they own, so theres no taxable transaction.
HELD: The Court said NOthe properties do not belong to you, they belong to the corporationso
they were conveyed to youthere was a taxable transaction.
PIERCING THE VEIL
Whenever the law creates a legal device, the objective of the law is justice and fairnessif
you use that device to perpetrate fraud---the law will not allow that---so you have the doctrine of
piercing the veil of corporate fiction
When the separate juridical personality of a corporation is used to defeat public convenience,
to justify wrong, to protect fraud, to commit a crime, its separate juridical personality will be
disregarded. BUT, time an again, the Court said that the mere fact that one stockholder is the
controlling stockholder of a corporation, is not sufficient for disregarding the separate juridical
personality. Mere control, in other words is not enough to constitute a ground for disregarding the
separate personality. It must be CONTROL + something else, like fraud. For example, somebody
is suedthere is a judgment against himso what does he do----he forms a corporation and
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transfers his properties to that corporation so that they cant levy upon the property by saying that
they belong to the corporation.
LIDELL AND CO. CASE
FACTS: Liddel and Co. was importing cars and selling them to the public. The initial sale of the car
was subject to percentage tax. To avoid paying higher tax, the wife of the controlling stockholder
formed another corporationLiddel Motors Inc. Liddel and Co. stopped selling cars to the public,
they would only sell cars to Liddel Motors Inc. at a very low price, and so they would pay the
government a small amount as percentage tax. Then Liddel Motors then turn around and would
resell the cars to the public at a big mark-up.
HELD: Liddel and Co. and Liddel Motors were organized for the purpose of tax evasion therefore
separate juridical personality may be disregarded.
If in the internal dealings of the stockholders, they are disregarding the separate juridical
personality of the corporation---typical of a family corporation, then that would be a ground to pierce
the veil.
MARVEL BLDG. CASE
FACTS: Ma. Paz was the controlling stockholder of the corporation. She had a few employees who
were given qualifying shares, but the shares were endorsed in blank and in her possession. The
corporation never held stockholders meeting nor Directors meeting. It was not keeping separate
books of account, they were confusing personal affairs with affairs of the corporation.
HELD: Since Ma.Paz was in the internal dealings, she was disregarding the corporations separate
personality. That would be a ground to pierce the veil of corporate fiction or if the corporation is
merely conduit or alter-ego of the controlling stockholder.
PVD(?) CASE:
HELD: If the corporation is exercising control over the management of another corporationthat
would be a ground to pierce the corporate veil.
BUT, in a recent decision: the Court said that control over management is not enough. You must
show that it is being used for a fraudulent purpose. Many corporations are subsidiary of another
corporation. An example of a fraudulent purpose is one common in labor casesa worker filed a case
against a garment factory, the company closes, then form a run-away shoptransfers all the
machines and equipments in the name of another corporation which will resume the business.
LUXURIA HOMES CASE:
FACTS: The landowner entered into a contract with somebody to develop his landjoint venture.
The landowner then transferred the land to another corporation, and now the developer is claiming
the separate juridical personality be disregarded.
HELD: It cannot be in fraud. The developer knew because he even signed the contract of
conveyance as a witness. He was told about it. It was not something done behind his back
PSVSIA CASE:
FACTS: There are three security agencies being managed by PSVSIA. The guards were freely
transferred from one agency to another. They have a common payroll, and in fact they have the
same mutual benefit system. Every year, they hold that 1 occasion where the guards of the three
agencies attend and participate in the award ceremony.
HELD: Separate juridical personality should be disregarded
CASE:
FACTS: An employee was supposed to have resigned from a corporation. On the next day, he was
working for the 2nd corporation, performing the same job as the 2 nd corp is engaged in the same line
of business. The 2nd corp is using the payroll of the old corpin fact, his ID card for the old corp is
the one he is using in order to enter the premises of the 2nd corp.

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HELD: Separate juridical personality should be disregarded.

CASE:
FACTS: The corp filed a case, then the stockholder filed another case involving the same matter. He
filed the case in his own name to avoid forum shopping.
HELD: This was a scheme to circumvent the prohibition against forum shopping. Actually, what he is
asserting is the right of the corpseparate juridical personality should be disregarded.
When we talk of piercing the veil of corporate fiction, it does not only involve a mother
company as controlling stockholder, but also affiliate companies. Separate juridical personality could
be disregarded.
MERRILL-LYNCH CASE:
Merril-Lynch Phils. was incorporated by Sycip,
et al. According to the Articles of
Incorporation, the primary purpose of the corp, is to transmit orders of customers. If you want to
play the stock market in NY, the commodities in Chicago-you go to Merril Phils., you tell them, I
want to buy gold, silver, and they will transmit your order to Chicago. You want to buy shares of
stocks, they will transmit that to Merril Lynch NY. There was one man who was speculating on silver.
He gave an instruction to Merril Phils. to sell the silver, so they transmitted the orderthere was a
delay in the implementatiom of the order to sell, when they finally implemented, the price of silver
had gone down, so he sued both Merril Phils and Merril NY. Defense of Merril Phils: no cause of
action, your contract is not with me but with Merril NY, we merely transmit your order. Defense of
Merril NY: We are not doing business in the Phils., so you cant sue us.
If you look at this scheme, the end of the entire set-up is to enable Merril NY to deal with
customers here, make profits from the orders and at the same time escape from liabilities by saying
we are not doing business in the Phils. SEC crack down Merril Phils, saying, in effect you are
operating as a broker.
GRANDFATHER RULE
More or less, the test being used here is the nationality/ citizenship of the stockholders.
However, the
Foreign Investment Act has disregarded the grandfather rule. It adopted the
liberalized interpretation of Filipino-ownership. According to the formula under the grandfather rule,
if you have a corporation owned by another corporation, you trace who are the owners of this
owning corp. In other words if you have:
CDE (50% FIL, 50% FOREIGN)
ABC
XYZ (60% FIL, 40% FOREIGN)

CORP.
Under the grandfather rule if CDE is 50% foreign and 50% Filipino, and XYZ is 60% Filipino,
40% foreign, you will impute all that here and you will say a-ha, since CDE is 50% Fil, ABC CORP is
not 60% Filipinocoz you are going to trace. This is only 55% Filipino coz you trace the ownershipboth CDE(50% FIL) and XYZ(60%FIL).
But according to FIA, if a corporation is 60% Filipino, it will be considered 100% Filipino. FIA
discarded the grandfather rule.
Now, XYZ will be considered 100% Filipino, and so ABC CORP will now be considered 75%
Filipino-owned(CDE 50% and XYZ 100%). It must be at least 60% Filipino-owned to be considered a
100% Filipino corporation. But if it is less than 60%, then you apply the grandfather rule. That is
provided in the FIA.
SECTION 3. Classes of Corporations. Corporations formed or organized under this Code
may be stock or non-stock corporations. Corporations which have capital stock divided
into shares and are authorized to distribute to the holders of such shares dividends or

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allotments of the surplus profits on the basis of the shares held are stock corporations. All
other corporations are non-stock corporations.
A stock corporation is one which has its capital divided into shares and are authorized to
distribute dividend. There are two requirements:1) It must have shares. 2) it must be authorized to
distribute dividends.
Manila Golf and Country Club, Manila Polo Club, etc.- they have shares, if you want to be a
member, you have to buy a share. But, they are non-profit, not authorized to declare dividendsbut
dividend is not limited to profitsit may take the form of benefits, for example, discounts in the
commissary run by the corp.
SECTION 5. COMPONENTS OF A CORPORATION.
CORPORATORS - those who compose a corporation.
STOCKHOLDERS - corporators in a stock corporation.
MEMBERS - corporators in a non-stock corporation.
INCORPORATORS - Stockholders or members who appear in the articles of incorporation, as
originally forming and composing the corporation and who are signatories thereof.
The corporation law now provides that an incorporator must be a stockholder. That was not
required before in the corporation law. Moreover, only natural person may be incorporators, but a
corporation may be a subscriber but not an incorporator coz he is not a natural person.
25-25 RULE
When you form a corporation, at least 25% of the authorized capital stock must be
subscribed and at least 25% of the subscription must be paid. You can form a subsidiary where 5
individuals will subscribe to 1 share each to qualify for the boardyou must own at least 1 share to
be an incorporator, the rest of the shares will be subscribed by the holding corporation and that will
satisfy the 25-25 rule, because that holding corporation paid for the subscription. In computing 2525 rule, subscriptions made by a corporation will be included. Corporations can be subscribers, only
that they can not be incorporators.
Section 6. Classification of shares
The shares of stock in corporations may be divided into classes or series of shares,
or both, any of which classes or series of shares may have such rights, privileges or
restrictions as may be stated in the articles of incorporation: Provided, that no share may
be deprived of voting rights except those classified and issued as "preferred" or
"redeemable" shares, unless otherwise provided in this Code; Provided, further, That
there shall always be a class or series of shares which have complete voting rights. Any
or all of the shares or series of shares may have a par value or have no par value as may
be provided for in the articles of incorporation; Provided, however, That banks, trust
companies, insurance companies, public utilities, and building and loan associations shall
not be permitted to issue no-par value shares of stock.
Preferred shares of stock issued by any corporation may be given preference in the
distribution of the assets of the corporation in case of liquidation and in the distribution of
dividends, or such other preferences as may be stated in the articles of incorporation
which are not violative of the provisions of this Code; Provided, That preferred shares of
stock may be issued only with a stated par value. The Board of Directors, where
authorized in the articles of incorporation, may fix the terms and conditions of preferred
shares of stock or any series thereof: Provide, That such terms and conditions shall be
effective upon filing of a certificate thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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Shares of capital stock issued without par value shall be deemed fully paid and nonassessable and the holder of such shares shall not be liable to the corporation or to its
creditors in respect thereto: Provided, The shares without par value may not be issued for
a consideration less than the value of five (P 5.00) pesos per share; Provided, further,
That the entire consideration received by the corporation for its no-par value shares shall
be treated as capital and shall not be available for distribution as dividends.
A corporation may, furthermore, classify its shares for the purpose of insuring
compliance with constitutional or legal requirements.
Except as otherwise provided by the articles of incorporation and stated in the
certificate of stock, each share shall be equal in all respects to every other share.
Where the articles of incorporation provide for non-voting shares in the cases
allowed by this Code, the holders of such shares shall nevertheless be entitled to vote on
the following matters:
1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of all or
substantially all of the corporate property;
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another corporation or other
corporations;
7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or business in accordance
with this Code; and
8. Dissolution of the corporation.
Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph, the vote
necessary to approve a particular corporate act as provided in this Code shall be deemed
to refer only to stocks with voting rights.
The shares of stock may be divided into or classified based on rights, privileges or
restrictions.
NO PAR VALUE SHARES
There are limitations on the power to classify shares of stocks. Banks, trust companies,
insurance companies, public utilities, building and loan associations are not allowed to issue no par
value shares.
When a corporation has no par value shares, no amount will be mentioned. Unlike
corporations with par value shares, for ex., the Authorized Capital Stock (ACS) of the corporation
shall be P1M consisting of 10,000 shares with a par value of P100 each, if you have a corporation
with no par value shares, it will simply be, the ACS of the corporation consists of 10,000 no par
value shares---no amount is mentioned. That's why these banks, trust companies, etc. are not
allowed to have no par value shares because these are enterprises which are required by law to have
a minimum paid-up capital - so that you can easily see right away - has it met the minimum paidup capital, because if its shares have no par value - you cannot see if it has satisfied the required
minimum paid-up capital.
RIGHT TO VOTE
No shares may be denied the right to vote except those which are preferred shares and
redeemable shares. So, common shares can not be deprived the right to vote.

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PREFFERED SHARES
Preferences given to preferred shares should not violate the law. You can not provide that
holder of preferred shares will be paid ahead of the creditors of the corporation, and you can not
issue preferred shares with no par value shares. It must be noted that preferred shares must have
par value. The preferred shares may be given preference in the distribution of dividends. If the
profits are not enough to give everybody dividends, the holders of preferred shares get a first crack
before the holders of the common shares get anything. Or they may have preference in the
distribution of the assets in case of liquidation.
PAYMENT OF SUBCRIPTION
Shares of Capital stock issued without par value should be deemed fully-paid and nonassessable, and that shares without par value may not be issued for less than P5.00 per share. In
other words, when a share has no par value, it has to be fully-paid, unlike par value shares that you
can pay only, for example, 25% and have unpaid subscription that you will pay later. But no par
value shares must be fully paid, because there is no amount mentioned.
STATED VALUE (NO PAR VALUE SHARE)
No par value shares must also have a stated value. When you form a corporation with no par
value shares, the articles of incorporation states, the authorized capital stock shall consist of, for
example, 10,000 no par value shares. Those shares will also be given a stated value, so the director
says, `ok, the stated value we will issue initially upon incorporation, will be P5.00. We will have
3,000 shares and that will be subscribed with a stated value of P5.00. Now, the business was good,
they are raking in the money, so the director decided to declare a stock dividend---`we will have a
stock dividend with a stated value of P300.00 each. Business was again good---the director again
declared stock dividend, this time with a stated value of P10,000.00 each. So pwedeng magbagobago ang stated value. And those shares would be equal irrespective of the difference in the stated
value. So, if you hold a stockholder's meeting, the one whose no par value share with stated value of
P10,000 will have one(1) vote, same as the one who has a stated value of P5.00. If the corporation
declares a dividend and says, `we will pay P100.00 per share---the one with stated value of P10,000
will get P100, and the one with P5.00 will get the same. They are all equal irrespective of the stated
value. (jack said this is useful for estate planning. Here's a father, he forms a corporation where his
children will subscribe to no par value with stated value of P5 each, after that, he transfers all the
properties to the corporation - the children who subscribed with a stated value of P5 each, they
probably own P20,000 each with a stated value of P5. Then , the father would transfer his
properties there and get - say, 10,000 shares with a stated value of P10,000 each. Suppose you
now dissolve the corporation and distribute the properties by way of liquidating dividends. The
children will get the bulk of the properties. You could keep the properties there. This is the way the
father could dilute his transfer of properties.)
CLASSIFICATION TO INSURE COMPLIANCE WITH CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
A Corporation may classify its shares to ensure compliance to the constitutional or legal
requirements - partial nationalized. Corporations may classify the shares as: Class A - can be sold
only to Filipinos. Class B - can be sold to anyone but, at any given point of time, the Corporation
should be 60% Filipino - owned.
NON-VOTING SHARES; WHEN ENTITLED TO VOTE
Even the shares which are denied the right to vote, normally can vote on the matters like
amendment of articles of incorporation, adoption and amendment of by-laws, sale, lease, etc. of
properties, increase or decrease of capital stock, merger, engage in another line of business,
dissolution. These are fundamental actions. So even the non-voting shares are allowed to have a
say in the approval of fundamental actions.

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FOUNDER'S SHARES
They may be given certain rights not enjoyed by the owner of other stocks but if they are
given the exclusive right to vote, that will be valid for 5 years only. Like this Baguio Country Club,
they used to have only 100 shares. They said we should broaden our membership in order to raise
more money to improve the facilities and to expand. The articles were amended and those 100
shares were converted to founder's shares. They created 2,000 common shares which were then
sold to the public. But this was the scheme: Each owner of 1 founder share subscribed to 20
shares, 20 common shares at par value, and then he turned around and sold the 5 shares at
P60,000 each. The price was computed in such a way that what you will get from selling 5 shares
would be enough to pay for the 20 shares that you have subscribed. So, at the end of exercise, you
will have 15 shares without shelling out any money because the price you will get from selling 5
shares will cover everything. These founder's shares, for 5 years, they have exclusive voting rights.
After 5 years, everybody has the same rights.
REDEEMABLE SHARES
Redeemable shares may be issued by the corporation when it is expressly provided in the
articles of incorporation. Terms and conditions affecting redeemable shares are required to be
provided for in the articles of incorporation and to be stated on the certificate o stock. Upon maturity
of redeemable shares, they should be paid by the corporation even if the latter has no unrestricted
retained earnings.
Feb. 6, 2002
Alma Santiago
Section 8 deals with redeemable share. It says, such shares may be issued where provided in
the Articles of Incorporation (AOI) and they may be purchased upon expiration of the fixed period
the Articles provided that they will be redeemed, let's say on a certain fixed period, let's say, after 5
years, or it may provide that the redemption be optional
It says regardless of the existence of the unrestricted retained earnings in the books of the
Corporation.
When this Code had just been passed, the (incoherent mumbling) asked that question: why is
there a provision here? The shares may be redeemed regardless of unrestricted retained earnings? I
said we were against this kasi this is the work of the UP Law Center, the SEC, and the Batasan I
said, in Batasan they inserted this
But the SC has said, in any event, remember, we took this up in political law, that the holder
of redeemable shares cannot compel the corporation to redeem the shares if the assets that will be
left will not be enough to pay for the claims of creditors coz before you give anything to the
stockholders, the creditors must first be paid coz remember you have the Trust Fund Doctrine. The
assets incorporated constitute the Trust Fund to pay for obligations due to the creditors and that is
the distinction between a creditor and a stockholder. A stockholder rises and falls with the fortunes
of the corporation, while creditors need to be paid whether or not the corporation is making money,
even if it is incurring losses it has to pay creditors.
Although, you have that case, (incoherent) it was an extended decision, similar to a case we
handled before, although that was resolved with a minute resolution. What happened was, that case
which was referred to us before was that You know, the SSS invests its money in corporations
now what happened is that they put their money in one corp, the AOI got amended to create
preferred shares, which are redeemable, and the SSS subscribed to those redeemable shares. When
the period of redemption provided became due, the corp said: "well, you cannot redeem because
we ah don't have funds!" So the SSS filed a case in the theory that this is not a share of stock,
this is not an equity instrument but a debt instrument. The SSS won that up to the CA level, and
after it had been decided by the CA, that was when the corp asked us to handle the case in its
appeal to the SC. So we filed a petition for review but the Court denied it with a minute resolution
they held that these preferred shares did not exist before, and the Articles were actually amended to
create or include the shares. Stock certificates were issued doc stamps were paid on the stock
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certificates this was entered in the Stock and Transfer book. So, that this should not be considered
a debt instrument. The Court denied it. The Court was thinking: "hey, the money that was put in
was the money of the members of the SSS. Kawawa naman yung mga members!"
And now, the Court came out with an extended decision in the Lirad (?) case. The situation
was the same, the Court said that this was a debt instrument because there are some so-called
redeemable shares, which if you look at the features would clearly be a debt instrument.
Like a few years ago, the newspapers mentioned that Ayala Corporation amended its articles
to create preferred redeemable shares redeemable for 5 years. And the feature is that the holders
were guaranteed dividends payable quarterly. So, note the dividends are guaranteed, then the
shares to be redeemed after 5 years: mandatory, and the amount of the dividends is not fixed, but
rather it is based on, I think, 2% over 90-day T-bills because that is how banks loan money, that is
how banks fix the interest. You borrow money from the bank, it will say: "okay, 2% over 90-day Tbills, and to be reviewed every 90 days." You see, the formula for fixing the dividends is not based
on the productivity of the corporation, but based on the prevailing rates if you borrow money from
banks.
TREASURY SHARES
Then you have these treasury shares. These are shares which have been fully issued and fully
paid for but subsequently re-acquired by the issuing corporation by purchase, redemption, donation,
or some other lawful means. Like for instance if a stockholder (SH) defaulted when a call was made
for SH to pay their unpaid subscription, and SH failed to pay and so shares sold at public auction
and the corporation acquired it.
Now the SC has said that treasury shares are in limbo they are not outstanding, but neither
are they cancelled. They have already been issued. Now when the corporation re-acquires them,
they are not cancelled, but they are not outstanding so in the meantime, they are frozen.. they are
in limbo. They cannot vote, they cannot receive dividends. The only thing you can do with them is to
re-issue them. That is the only thing you can do.
Well, you have this case (sorry! can't understand the case title) There is this law office:
Rossell Carascosso Anda (RCA), used to be the biggest law firm in Asia it was the retained counsel
of all the big companies like Shell, Caltex, SMC, Bank of America, Citibank Now, Reese (I spell it as
I hear it ) one of the controlling stockholders of the Manila Trading and Supply Company, wanted to
transfer the shares to his friends without any tax consequence. So what was the bright scheme
concocted by this RCA?
Reese executed a Trust Agreement (TA). He appointed the Law Office (RCA) as trustee and
transferred to the law office his shares of stocks. The TA included stock dividends. Upon the death of
Reese the corporation was supposed to buy the shares... but in the meanwhile, the trustees would
have the right to vote the shares of stocks and as I said stock dividends are also covered by that.
So what happened? Reese died. The corporation bought the shares. The remaining SH were the
friends of Reese. Then the corporation now turns around and declares the shares as stock dividends
of existing SH stock dividends have no tax consequence. So the remaining SH, all friends of
Reese would acquire the shares without paying a single centavo because the corporation bought
the shares, and they said: "treasury shares yan eh!" So the corporation now declared it as a stock
dividend, and so the remaining SH got it they got the shares of Reese without paying anything
Now the Court said: "NO! These are not treasury shares!" why? Because the TA provided that
the trustees would vote the shares and that it also provided that the trust would include stock
dividends that may be declared. So these shares of Reese which were acquired by the corporation
had these 2 features: they could vote and they could receive stock dividends. These are inconsistent
with the nature of treasury shares because a treasury share is not outstanding although it is not
cancelled for it can be re-issued. The only thing you can do with it is to re-issue it. Now, when the
Board re-issued it, they can sell it at any reasonable price because you don't have to sell it for its
par value as its minimum, because remember, it is unissued remember, when you're going to sell
or offer for subscription, part of the authorized but unissued share, the corporation must sell at least
Page 9 of 46
at par value. Otherwise that would be watered stock. But in the case of treasury shares, that has
already been paid for by the original SH, so the corporation already got the money equivalent to the
par value. So when the corporation re-issues that, suppose they offer it for sale, they can fix any
price. It can even be less than par value, let's say the book value is less than the par value. Now if
the corporation decides to declare that as dividend it will not be declared as stock dividend, it will be
declared as property dividend. Because that is property owned by the corporation you declare stock
dividends from the authorized but unissued shares but these are shares (treasury) which have
already been issued but acquired by the corp. So they are properties belonging to the corporation.
So if the corporation distributes them, as dividends, they will be property dividend, not stock
dividend.
SHARES OF STOCK
Now, shares of stocks are choses in action. First, they are personal properties by express
provisions of the Civil Code they are choses in action, they are intangible properties. Their situs for
purposes of chattel mortgage would be the head office of the corporation so that is where you have
to register the chattel mortgage. For tax purposes, the situs of will be in the Phils, if its a Philippine
corp. The Court has said (Fisher case), if a foreigner owns shares of stocks in the Philippines, and
the foreigner dies, the heirs will have to pay estate tax on the shares of stocks because the tax situs
is the Philippines.
All shares are presumed to be equal, unless otherwise provided in the AOI. So that's why it is
said that they will have the same voting rights if dividends are declared, they will receive the same
amount as dividend, unless it is otherwise provided in the AOI.
INCORPORATORS
Now the Code says that to form a corporation (a stock corporation), you must have at least 5
but not more than 15 persons must be of legal age and majority must be residents of the
Philippines. A corporation cannot be an incorporator.
Each incorporator must at least own one share. As I said, the Corp Law before did not require
that.
CORPORATE TERM
It should have a corporate term which should not exceed 50 years. And it may be extended
for another 50 years. The Old Corp Code did not allow extension. That's why if a corporation would
reach the end, it would have to be dissolved. That was the law before. That's why we have FGU
Insurance Corporation. That was originally Filipinas Compania de Seguros. But its corporation life
expired and you cannot extend it so it had to be dissolved, and a new corporation must be formed to
take over its business the FGU Corp.
But, later on the Corp law was amended in 1968 to allow extensions. That is why now you
can extend a corporate life but you cannot incorporate today, then tomorrow, extend the
corporation life. You can only do that in the last 5 years of its existence.
MINIMUM CAPITAL
Now, as a rule, there is no minimum required capital, although the law requires the 25-25
rule. At least 25% of the shares must be subscribed, and at least 25% must be paid. You need not
have everybody paying 25%. Somebody may only pay 10%, but if somebody paid 100% of his
subscription, provided the total payment would reach 25% of the subscription, that satisfies the law.
Although, the law says that paid-up capital should not be less than P5K, so you can form a
corporation with a paid-up capital of P80K subscription would be 20K and paid-up would be 5K.
But for certain lines of businesses, special laws require minimum, authorized capital, like banks,
insurance companies, financing companies.

Page 10 of 46
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
And the law mentions the form for AOI: contains the name, specific purpose, place of its
principal office, which must be a city or municipality. Now, the Corp Code in a subsequent provision
says Metro Manila will be considered as one city. Well, I've seen some lawyers put the specific
address, which is crazy! Because, then later on, when you want to transfer your office, you have to
amend your Articles. It's enough to put there Metropolitan Manila so you can transfer your office
anywhere in MMla. And, remember, the Court has said, in a decision penned by Justice Francisco (old
Abigon(?) case hay, I'm really bad at deciphering the case names!), that in fixing the venue, when
one of the parties is a corp, the place where its principal office is located is what should be
considered not a branch. And, as was also held in that decision, the principal office should be the
place as stated in the AOI.
Then the term, the name, nationality, and residence of the incorporators, the name, number
of directors [which should not be less than 5 nor more than 15], those who will act as directors until
the regular directors are elected. Then the authorized capital stock, and other matters like, you can
put there restrictions. If somebody wants to sell his share, he must offer it first to the other SH
before he can offer them to outsiders. Then you have the treasurer's affidavit, which should indicate
that at least 25% of the capital has been subscribed and at least 25% has been paid.
SEC offers this ready-made printed forms, which they sell. They call this the "express lane".
Since they are the ones who prepared it, you just fill it up. So, in about 3 days, you can be
incorporated. Well, in the good old days, provided you are diligent enough, you just spend there one
whole day. You can be incorporated in one day. This can't be done anymore but now, you have this
form, this "express lane" 3 days you could be incorporated.
And they would require that if you are engaged in a line of business which is nationalized,
there should be a provision there, saying: "NO transfers of shares of stocks which would reduce
ownership of Filipinos to less than what is required by law should be allowed." And this should be
printed at the back of the stock certificates.
Now, you want to amend the AOI, that has to be approved by at least 2/3 of the SH and by
majority of the board. And, you must submit to the SEC a certificate, signed by the chairman who
presided the meeting, corporate secretary, and majority of the directors, certifying that the AOI has
been amended, and that they have complied with the requirements, and they will attach to that
certificate a copy of the AOI as amended.
For example, you changed the place of business, let's say from Manila to Cebu City, you will
underline the amendment. Principal office shall be located in then you put: Cebu City. Then you put
this in parenthesis: as amended on 15 January 2002. You submit that to the SEC, and it will only
take effect when it is approved by the SEC.
Now, the grounds for disapproving amendments are mentioned in Section 17.
Like when the AOI does not conform with the form prescribed in the law. That the purpose is
patently unconstitutional, immoral, illegal, or contrary to government rules and regulations.
Like the Philippine Statehood Movement before. They wanted to make the Philippines
the 51st state. The SEC disallowed the incorporation of that. The purpose is
unconstitutional because it would run against the provision that the Philippines is a
sovereign state. The CA sustained the SEC, but said: "Okay, you can incorporate, but
the purpose is to study how it can be legally done that means you have to amend
the Constitution. So, you will just study."
Now, these Japanese War Notes. A lot of people suffered damages during the war, a
lot of people were stuck with these Jap War Notes. This bunch of swindlers telling
people that they'll form a corporationif u suffered damages during the war, if you
have jap war notes, you join them and they will work for the government to pay
reparations and indemnity to those who suffered damages during the war, and to
redeem jap war notes. So the SEC disallowed the incorporation of that, and the SEC
was sustained by the CA. This really is a scheme for fraud.
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You know, the SEC has issued a circular before 1987, which was updated in year 2000. It
says: you cannot form a corporation for the practice of certain professions, like engineering,
architecture well, you have that Acebedo case.
This Acebedo Optical Company wanted to set up branches. In CDO, the Mayor refused
to give them a permit. The reason is: you are engaged in an illegal activity
practicing optometry. The Court said: NO! Acebedo is not practicing Optometry. It is
employing optometrists. It is the optometrist who will refract the eyes of the patient
and then tell them: "uh you have to buy eyeglasses with this grade." It's not the
corporation which will refract the eyes of its patients but the optometrist. So, it is not
engaged in the practice of a profession.
Well, although in the US, they now allow the lawyers to incorporate. Sometimes you
will see some of the calling cards: PC (meaning, professional corporation).
Another ground for disapproving amendments is when the treasurer's affidavit is false that
the 25% has not really been paid. Well, you see, if your paid-up capitalization is P10K, you bring the
money there and they will count it manually. If it is more than that, you get a bank certificate, and
then they will go to the bank and check. They would require you to waive the Secrecy of Bank
Deposits.
A lot of people would incorporate without any money, really. They just borrow money from
the bank, get a certification, then after it has been incorporated, they return the money.
Another ground is that the percentage of ownership owned by Filipinos doesn't comply with
existing nationalization laws or the Constitution.
Well if the corporation engages in a line of business regulated by another government agency,
the SEC will usually endorse it to that office for comment.
For example, insurance company or agency, with the insurance commission; schools, with
DECS or CHED; banks, with the Monetary Board.
CORPORATE NAME
No corporation name may be allowed if it is identical or deceptively or confusingly similar to
that of any existing corp. And that the way the jurisprudence has developed, the name will not be
allowed if it uses a dominant word in the name of another corporation, and they are engaged in the
same line of business.
Well, you have, for example, the case of UNIVERSAL TEXTILE MILLS and somebody
formed another corporation: UNIVERSAL MILLS. The dominant word is universal, and
they both engage in the same line of business.
You know, the Telephone Directory is not owned by PLDT. That is prepared by the
General Telephone Directory Corporation. PLDT is the one which merely collects the
payment from the advertisers in the yellow pages. But they don't own/publish that
directory. Now, there was this bunch of swindlers who formed a corporation: GENERAL
DIRECTORY. They would start contacting advertisers in the yellow pages: "Ay, binago
na ho 'yung set-up. Ngayon ho, we will collect the payment directly. So, we will send
our collector" You file a crim case against them for estafa, and they'll say: "NO! We
are printing or own directory." And they will show it and it is a thin directory. We filed
a complaint with the SEC and the SEC ordered them to change their name because it
is confusingly similar with General Telephone Directory.
There was this Philippine corporation that wanted the name "Standard Phillips
Corporation". Court said: that is part of the name of Phillips Electrical Lamps, Phillips
export. Phillips is the dominant word and both of them manufacture electrical
appliances.
On the other hand, the Court has said that Lyceum of the Phils. cannot prevent other
schools from using LYCEUM because lyceum is a generic name. It means a school. Like
UNIVERSITY, UE cannot prevent others from using university as part of their name
Page 12 of 46
because it's a generic name. So Lyceum of the Phils. cannot have an exclusive right to
use lyceum because it is a generic term for schools.
The same way Ateneo is a spanish word which means school. But I think what has
happened is the reverse it is a generic term that has acquired secondary meaning.
You can prevent another school from using that.
Well, you have this case of Carlos Valdes, the accountant, a very controversial
character (Jack's side-story omitted ). His son left his company and formed the
VALDES CONSULTANTS. Valdes objected to that, because it was a confusingly similar
name. But the SEC said: "Eh, magkaiba naman kayo ng line of business you are in
accounting, your son set up a consultancy firm. And your clients are sophisticated big
men. They know that the two are different." So the SEC allowed that.
Now, the existence of a corporation begins at the time when you get your certification, issued
by the SEC. That is when existence begins.
There are many limitations found in the law. As for example, you are not a bank, you cannot
use bank as part of your name; you are not a financing company, you cannot use financing.
And the law prohibits the use of United Nations as part of the business name of any company.
The general Bonded Warehouse Act says, if you are not a bonded warehouse, you cannot use that as
part of your name. The SEC issued a memo circular in 1987, it was updated 2002, which says, you
cannot use certain name as part of your like engineering, architecture as part of the corporate
name because you cannot practice a profession. Or, it says there you cannot use calabarzon or
national as part of your corporate name. Also you cannot use Philippines 2000 as part of your
corporate name.
Or any which consists of similar words 'coz you know the records are computerized, when
you apply, they will check. And the one who verifies will list down all the names which are similar to
what you have. Now, you could be allowed to use that if you add your line of business, and you add
another word which signifies that you are engaged in a different line of business. Like for example,
you have a Golden Pawnshop Incorporated, and you have somebody running a restaurant so,
Golden Restaurants Incorporated. The SEC will allow that.
Feb. 7, 2002
Elaine Carreon
Defective Corporations
DE FACTO CORPORATIONS
A de facto corporation is one that is defectively created so as not to become a de jure
corporation. It is the result of an attempt to incorporate under an existing law coupled with the
exercise of corporate powers.
The existence of a de facto corporation can only be attacked directly by the state through quo
warranto proceedings. If the corporation does not qualify as a de facto corporation, its existence
may be attacked collaterally. This doctrine is based on public policy to ensure stability in business
transactions.
4 Requisites of a de facto corporation:
1. Valid law under which the corporation was incorporated.
2. Attempt in good faith form a corporation according to the requirements of the law. Here the SC
requires that you must have filed with the SEC articles of incorporation and gotten the certificate
with the blue ribbon and gold seal. For instance the majority of the directors are not residents of
the Philippines or the statement regarding the paid up capital stock is not true, those are defects
that may make the corporation de facto.
3. User of corporate powers. The corporation must have performed acts which are peculiar to a
corporation like entering into a subscription agreement, adopting by-laws, electing directors.
4. It must act in good faith. So the moment, for example, there is a decision declaring the
corporation was not validly created, it can no longer claim good faith.
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A de facto corporation will incur the same obligations, have the same powers and rights as a de jure
corporation. It can acquire property, sue or be sued, enter into contracts. Likewise, the officers,
directors, and stockholders will have the same rights, powers, and liabilities as those of a de jure
corporation.
CORPORATION BY ESTOPPEL
It is a corp, which is a group of a persons, which is so defectively formed so that it is not a de
jure or a de facto corp but is considered as a corp with respect to those who cannot deny its
existence because of some agreement or admission or conduct on their part. This doctrine requires
that there must be dealings among the parties on a corporate basis.
And there are differences between a de facto corp and a corp by estoppel. A de facto corp has
a real existence in law, while a corp by estoppel has none. A de facto corp may exist even if there
are no dealings among parties on a corporate basis. In corps by estoppel, dealings on a corporate
basis among the parties involved are required. Also, where not all requisites for corp de facto are
present, you can have corp by estoppel.
Christian Childrens Fund Case
There was a teacher hired by the CCF, which was unincorporated. She wanted to go after the one
with money, the organization that was funding CCF, and she was claiming Im an employee of that
org and not the CCF. But the court said that since she accepted employment with CCF, she was
estopped from claiming that CCF is not a corp.
Lozano v de los Santos
This involves 2 associations of jeepney drivers. They agreed to merge. Elections were held. The
president of one of the associations won. The pres of the other association refused to recognize the
victory, so he continued to collect dues from the members of his association. So the pres who won
filed a case. This occurred at the time when 902-A was not yet repealed. This was filed with the
SEC, the SEC clamed it was an intra-corporate dispute. Issue: Whether this is an intra-corporate
dispute. SC: NO, because the 2 associations agreed to merge but did not draw articles of merger.
The merger was not incorporated so there is no intra-corporate dispute. But the pres who filed the
case said the respondent is in estoppel. The court said no, because corp by estoppel applies when
you are dealing with an outsider, a third person. Here the two of you know that although you
merged, you have not been incorporated.
Albert v University Publishing
The late court of Appeals Justice Mariano Albert. He had a book on criminal law. It was published
by University Publishing but he was not paid royalties. He sued UP, its president was Jose Aruego,
and he litigated all the way to the SC and won. When he was executing he found out the UP was
never incorporated. So at the execution stage, he asked execution against Jose Aruego. Aruego
then claimed that Albert was estopped from claiming that UP was not a corp. The court said, no,
Aruego was not misled because he knew all along that they were not incorporated. How could he
(Aruego) claim that Albert is estopped when he (Aruego) knew all along that they were not
incorporated? (medyo magulo ba? Read the next case, similar facts clearer ratio)
International Express Travel Case
A party contracted with an organization which was not incorporated. He was running after
the people who were running the org. They said you dealt with us so youre estopped from claiming
we are not incorporated. The court said no, the doctrine of estoppel applies when somebody has
been sued and he tries to avoid liability by claiming that the corp is not incorporated. But it is not
applicable when the third person is the one suing. So the people running the corp know that they
are not incorporated so they are not misled.

Page 14 of 46
Now the people who represented themselves as forming that corp would be liable as general
partners, they will be solidarily liable. Thats why in one case the court said the people who
represented themselves as the officers of a corporation that is really an unincorporated org they
were illegally recruiting persons the court said they were liable as general partners, solidarily liable
for all claims.
If you will increase the authorized capital stock (ACS), you will amend the articles of
incorporation. For example, if your articles states that your ACS is P10M and you want to make it
P20M, you will have to amend that. And you will get your certificate, which you will attach to the
amended articles, and sign a certificate of increase. And then your treasurer must sign an affidavit
that at least 25% of the increased ACS has been subscribed and at least 25% of that has been paid.
And again the SEC will check if that has really been complied with.
And the book now talks about the abuse of right. The US SC has said that the majority are
trustees in favor of the minority. There is a book by the late Professor ONiel. The oppression of the
minority stockholders (SHs). It mentions the different devises that the majority uses in order to
oppress and squeeze out the minority. He also puts in devices how the minority can resist. For
example if the majority will never declare dividends but they will vote themselves also as the
executive officials. So they will be receiving salaries as executive officials but they wont declare
dividends so the minority never gets anything. The minority wants to examine the books of the corp
but they make it so difficult for him. The book also mentions an extreme case where in a
corporation, they wanted this guy to feel miserable so they ostracized him. Nobody would talk to
him blah, blah stroya lang on how petty people can be
DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS
Directors are elected by the SHs. And the law says they should be elected annually except in
the case of corps where the law allows directors to hold a longer term like schools, non-stock corps.
But for ordinary stock corps, they have to be elected every year. So you cannot put a provision
there that the outgoing president will automatically be a director because they must be elected.
2 peculiar devises used in election of directors:
1. Cumulative voting since the law allows cumulative voting, it cannot be prohibited by resolution
or the by-laws. This is a devise for the minority SH to get himself elected to the board. So you
get his share, multiply it by the number of seats to be filled up, lets say there are 16. And this
fellow owns 1,000 shares so he will have 15,000 votes. So he can cumulate that and vote it for
himself. Of course he should also solicit proxies to get enough votes.
2. Election by proxies The board and by-laws cant prohibit this.
Election shall be viva voce or by show of hand, or by balloting if there is a request. A typical
SHs meeting: 9 seats, only 9 nominations are made. No need for election.
Only natural persons can be directors. The law requires that a director must own at least 1
share of stock in the books of the corp. So long as he appears in the books of the corporation as a
SH, it is sufficient, even it he actually has only legal title, not beneficial title, in other words, he is
holding it in trust. Thats why if a director executes a voting trust, automatically he is disqualifies
because he is not a SH because of the voting trust. If a director ceases to be a SH automatically he
is unseated. End even if he gets a share of stock again, he will not be restored to the position.
Now the question is at what point should the director be a SH? During the election or when
he assumes office? Majority view in the US is that he is only required to be a SH when he assumes
office. The minority view holds that it should be during the election. The SEC opinions are
conflicting. But it seems the minority view is what is applicable here because of the peculiar wording
of our corp code, which says that the directors shall be elected from among the holders of stocks.
That is the text of the law in the sates where the minority view was adopted. Out law is worded
similarly to the law in those states.
The by-laws may prescribe additional qualifications over and above those prescribed by law.
The SC has time and again said that the by-laws may prescribe that to qualify for the board a SH
Page 15 of 46
must hold a minimum number of shares, not only one, e.g., SMC by-laws requires 50,000 shares of
stock. They want to knock out people who want to make a nuisance of themselves. They buy one
share and solicit proxies to get themselves elected.
The code provides that a person if a person is convicted by final judgment of a crime
punishable by imprisonment for over 6 years or of a violation of the Corp code, and committed the
crime within 5 years before the election, he will be disqualified. But the way cases drag, by the time
he is convicted, the 5year period has lapsed.
There are some disqualifications imposed by law. For example the Banking Act provides that
no public official can be elected director of a bank except, for example, the case of development
banks. It is required to invest in rural banks, thats to facilitate the creation of rural banks. So
necessarily, they will have to have a representative in the board. Or the insurance code, if you
recall, it prohibits interlocking directors. You cannot be a director of an insurance company and an
adjusting company at the same time. There would be conflict of interest. Or cabinet members, they
cannot be directors of private corps.
law.
And the by-laws again may impose disqualifications over and above what are found in the
GOKONGWEI CASE
The court said the by-laws may provide that somebody who is a SH or officer of a corp which
is engaged in a competing line of business will be disqualified to run for the board. The court said
that is to avoid conflict of interest.
After the election of the directors, they will immediately meet for the organizational meeting
to elect the officers: the president who must be a director, the treasurer, the secretary who must be
a Filipino citizen and resident of the Philippines. And as a rule one can hold two or more positions
like one can be director and president. However, the law prohibits the same person from being
president and secretary, or president and treasurer at the same time. Like your minutes of the
meeting that will be signed by the president attested by the secretary. If the same person will
occupy the two positions, there will be no check and balance. Or the president-treasuer. The
president will sign the checks; there will be no 2nd person to counter-sign the check.
And then youre supposed to report to the SEC. You have the general information sheet
which you must file, where you will report who were elected directors and officers w/in 30 days.
There was one case where a civil action was filed in the name of the corp by a group which
claimed to be the directors. But the law office of Siguion-Reyna filed a motion withdrawing the case.
They said, no, that was not authorized by the board. Issue: who are the directors? The court said
that the board who asked that the case be withdrawn are the directors because they are those
whose names appear in the General Information Sheet that is required by the SEC, and the
submission of the report is required by the corp code precisely to know who are the officers of the
corp. And since that was the report filed in compliance with the code, then that is the one that will
control.
POWERS OF A CORPORATION
They may be classified into three:
1. Express powers- those grated by law or contained in the articles of incorporation. For instance
in the corporation code, sec 36.
2. Implied powers- refers to the means of attaining the purposes of the corp. For example the
corporation may borrow money, issue checks, take steps to protect debts owing to the corp. So
it can bid to buy its debtors properties in the execution sale. Or it can perform acts which
increases its volume of business. The court has said the corporation may hire entertainers to
attract customers to increase its volume of business. The corporation may perform activities for
the welfare of its employees, but thats also expressly mentioned in the code. Thats why the
court has said that it may grant gratuity pay to its employees because corporations have the
Page 16 of 46
power to grant benefits to its employees. Theres this old case where the court said a mining
corporation may enter into a contract with the post office at its mining camp so that its
employees could receive and send letters to and from their families faster.
Pilipinas Cement v Theresa Electric
They built their own power plant for their factory. Theresa Electric wanted to compel them to
patronize its services. They filed a case in court. The court said, no that is connected with the
manufacture of cement. Theyre using the power plant to produce electricity for their factory.
Mao(?) Sugar Central
A sugar central may buy a company engaged in the manufacture of sugar bags. They would need
that for packaging the sugar they are producing.
National Power Corp Case
Their power plant was fired by coal. The were bringing the coal to the plant themselves. The
arrastre wanted to force them to hire its services, so they said that NAPOCPOR cannot do that, its
ultra vires. The court said no, NAPOCOR is engaged in the generation of electricity and for that
purpose, they can bring the coal to their power plant. It is not required to hire an arrastre
stevedoring company.
El Hogar Filipino
Where a corporation owns a multi-story building and it occupies only some of the floors, it can lease
the other floors it is not using so it can maximize the use of its property and maximize its profits.
The same way companies can sell computer time which it doesnt need.
Atrium(?) Management Corporation Case
Theres this recent decision of Justice Pardo. In his decisions, sometimes doesnt even give citations.
E.B. Henry & co. wanted to borrow money. To help them borrow, High Cement corp issued postdated checks to E.B. Henry & Co. to be used as collateral for the loan. So they got the loan from
Atrium Management Corp. They indorsed the check to Atrium management Corp so they could get
the loan. Then payment was stopped. So when Atrium Management Corp presented the checks,
they bounced. Issue: was the check ultra vires? Justice Pardo said no, cause a corporation can
issue a check to be used as collateral for the loan of another. Ang labo! We will take up later on that
as a rule a corp cannot guarantee the loan of another. Remember the case of Jose in negotiable
instruments law? And then after saying that it is not ultra vires, in other words to use negotiable
instrument law terms, the corporation can be an accomodation drawer, then after saying that he
said says that the corp is not liable because there was no valuable consideration for the issuance of
the check.
3. Incidental powers- the powers that are inherent in a corporation.
succession, to adopt by-laws, to sue and be sued.
Like the power of
A director may be removed by a vote of at least 2/3 of the SHs. That can be done in a
regular or special meeting but the notice must indicate that that is one of the matters to be taken
up. And if theres a vacancy, the remaining directors will elect a replacement. Removal may be with
or without cause. Except that if the director represents the minority, he may not be removed
without cause. This was not in the old corporation code. This was placed here to protect the
minority SHs. Without this proviso, the majority SHs can oust the minority director and his vacant
seat will now be filled up by the remaining directors who represent the majority.
And unless theres a provision in the by-laws, or the contract within the by-laws? (garbled)
the directors will not receive any compensation except reasonable per diems. Now it is the SHs who
approve the compensation of the directors.
The directors cannot approve compensation for
themselves. And the law puts a ceiling. The total compensation to directors as directors should not

Page 17 of 46
exceed 10% of net income before income tax. But if they are holding another position such as
president, or gen. Manager, the can receive additional income for that.
Feb. 11, 2002
Siel Alcantara
The Court has said that when a corporation has been formed to sell spare parts of a motor
vehicle, it cannot acquire a company that provides taxicab service because that has no
connection with its primary purpose.
ULTRA VIRES
Now, if a contract is ultra vires, it can be ratified by the stockholders, unless the contract is illegal
because it is against public policy, law or public morals. But any stockholder who doesnt agree
with it can always question it in court.
If the contract is ultra vires but has been completely performed by both parties, it can no
longer be set aside.
If it has been performed by one party and the other party doesnt comply, if he is sued, he
cannot raise the defense that the contract is ultra vires because having benefited from the
performance of that contract, he will be in estoppel to raise that defense.
raised.
But if the contract hasnt been performed by either party, the defense of ultra vires can be
Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. - Directors or trustees who willfully and
knowingly vote for or assent to patently unlawful acts of the corporation or who are guilty
of gross negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of the corporation or acquire any
personal or pecuniary interest in conflict with their duty as such directors or trustees shall
be liable jointly and severally for all damages resulting therefrom suffered by the
corporation, its stockholders or members and other persons.
In that Tramat case, the Court mentioned when officers/ directors can be personally held
liable. First, when they assent to a patently unlawful act. Like when they agree to bribe a public
official. Second, when the officer is guilty of bad faith or gross negligence. Bad faith means he
knows that what he is doing is wrong or fraudulent. Gross negligence means he did not exercise
even the slightest degree of diligence or there is complete absence of diligence.
We have some cited cases where the Court said that the officers should be held personally
liable because they were in bad faith. There was a case where the corporation assigned its
receivables to a bank. They discounted their receivables. Then they fraudulently collected payment
from the debtors whose receivables they assigned and did not remit the money to the bank.
There was a case where the general manager introduced reforms and remedial measures to
prevent irregularities but the directors did not like that so they fired him. The Court said that is bad
faith.
Where the officers were aware that the corporation was not complying with the labor law.
They were not complying with labor standards and yet they did nothing.
Where the directors falsely made it appear that the corporation was incurring losses so they
could invoke it as an excuse to dismiss employees on the ground that there was a need to retrench
employees. These were considered bad faith.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Section 32. A contract between a corporation and (one of its directors or trustees or) its
officers is voidable at the option of such corporation, unless all the following (4)
conditions are satisfied/ present:

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1.
That the presence of such director or trustee in the board meeting in which the
contract was approved was not necessary to constitute a quorum for such
meeting;
2.
That the vote of such director or trustee was nor necessary for the approval of the
contract;
3.
That the contract is fair and reasonable under the circumstances; and
4.
That in case of an officer, the contract has been previously authorized by the
board of directors.
Where any of the first two conditions set forth in the preceding paragraph is absent,
in the case of a contract with a director or trustee, such contract may be ratified by the
vote of the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in a meeting called for the purpose:
Provided, That full disclosure of the adverse interest of the directors or trustees involved
is made at such meeting: Provided, however, That the contract is fair and reasonable
under the circumstances.
Now, if the presence of that director is needed to have a quorum or to approve the contract,
to validate the contract, it should be ratified by the stockholders. You would need the 2/3 vote of
the stockholders to ratify the contract. When the stockholders are asked to ratify the contract, there
must be full disclosure. In other words, you must tell the stockholders that theres this contract, one
of our directors wants to buy this parcel of land and these are the terms and conditions.
In a typical stockholders meeting, somebody sympathetic with management will stand up
and say, Mr. Chairman, I move that we pass a resolution ratifying the actions of the directors and
officer. Another will say I second the motion. Is there any objection? The Chair hears none.
Approved. That is not enough because there, there is no disclosure of what these actions are.
In that meeting, the director whos a stockholder can vote to ratify that contract with himself.
But in any event, the law says the contract must be fair and reasonable. So even if it is ratified by
the stockholders, if there is a dissenting stockholder, he can question that on the ground that it is
not fair and reasonable. The contract must be at arms length. In other words, if the contract had
not been with this officer, but with somebody else, would the terms and conditions be the same?
INTERLOCKING DIRECTORS
If the contract is between two corporations with interlocking directors, the same four
conditions must be satisfied.
Sec. 33.
Contracts between corporations with interlocking directors. - Except in cases
of fraud, and provided the contract is fair and reasonable under the circumstances, a
contract between two or more corporations having interlocking directors shall not be
invalidated on that ground alone: Provided, That if the interest of the interlocking director
in one corporation is substantial and his interest in the other corporation or corporations
is merely nominal, he shall be subject to the provisions of the preceding section insofar as
the latter corporation or corporations are concerned.
Stockholdings exceeding twenty (20%) percent of the outstanding capital stock
shall be considered substantial for purposes of interlocking directors.
If a director owns more than twenty percent (20%) of the shares in one of the corporations,
then these four conditions must be present and if the first two are absent (meaning, his presence is
not necessary to have a quorum in a board meeting and his vote is not necessary to approve the
contract), then that should be ratified by at least 2/3 of the stockholders.
We have that Prime White Cement case. The Prime White Cement Company manufactures
white cement. There was a director who got a 5-year distributorship contract with the corporation
and the price was fixed for the next 5 years. Then he went around and entered into 1-year contracts
with hardware stores and the price was not fixed, it was left open. Then after one year, the price of
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white cement went up and then he was sued for specific performance. The Court said he could not
enforce the contract because it was not fair and reasonable. He knew that the price of cement was
very volatile and it tended to go up yet he tied down the corporation to a 5-year contract with the
price fixed. He knew that, thats why he made his contracts with the hardware stores for one year
only and thats why he did not fix the price.
If he consents to the issuance of watered stock or having knowledge of it, he does not file
with the corporate secretary his written objection.
If he binds himself solidarily with the corporation. This is common when the corporation
borrows money. The bank would ask the majority stockholder to bind himself jointly and severally.
When the specific provision of law makes him specifically liable.
Overseas Workers Act makes the directors personally liable.
For instance, the Migrant
Under Section 31 (2nd paragraph), when a director, trustee or officer attempts to

acquire or acquires, in violation of his duty, any interest adverse to the corporation in
respect of any matter which has been reposed in him in confidence, as to which equity
imposes a disability upon him to deal in his own behalf, he shall be liable as a trustee for
the corporation and must account for the profits which otherwise would have accrued to
the corporation.
For example, he receives kickbacks from contracts with the corporation.
Sec. 34. Disloyalty of a director. - Where a director, by virtue of his office, acquires
for himself a business opportunity which should belong to the corporation, thereby
obtaining profits to the prejudice of such corporation, he must account to the latter for all
such profits by refunding the same, unless his act has been ratified by a vote of the
stockholders owning or representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock. This provision shall be applicable, notwithstanding the fact that the director risked
his own funds in the venture.
For instance, heres a hotel corporation looking for a suitable site and theres a vacant
property that was available and a director bought it. Then he offered instead to lease the property
to the corporation that would be grabbing a business opportunity.
Theres this old Pepsi- Cola case where a softdrink company became available and a director
bought the company for himself.
Of course, if the corporation rejected the opportunity, the director can acquire it provided,
that he did not maneuver to have it rejected by the corporation so that he could get it for himself.
Here, you may consider an example where a corporation which operates has decided to limit its
operations to Metro Manila. Theres a mall in Dagupan that was offered for sale. This other
corporation had no plans of going out of Metro Manila. Then a director could buy that mall for
himself.
The Code also contains a provision on executive committees which was in recognition that
this was a practice of many corporations. The board often meets probably once a month at the
most. And yet, in between meetings, there are matters that would require Board approval.
So the Code says: Sec. 35. Executive committee. - The by-laws of a corporation may
create an executive committee, composed of not less than three members of the board, to
be appointed by the board. Said committee may act, by majority vote of all its members,
on such specific matters within the competence of the board, as may be delegated to it in
the by-laws or on a majority vote of the board, except with respect to: (1) approval of any
action for which shareholders' approval is also required; (2) the filing of vacancies in the
board; (3) the amendment or repeal of by-laws or the adoption of new by-laws; (4) the

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amendment or repeal of any resolution of the board which by its express terms is not so
amendable or repealable; and (5) a distribution of cash dividends to the shareholders.
Usually, the committee would be composed of five directors. The Board can delegate its
powers to the Executive Committee who will wield those powers in between meetings. But the code
says that the Board cannot make a blanket delegation of its powers. It must specify the matters
which it is delegating. The law mentions the matters which cannot be delegated: An example of
number 1 (approval of any action for which shareholders' approval is also required) is increasing the
authorized capital stock.
The usual practice is that at the next Board meeting, the actions taken by the Executive
Committee will be submitted to the Board for it to ratify.
Section 36 mentions the powers (and capacity) of the corporation:
Sec. 36.
Corporate powers and capacity. - Every corporation incorporated under this
Code has the power and capacity:
1.
To sue and be sued in its corporate name;
In one case where an acronym was used, the Court said that was not correct.
2.
Of succession by its corporate name for the period of time stated in the articles of
incorporation and the certificate of incorporation;
3.
To adopt and use a corporate seal;
4.
To amend its articles of incorporation in accordance with the provisions of this
Code;
5.
To adopt by-laws, not contrary to law, morals, or public policy, and to amend or
repeal the same in accordance with this Code;
6.
In case of stock corporations, to issue or sell stocks to subscribers and to sell
stocks to subscribers and to sell treasury stocks in accordance with the provisions
of this Code; and to admit members to the corporation if it be a non-stock
corporation;
7.
To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease, pledge, mortgage and
otherwise deal with such real and personal property, including securities and bonds
of other corporations, as the transaction of the lawful business of the corporation
may reasonably and necessarily require, subject to the limitations prescribed by
law and the Constitution;
8.
To enter into merger or consolidation with other corporations as provided in this
Code;
9.
To make reasonable donations, including those for the public welfare or for
hospital, charitable, cultural, scientific, civic, or similar purposes: Provided, That no
corporation, domestic or foreign, shall give donations in aid of any political party or
candidate or for purposes of partisan political activity;
10.
To establish pension, retirement, and other plans for the benefit of its directors,
trustees, officers and employees; and
11.
To exercise such other powers as may be essential or necessary to carry out its
purpose or purposes as stated in the articles of incorporation.
Sec. 37.
Power to extend or shorten corporate term. - A private corporation may
extend or shorten its term as stated in the articles of incorporation when approved by a
majority vote of the board of directors or trustees and ratified at a meeting by the
stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock or by
at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in case of non-stock corporations. Written notice
of the proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting shall be addressed to
each stockholder or member at his place of residence as shown on the books of the
corporation and deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or

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served personally: Provided, That in case of extension of corporate term, any dissenting
stockholder may exercise his appraisal right under the conditions provided in this code.
Sec. 38.
Power to increase or decrease capital stock; incur, create or increase bonded
indebtedness. - No corporation shall increase or decrease its capital stock or incur, create
or increase any bonded indebtedness unless approved by a majority vote of the board of
directors and, at a stockholder's meeting duly called for the purpose, two-thirds (2/3) of
the outstanding capital stock shall favor the increase or diminution of the capital stock, or
the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness. Written notice of the
proposed increase or diminution of the capital stock or of the incurring, creating, or
increasing of any bonded indebtedness and of the time and place of the stockholder's
meeting at which the proposed increase or diminution of the capital stock or the incurring
or increasing of any bonded indebtedness is to be considered, must be addressed to each
stockholder at his place of residence as shown on the books of the corporation and
deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or served personally.
A certificate in duplicate must be signed by a majority of the directors of the
corporation and countersigned by the chairman and the secretary of the stockholders'
meeting, setting forth:
(1)
That the requirements of this section have been complied with;
(2)
The amount of the increase or diminution of the capital stock;
(3)
If an increase of the capital stock, the amount of capital stock or number of shares
of no-par stock thereof actually subscribed, the names, nationalities and residences
of the persons subscribing, the amount of capital stock or number of no-par stock
subscribed by each, and the amount paid by each on his subscription in cash or
property, or the amount of capital stock or number of shares of no-par stock
allotted to each stock-holder if such increase is for the purpose of making effective
stock dividend therefor authorized;
(4)
Any bonded indebtedness to be incurred, created or increased;
(5)
The actual indebtedness of the corporation on the day of the meeting;
(6)
The amount of stock represented at the meeting; and
(7)
The vote authorizing the increase or diminution of the capital stock, or the
incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness.
Any increase or decrease in the capital stock or the incurring, creating or inreasing of any
bonded indebtedness shall require prior approval of the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
One of the duplicate certificates shall be kept on file in the office of the corporation
and the other shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and attached to
the original articles of incorporation. From and after approval by the Securities and
Exchange Commission and the issuance by the Commission of its certificate of filing, the
capital stock shall stand increased or decreased and the incurring, creating or increasing
of any bonded indebtedness authorized, as the certificate of filing may declare: Provided,
That the Securities and Exchange Commission shall not accept for filing any certificate of
increase of capital stock unless accompanied by the sworn statement of the treasurer of
the corporation lawfully holding office at the time of the filing of the certificate, showing
that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of such increased capital stock has been
subscribed and that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of the amount subscribed has
been paid either in actual cash to the corporation or that there has been transferred to the
corporation property the valuation of which is equal to twenty-five (25%) percent of the
subscription: Provided, further, That no decrease of the capital stock shall be approved by
the Commission if its effect shall prejudice the rights of corporate creditors.
Non-stock corporations may incur or create bonded indebtedness, or increase the
same, with the approval by a majority vote of the board of trustees and of at least twothirds (2/3) of the members in a meeting duly called for the purpose.

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Bonds issued by a corporation shall be registered with the Securities and Exchange
Commission, which shall have the authority to determine the sufficiency of the terms
thereof.
A corporation can shorten or extend its corporate term. That will need approval of at least
2/3 of the stockholders. Likewise, if you will increase or decrease capital stock, or create bonded
indebtedness, you need approval of not only of the majority of the Board but that of at least 2/3 of
the stockholders.
PRE-EMPTIVE RIGHTS
Sec. 39.
Power to deny pre-emptive right. - All stockholders of a stock corporation
shall enjoy pre-emptive right to subscribe to all issues or disposition of shares of any
class, in proportion to their respective shareholdings, unless such right is denied by the
articles of incorporation or an amendment thereto: Provided, That such pre-emptive right
shall not extend to shares to be issued in compliance with laws requiring stock offerings
or minimum stock ownership by the public; or to shares to be issued in good faith with the
approval of the stockholders representing two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock, in exchange for property needed for corporate purposes or in payment of a
previously contracted debt.
As a rule, stockholders have the right of pre-emption to preserve their percentage of equity in
the corporation In the old Corporation Law, the right of pre-emption was limited to increase in the
authorized capital stock. So that if the Board offered for subscription a portion of the authorized but
unissued shares, there would be not right of pre-emption. That has been changed because the Code
now says the right extends to all dispositions. So if the Board offered for subscription a portion of the
authorized but unissued shares, the right will apply. Chairman Haidee Yorac is saying that when San
Miguel decided to sell shares to Kirin Beer, that was subject to the right of pre-emption of
stockholders. That was why Mr. Cojuangco was calling a stockholders meeting to ratify the sale.
There will be no right of pre-emption in several cases.
First, if the articles of incorporation (or an amendment thereto) expressly provide.
Second, when the stock ownership is being offered to the public to comply with the law. For
instance, to get a telephone, you must be a stockholder of PLDT with a Subscriber Investment Plan.
So, the right of pre-emption will not apply there. Or when the Board of Investments grants
incentives under the Foreign Investments Act. It usually imposes as a condition that the company
must go public or for a bank to become a universal commercial bank, it is required to go public.
Third, when the shares are being issued with the approval of at least 2/3 of the stockholders
in exchange for property needed by the corporation. For instance, here is a suitable site for a hotel.
The owner says I am not interested in selling nor in leasing. I wioll only consider if you will make me
a stockholder and I will use this property to pay for my subscription. In such a case, the right of
pre- emption will not apply.
Fourth, when the shares are being issued in payment of a previously contracted debt because
youre converting debt to equity.
Before the only 5-star hotels were the Manila Hotel, The Hilton (now the Holiday Inn),
Sherraton and the Intercontinental. Then the Marcoses asked the IMF and the World Bank to hold
their annual meeting here so they had to rush the construction of new hotels. After the conference,
the hotel occupancy was down. They borrowed money to put up these hotels and they could not pay
for the installments. In some cases, the indebtedness was converted to equity.
A few years ago, we had a Convention of Law Professors. There was this one professor from
the province who was complaining that they were being paid 6 pesos per hour. Another professor
said they were not being paid at all. The law school was instead paying them with shares of stock.
So that is converting debt to equity.

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Sec. 40.
Sale or other disposition of assets. - Subject to the provisions of existing laws
on illegal combinations and monopolies, a corporation may, by a majority vote of its board
of directors or trustees, sell, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or otherwise dispose of
all or substantially all of its property and assets, including its goodwill, upon such terms
and conditions and for such consideration, which may be money, stocks, bonds or other
instruments for the payment of money or other property or consideration, as its board of
directors or trustees may deem expedient, when authorized by the vote of the
stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, or in
case of non-stock corporation, by the vote of at least to two-thirds (2/3) of the members,
in a stockholder's or member's meeting duly called for the purpose. Written notice of the
proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting shall be addressed to each
stockholder or member at his place of residence as shown on the books of the corporation
and deposited to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or served
personally: Provided, That any dissenting stockholder may exercise his appraisal right
under the conditions provided in this Code.
A sale or other disposition shall be deemed to cover substantially all the corporate
property and assets if thereby the corporation would be rendered incapable of continuing
the business or accomplishing the purpose for which it was incorporated.
After such authorization or approval by the stockholders or members, the board of
directors or trustees may, nevertheless, in its discretion, abandon such sale, lease,
exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of property and assets, subject to the
rights of third parties under any contract relating thereto, without further action or
approval by the stockholders or members.
Nothing in this section is intended to restrict the power of any corporation, without
the authorization by the stockholders or members, to sell, lease, exchange, mortgage,
pledge or otherwise dispose of any of its property and assets if the same is necessary in
the usual and regular course of business of said corporation or if the proceeds of the sale
or other disposition of such property and assets be appropriated for the conduct of its
remaining business.
In non-stock corporations where there are no members with voting rights, the vote of at least
a majority of the trustees in office will be sufficient authorization for the corporation to enter into any
transaction authorized by this section.
In the sale, lease, exchange, mortgage or disposition of all or substantially all of the
properties or assets of the corpration, you need approval not only of the majority of the Board but
also of at least 2/3 of the stockholders. According to the law, the test of whether the sale covers all
or substantially all of the assets of the corporation is this: will the corporation be capable of
continuing its business or accomplishing its purpose. For example, Jollibee must have more than
400 stores all over the country. If they sell 5 stores, you dont have to get stockholder approval.
You have a case where the assets of a corporation were foreclosed and the only remaining
asset of the corporation was the right of redemption and they sold it. The Court said you need
stockholder approval.
I dont know whatever happened to this but you have that property in Commonwealth Avenue
owned by the Islamic Directorate. The Muslim countries in the Middle East donated money for the
Muslims to acquire that property. When Martial Law was declared, the Board of Trustees fled to the
Middle East and a bunch of people who were not directors sold that property to Iglesia Ni Cristo. The
Supreme Court said the sale was not valid because the people who sold it were not the elected
directors and secondly, that was the only property of that corporation and therefore, stockholder
approval was required.
A corporation can acquire its own shares but it is required that it should have unrestricted
retained earnings, as a rule. Remember that we said the assets of a corporation constitute a trust
fund to answer for its obligations to its creditors. If you allow a corporation when it has no retained
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earnings, in effect, it is returning the investment of its stockholders. Thus, that will prejudice the
creditors.
Section 41 mentions some of the instances when the corporation can acquire shares.
Sec. 41.
Power to acquire own shares. - A stock corporation shall have the power to
purchase or acquire its own shares for a legitimate corporate purpose or purposes,
including but not limited to the following cases: Provided, That the corporation has
unrestricted retained earnings in its books to cover the shares to be purchased or
acquired:
1.
To eliminate fractional shares arising out of stock dividends;
For example, SMC declares 25% stock dividend and here is somebody who owns 17 shares.
Hell end up with fractional shares and its very cumbersome if you have fractional shares. At the
stockholders meeting, how will you compute his cumulative votes? Because of that, the corporation
will buy that.
That is why sometimes a stockholder will receive a stock certificate for 25 shares and a check
for about P6.09that is the payment for the fractional share.
2.
To collect or compromise an indebtedness to the corporation, arising out of unpaid
subscription, in a delinquency sale, and to purchase delinquent shares sold during said
sale;
Where a stockholder did not pay for his subscription, his shares were sold at public auction,
the corporation can buy that at the public auction.
3.
To pay dissenting or withdrawing stockholders entitled to payment for their shares
under the provisions of this Code.
This is a dissenting stockholder who disagreed with a fundamental action requiring
stockholder approval and the corporation decided to embark on a different line of business and the
stockholder is not willing to go into that new line of business. He can ask the corporation to buy him
out.
Sec. 42.
Power to invest corporate funds in another corporation or business or for any
other purpose. - Subject to the provisions of this Code, a private corporation may invest
its funds in any other corporation or business or for any purpose other than the primary
purpose for which it was organized when approved by a majority of the board of directors
or trustees and ratified by the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
outstanding capital stock, or by at least two thirds (2/3) of the members in the case of
non-stock corporations, at a stockholder's or member's meeting duly called for the
purpose. Written notice of the proposed investment and the time and place of the meeting
shall be addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of residence as shown on
the books of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in the post office with
postage prepaid, or served personally: Provided, That any dissenting stockholder shall
have appraisal right as provided in this Code: Provided, however, That where the
investment by the corporation is reasonably necessary to accomplish its primary purpose
as stated in the articles of incorporation, the approval of the stockholders or members
shall not be necessary.
Under Section 42, the corporation can invest its funds in another corporation but it is with the
same purpose, you only need approval by the Board, you dont need stockholder approval. This is
why the Court has said SMC can buy a brewery in Hong Kong without need of getting stockholder
approval because that is consistent with the primary purpose of the corporation.

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In the same way that the Court has said that Mau Sugar Central could buy a company that
manufactures sugar bags. It doesnt have to get SH approval because that is related to its primary
purpose. Because you need sugar bags to pack the sugar that it is selling.
Sec. 43.
Power to declare dividends. - The board of directors of a stock
corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted retained earnings which shall
be payable in cash, in property, or in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding
stock held by them: Provided, That any cash dividends due on delinquent stock shall first
be applied to the unpaid balance on the subscription plus costs and expenses, while stock
dividends shall be withheld from the delinquent stockholder until his unpaid subscription
is fully paid: Provided, further, That no stock dividend shall be issued without the approval
of stockholders representing not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock at a regular or special meeting duly called for the purpose.
Stock corporations are prohibited from retaining surplus profits in excess of one
hundred (100%) percent of their paid-in capital stock, except: (1) when justified by
definite corporate expansion projects or programs approved by the board of directors; or
(2) when the corporation is prohibited under any loan agreement with any financial
institution or creditor, whether local or foreign, from declaring dividends without its/his
consent, and such consent has not yet been secured; or (3) when it can be clearly shown
that such retention is necessary under special circumstances obtaining in the corporation,
such as when there is need for special reserve for probable contingencies.
Sec. 44.
Power to enter into management contract. - No corporation shall
conclude a management contract with another corporation unless such contract shall have
been approved by the board of directors and by stockholders owning at least the majority
of the outstanding capital stock, or by at least a majority of the members in the case of a
non-stock corporation, of both the managing and the managed corporation, at a meeting
duly called for the purpose: Provided, That (1) where a stockholder or stockholders
representing the same interest of both the managing and the managed corporations own
or control more than one-third (1/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote
of the managing corporation; or (2) where a majority of the members of the board of
directors of the managing corporation also constitute a majority of the members of the
board of directors of the managed corporation, then the management contract must be
approved by the stockholders of the managed corporation owning at least two-thirds
(2/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote, or by at least two-thirds
(2/3) of the members in the case of a non-stock corporation. No management contract
shall be entered into for a period longer than five years for any one term.
The provisions of the next preceding paragraph shall apply to any contract whereby
a corporation undertakes to manage or operate all or substantially all of the business of
another corporation, whether such contracts are called service contracts, operating
agreements or otherwise: Provided, however, That such service contracts or operating
agreements which relate to the exploration, development, exploitation or utilization of
natural resources may be entered into for such periods as may be provided by the
pertinent laws or regulations.
A corporation can enter into a management contract. What the law really does here is to
regulate management contracts. Mgt contracts can be necessary at times. Like here is a mining
company whose directors and officers dont know anything about mining. They can enter into a
contract with a corporation which has technical expertise to manage its mines.
You have that case of Nielson & Co. vs. Lepanto where Lepanto entered into a managment
contract with Nielson & Co. to manage its mines. When the war broke out, the Japs took over the
mines of Lepanto. (Yamashita must have been there.) After the war, Nielson wanted to continue the
contract because there was a stipulation there that if the contract is interrupted, it will be extended.
Lepanto did not agree. Nielson & Co. sued. The contract provided that they would be provided a
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certain percentage of the gross income as their management fee. In addition, Nielson & Co. would
get a certain percentage of the stock dividends that will be declared. Lepanto lost in the SC in
December 1966. The award reached about 30 Million pesos. (That case was handled by Ike Bello
(for Lepanto) who was devastated by the decision.) Lepanto went to our office which drafted a
motion for reconsideration. One of the arguments raised was that a management contract is a
contract of agency. Therefore, it can be terminated at any time. But the Court rejected that
argument. The Court said that a management contract is a contract for lease of services. It does
not involve a representation so you cannot terminate it at any time. The Court, however, eliminated
the award for stock dividend. It said that Nielson & Co. was not a stockholder and only a
stockholder can be given stock dividends.
The law tries to regulate management contracts because it has been used too often to
_______ money for the corporation. When Soriano was still managing PAL, he was a minority
stockholder but he had this compania which had a management contract. So Soriano & Co. was
getting a percentage of the gross income of PAL. Everytime PAL would buy or sell anything, it had a
commission. When Toda(?) took over PAL, he did the same thing with his Rubicon which had a
management contract. Thats why when Mr. Fred Ramos of National Bookstore was questioning this/
was waging a proxy fight against Soriano III in Atlas Mines, that was an issue he raised. He said
that Atlas Mining had a management contract with Soriano Compania which was charging a fee
based on the gross income. This was a time when Atlas was incurring losses. In fact, later, Atlas
Mining closed.
This is why the laws says that a management contract should be approved by majority of the
Board, by majority of the stockholders, of both the managed and managing corporation. And if a
stockholder of the managed corporation owns more than 1/3 of the managing corporation, the
management contract must be approved by at least 2/3 of the stockholders of the managed
corporation.
A management contract should not be valid for more than 5 years for any one term. You can
just keep renewing it provided, that it is not for more than 5 years at any one time.
Feb. 12, 2002
Tinine Bautista
(4A, please read codal first before going through this otherwise, it wont make any sense.
For this lecture, the provisions included would be Sections 42-59 )
Powers of the Corporation (cont.)
A corporation cannot act as a surety or guarantor because the law says the assets of a
corporation constitute a trust fund to answer for obligations to creditors. So if they will be used to
guarantee the obligations of others then they will prejudice the ability of the corporation to pay its
obligations to its creditors and besides when the SH put in their money in the corporation it is
understood that it will be used for the purpose for which the corporation was organized.
However there are exceptions to that, justified by the fact that it is being done for a business
purpose:
1. When it will increase the assets of the corporation (Mr. George Yang can borrow money from
Citibank anytime without any collateral because McDo US is guaranteeing his loans. The more
outlets, the more royalties MCDO will get. For every outlet, an initial fee will be collected + the
franchiser gets 6% of gross sales. The business purpose is the expansion of the venture.)
2. It is a subsidiary. That constitutes investment of the corporation. It is in the interest of the
mother company for the subsidiary to succeed and be practicable. Here, the mother co. must be
the controlling stockholder because if it just owns a few shares its not sound business to risk all
its assets which may be disproportionately more valuable than its subscription in the subsidiary
corporation where it is just a minority SH. So thats a small investment and it will risk all its
assets.

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3. To enable a debtor of the corporation to keep going so it will increase chances of the
corporation to collect payment from it. Like, here is a contractor (that is a debtor of the
corporation) that cannot finish a project and it needs working capital. The corporation will
guarantee the loan so it can get working capital otherwise it will not be able to liquidate the down
payment/ loan.
PARTNERSHIPS (P)
SEC says Corporations cannot get into partnerships because the management of a P is vested
in the partners and that will run counter to the idea that any exposure of the corp should be within
the control of the directors.
However, a corporation can enter into Ps subject to several conditions:
1. Articles of incorporation authorize the corporation
2. Corp must participate in the management and as a result, it must be jointly and severally liable
for the obligations of the P. This requirement is that the corporation cannot be a limited partner
because in such as case the corporation will only be a passive investor. You have no say in the
management but more recently they changed that and said that a corporation can be a limited
partner in a partnership and the justification for this is that if a corporation can be a passive
investor in another corporation and it has no say in the management there is no reason why it
cant be a passive investor in a limited partnership
DIVIDENDS (SEC. 43)
Most common types; cash, property, stock dividends. Only the board approval is needed to
declare cash dividends but the corporation must have retained earnings. Now when the corporation
declares cash dividends and it has no retained earnings this is illegal and SH must return what they
received and in fact directors will be made liable.
You have that Philbanking Corporation case before which became bankrupt because it kept
declaring dividends at the time it was incurring losses and the justification: Eh you see we have
always been declaring dividends regularly and if we stop now there might be a bank run. Well you
tell me now, katwiran ba yan ng taong matino? They attacked the CB for closing Philbanking.
Assuming it has retained earnings, once cash dividends have been declared they cannot be
revoked because you can use that to manipulate the price. For example they declare that 25% cash
dividend so the price moves up. The directors sell their shares then they revoke the declaration so
the price goes down they buy back the shares.
In the case of property dividends you only need board approval but in the case of stock
dividends you need the approval of the stockholders. Now, a stock dividend has no taxable
consequence because it is the same pie but you are slicing it into more pieces.
For instance, here is somebody whose shares represent 10% of the net worth of the corp.
The corp declared a 100% stock dividend. What will happen? He will still own 10 % of the net worth
of the corporation. The book value of his original share plus his stock dividend will be the same. It is
only when he sells and makes a profit will there be a taxable consequence. And because of that
even if a stock dividend has been declared it can still be revoked because its the same pie only your
slicing it in more pieces so even if you declare it you can revoke as long as the stock certificates
have not yet been distributed.
The SEC has said that paid-in surplus cannot be declared as dividends whether stock or cash.
For instance, here is a corp that made a public offering. The par value of the shares is 10 pesos per
share but they offer to the public for 16 pesos so the buyers will be paying 6 pesos more. Now, that
paid in surplus cannot be declared as a stock or cash dividend because according to the SEC you can
only declare dividends from earnings from operations. That paid in surplus was not from operations
Itong si Agbayani sabi it cannot be declared but the SEC said it can be declared, subject to
certain qualifications. One of the tricks for window dressing the financial statement is when the
value of the corp is negative you have your real property re-appraised.
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Now, the appraisal will increase the value of the property and that wipes out your negative
value thats why normally your external auditor will put a footnote in your financial statement for
several years indicating that there has been a re-evaluation. Now, according to Agbayani it cannot
be declared but the SEC says it can be declared subject to certain conditions. The property must be
subject to depreciation so if it is land you cannot declare a dividend. It must be subject to
depreciation and then you charge depreciation allowance and you have retained earnings then you
can declare that as dividends.
Treasury shares, if they are declared, should be considered property, not stock dividends.
Now the law provides (taken from a decree issued before) that if the surplus profits exceed 100% of
the paid-in capital, you must declare dividends whether cash or stock otherwise you will be fined by
the SEC. That is one of the rackets of SGV. O, mataas na yung retained earnings nyo, lagpas ng
100% mumultahan kayo ng SEC, you have to declare dividends. So at the end of the year in your
financial statement wala na yan and of course because of that, they will have to prepare a long-form
report kasi hindi na kasali sa fiscal year and siyempre tatagain ka for the long-form report.
However you can be excused from not declaring subject to certain conditions
1. Justified by definite corporate expansion projects approved by the board. For instance you
get a franchise from abroad there will be a development schedule. For instance they will tell you
to open so many outlets within 5 years so when Dunkin Donuts first opened they were required
to open 5 outlets within 5 years so the company was not declaring any dividends. Whatever
retained earnings they were accruing were being used to put up other outlets. We have this
client who owned a heavy mix (?) plant and said that the present plant cannot cope with our
volume of business. We have to put up a bigger plant so they purchased a parcel of land in the
CALABARZON and they will need 100 million to put up the new plant so they are not declaring
any dividends. But it has to be definite in fact, the SEC will ask for copies of the Board
Resolution showing the definite expansion plans. The Board Resolution is sufficient of course, you
cant be showing the same resolution for 5 years in a row. Kung hindi gumagalaw yung financial
statement or hindi gumagalaw yung assets, ano ba yan? In this case, the SEC must look in.
Like this fellow Henry Ng of Unimart, he doesnt declare dividends and hes always saying
expansion I dont know how hes getting away with it!
2. If the corporation is prohibited by a loan agreement from declaring dividends without the
consent of the creditors or when the consent has not been obtained. Well, usually if its a big loan
the creditor will require that as a condition and they will make sure the corp has enough funds to
pay
3. Special circumstances there is a need to build up reserves for contingencies (ex. There is a
strike and the union filed a case for unfair labor practice because many employees were
terminated so they said if we lose we will be made to pay backwages and that will amount to a
hefty amount so we better start building reserves
Now the dividends will be given to the Stockholder (SH) of record. If the SH sells his shares
but the transfer has not been recorded in the books of the corporation, it goes to the seller but he
will have to deliver that to the buyer. That is between him and the buyer because remember it is the
books that are controlling. Usually when the corporation declares a dividend it will say resolve that
the corporation declare a cash div of 25% on Feb 25 to SH of record as of Feb 15 2002 and for this
purpose the books of the corporation be closed at the end of business hours on Feb 15 and will be
open again at 8:00 am of Feb 26 2002.
BY-LAWS
Corp is required to adopt by-laws within a month after its incorporation in fact you can file
your by-laws at the same time as your articles. That printed form you buy from the SEC, they give
you the articles and the by-laws at the same time. Now you need majority of the holders to approve
the by-laws.
If the corporation fails to file its by-laws on time it does not result in the automatic dissolution
of the corporation but it can be suspended or fined. The by-laws can state that in order to be a
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director one must own a minimum number of shares. To amend the by-laws a majority of the SH is
required but they can, by 2/3 vote, delegate that power to the Board. To revoke the delegation you
only need majority of the SH to remove the delegation of the power to the board.
Amendment of by-laws must also be approved by the SEC. The provisions of the by-laws
must not be contrary to law. That El Hogar Filipino case, the by-laws giving the board the power
to force a SH to surrender his shares would be void. Likewise this Grace Christian High School
case. It is this school in Balintawak QC. There was a homeowners association organized as a nonstock, non-profit corporation and to be a member of that association you must be a homeowner. But
somehow, thru the years, the principal of the school has been allowed to be a member of the board
and one day he was no longer elected as member and he questioned that. He argued that there was
a proposed by-law that a representative of the High School be a permanent director. The court said
it was void because youre not a member of the homeowners association so you cannot be elected
member of the board and such a provision shall be void.
You have that case of Citibank also. The by-laws of Citibank provide that the country
manager has the power to enter into compromises in lawsuits and he can delegate that power.
There was a delinquent borrower who jumped the gun and filed a case. The case was set for pretrial and the Country Manager issued a special power of attorney in favor of a bank lawyer and
Citibank was declared in default. The court said no because the by-laws expressly provide that the
country manager can compromise lawsuits and delegate it therefore the SPOA is valid.
The by-laws are not binding on third parties unless they have actual knowledge thereof. Even
if they are filed with the SEC they are not binding on 3 rd parties who have no actual knowledge. You
have the case of Valley Golf Club. A member pledged his share to China Bank. He failed to pay so
China Bank foreclosed. It bought the share at public auction and it now asked Valley Golf to transfer
the share in its name. Valley Golf when it found out, refused and claimed it had a lien on the share
because its By-Laws provide that the Country Club will have a lien on the share for unpaid accounts.
So they proceeded to foreclose their lien also. The court said that is not binding on China Bank
because it is a third party who does not have actual knowledge of that provision.
Likewise you have that PMI Colleges case. There was a teacher who was hired but
eventually terminated so he filed a case for illegal dismissal. The defense of PMI College was you
got illegally hired because under our By-laws, only the chairman of the board is given the power to
hire faculty members and you were not hired by the chair. Now the court said that is not binding on
the teacher because he has no actual knowledge of the By-laws.
MEETINGS
Title VI deals with meetings. The provision here applies in the absence of a provision in the
by-laws. The by-laws will be what will primarily apply. Meetings can either be regular or special.
Regular meetings shall be held annually on the day fixed by the by-laws or if none, any day in April
as determined by the board or trustees.
Well normally, the annual meeting of the SH will be held late in April or in May so that the
audited financial statement will be available for distribution to the SH. Although itong si Henry Ng he
placed in his By-laws, the annual SH meeting will be held on the last business day of December
because everybody is busy with Christmas shopping so walang sisipot ng meeting, walang magiging
kontrabida na mag-question sa meeting. That is his purpose. When I was still active attending board
meetings there was this old lady Mrs. Josefina dela Cruz in a wheelchair and every meeting she will
just ask a lot of questons. She would say, you know you should send the report to me in advance
so I will have time to study it. Ganon lang naman yan magdadadakdak and that would make her
day so Henry Ng to avoid that, scheduled his meeting on the last day of December
Now written notice must be sent to the SH at least 2 weeks before the scheduled meeting.
Again, these provisions apply in the absence of any in the by-laws to the contrary. A special meeting
may be held at any time and if there is no provision in the by-laws, notice must be sent at least 1
week before. Notice of the meeting may be waived expressly or impliedly by the SH, like you may

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sign a waiver especially if its a closed corporation. Implied waiver is when he shows up anyway and
he participates actively and he votes.
The SH meeting should be held in the city or municipality where the principal office is located.
It need not be held in the principal office itself as long as it is held in the city or municipality where
the principal office is located. For instance the SH meeting of San Miguel Corporation is held in Folk
Arts Theater or PICC, eh maraming stockholders yan eh. They go there to get the free soft drinks
and iced tea. Proceedings shall be valid even if the meeting was irregularly called as long as all SH
are present. Unless otherwise provided, quorum shall consist of the majority of the SH.
The articles and by-laws may provide for a higher majority especially if it involves a joint
venture. Two corporations, 60-40 the 40% might want to be able to block the majority so they may
require to protect themselves so they may require 2/3 majority to have a quorum and that would be
valid. On the other hand, you can have a provision that says that a quorum will be less than
majority especially in non-stock corps. Alumni associations will have a provision there that says the
quorum will consist of the number of persons who actually showed up, yeah, to make sure you
always have a quorum, because if you call an alumni association meeting, less than 10% will show
up so they put that any number that shows is a quorum.
Once a quorum is called, and the meeting was called to order even if some of them walk out
in the middle and the people left are less than majority, the proceedings will be valid so long as
there was a quorum when the meeting was called to order. Regular meetings of the board will be
held monthly unless otherwise provided in the by-laws. Special meetings may be called by the
president (or any 2 directors for example) in accordance with the By-Laws . Meetings can be held
anywhere in the Philippines or outside the Philippines but the Manual of Regulations for banks
prohibit banks from holding their meetings outside the Philippines, eh otherwise magju-junket palagi
yang mga directors na yan, o, lets hold our meeting in New York the next time o, lets do it in
Paris.
The directors may waive notice of the meeting either express or implied (same rules as
stockholders above). The SEC has said before that directors cannot be represented by proxy. Proxy
voting is available only to stockholders meetings and before, the SEC said that a director cannot be
present electronically because the idea of having a meeting is the exchange of ideas and you do not
have that benefit when other participants of the meeting are there by telephone or computer. Now,
the SEC has said that because of the E-Commerce law you can be present by cellular phone/ phone
patch/ video conferencing as long as properly documented. They still have to issue expanded and
definitive regulations to govern the matter.
Who will preside at meetings? Usually the president unless otherwise provided in the bylaws. Usually it is the chairman of the board who presides at SH and board meetings. (I guess the
president and the chairman is considered the same guy but he actually said this) At the regular
meeting of the board any matter can be taken up. You dont have to specifically put an item in the
agenda unless the corporation specifically requires that a matter be included there, like removal of a
director. That has to be stated in the agenda. In a regular meeting you can take up anything. But
if its a special meeting only matters stated in the notice can be taken up unless it was taken up and
it was not in the notice and nobody objected, that is waiver
When a sale is pledged the pledgor/ mortgagor will have a right to vote unless it was
expressly provided that the pledgee/ mortgagee will be the one to vote the shares. In the case of
executors/ administrators/ receivers, they will be the ones to vote the shares. If the shares are
owned in common the co-owners must agree on how to vote the shares and they must all agree to
give a proxy. If for example they are deadlocked, some vote no and others vote yes then that share
cannot be voted. If its an and/ or set-up, either one who happens to be present at the meeting can
vote but if theyre both there and their votes are conflicting then you cannot vote the share.
Likewise, if it is and/ or, either one can give a proxy.
A proxy is valid only for the meeting for which it is issued unless otherwise specified in the
proxy thats why normally, every time there is a board meeting, the board sends out a proxy form
because the proxy is only valid for that meeting. If it is a continuing proxy it can only be valid for 5
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years because the old corporation law contained a limit as to the duration of voting trusts of 5 years
but did not put a limit on proxies. So to harmonize the 2 they provided here that a proxy can be
valid only for 5 years because theres no sense in making the duration of proxies unlimited while that
of voting trusts are limited to 5 years.
VOTING TRUSTS (SEC. 59)
A stockholder can create a voting trust. What will happen is that the share of stock under his
name will be cancelled and will be issued in the name of the trustee. The VTA is valid only for 5
years. But, if this was imposed as a condition in a loan, it will be valid for a longer period because
the lender imposed that condition to protect his interest especially if it is a big exposure. The bank
will want to know what is happening so they will insist that a bank officer should be given a voting
trust and sit in the Board to find out whats happening. If the loan is for 10 years it can be for 10
years but if the loan is paid, automatically the VTA will lapse even if the 10 year period has not yet
expired because the voting trust is merely to protect the interest of the bank. These are different
devices to accumulate votes, the proxies, the trusts. You can also have a pooling agreement where
2 or more SH sign an agreement that they will vote their shares together, in the same way. We will
continue tomorrow.
Feb. 13, 2002
Maita Chan-Gonzaga
Stocks and Stockholders

SUBSCRIPTION CONTRACT
60 [Subscription contract] simply defines what is a subscription agreement and
61[Pre-incorporation subscription] says a subscription for shares of stock of a corporation still to
be formed shall be irrevocable for at least 6 months unless all the subscribers agree or the
incorporation fails to materialize. 62 [Consideration for stocks] mentions that consideration may
be paid It says here that stock should not be issued for a consideration less than the par value, or
if it is a no-par value share, less than the stated value and the consideration possible may be actual
cash which is the most common consideration. Or property. Payment made in the form of property,
the SEC will require an appraisal. Usually, the property given will be land so they will require an
appraisal. And then, labor actually rendered already, in other words, past services. Then, previous
debt. So when debt has been converted into equity. Then amount transferred from unrestricted
retained earnings to capital. That is what happens when the corporation declares a stock dividend. A
bookkeeping entry will be made and the amount corresponding to the stock dividend will be debited
from unrestricted retained earnings and transferred to capital. Then outstanding shares exchanged
for stocks in the event of reclassification or conversion. For instance, a preferred share is given the
option to be exchanged for common shares. When you surrender, youll be given common shares. Or
say, the corporation decided to change the par value from P100 to P10. So they say, you know, its
very hard to sell the shares in the stock market because the price is too high. P100! Stockholders
will be asked to surrender their stock certificates. In return, they will be given new stock certificates
with the par value of P10. Or when you have a merger, stockholders of the absorbed corporation will
surrender their shares and in exchange they will be given shares in the surviving corporation. And
also, it is illegal to issue shares where the consideration is a promissory note. A promise to pay for
future services.
Now the stock certificate will be signed by the President, or in his absence the Vice-President,
and countersigned by the Secretary (63; Certificate of stock and transfer of shares). Thats
why in one caseyou have this Torres case a retired Judge who was the controlling stockholder in a
corporation. And his nephew to whom he had given shares of stock turned out to be recalcitrant and
rambunctious so he decided to regain control of the corporation by giving shares to other nephews.
And what did he do? He was the president of the corporation and he simply posted entries in the
stock and transfer book. O, one share to this fellow, another share to that The court said that that
is not valid. That is not the way toand besides, he is the president, not the corporate secretary. He
is not supposed to handle the stock and transfer book.
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TRANSFER OF SHARES OF STOCK

It says here, shares of stock are personal property and they may be transferred by delivery of
stock certificates endorsed by the owner or his attorney in fact. So you need two things: an
indorsement of the stock certificate plus delivery. Thats why you have that case of Razon
where Mr. Vicente Chuidian wanted to regain shares of stock which he claimed belonged to his father
in E. Razon. And Razon said No, this does not belong to your father. It actually belongs to me. Well,
the stock certificates were actually in his possession. The court said there was no indorsement so he
cannot claim that the stock certificate belonged to him. On the other hand, the court said that where
the stock certificate was endorsed but it was not delivered, then the shares of stock represented by
the stock certificates had not been transferred to the buyer.
And the court says it is a ministerial obligation of the corporation to transfer the shares of
stock to the name of the buyer. So even if a case has been filed for the rescission of the sale, the
corporation still has to transfer the stock certificates. There was a case where the seller sold the
shares of stock and he was paid. And a new stock certificate was issued to the buyer. And then the
corporate secretary says that, Well, the old stock certificate has not been endorsed. So the buyer
returned it to the seller and told him, Will you please endorse it so that it can be cancelled. But the
seller did not and refused to return the stock certificate. So the corporation declared it as cancelled.
The court said that the cancellation was valid because actually he has sold and it and he has been
paid. It was just delivered to him for him to endorse and he unjustifiably refused to return the stock
certificate. And therefore the corporation can consider it as cancelled.
Now, no transfer shall be valid except as between the parties until the transfer is recorded in
the books of the corporation. Why? If the selling stockholder has a creditor and in the books of the
corporation the shares are still in his name, the creditor can attach and levy on the shares.
Now, although it has been said that shares of stock are personal property and are quasinegotiable because to transfer them, the seller can simply sign at the back and deliver it theyre not
like negotiable instruments. Thats why if the indorsement of the stockholder was forged even if it
was an indorsement in blank, the buyer shall not acquire any right to the share of stock. Now if the
one who forged it was an employee or officer of the corporation who was precisely in charge of the
stock, the records or the stock certificates, then the corporation will be responsible for his act. Like
you know, you are required to be a stockholder of PLDT to get a telephone line. Many people do not
claim their stock certificates so they are there in the vault of PLDT. I have one case where an
employee there who was in charge of their custody forged the indorsement of some stock and sold
them in the stock market. So the buyer would get good title, the corporation will be liable. So what
will happen? The buyer will get good title and the seller will also have to be recognized. And it would
be PLDT who would bear the loss. But remember whenever there will be an over-issuance of the
shares, irrespective of good faith, the buyer cannot acquire title. If there is over-issuance, the owner
of the shares of stock whose signature was forged must be recognized as still the owner and the
remedy of the buyer would simply be to sue PLDT for damages. Likewise if the indorsement was
forged somebody stole the stock certificate, forged the indorsement and because of that, the
corporation issued a stock certificate to that forger so he now has a stock certificate in his name and
he goes around and sells that to somebody who bought that in good faith, he will be protected
because he has the right to rely on that stock certificate in the name of the seller. So what will
happen, both the original owner whose stock was stolen and that buyer, para tong Torens title, will
be recognized. But again if this will result in over-issuance, it is the original owner who will be
recognized and the remedy of that buyer will be to simply sue the corporation for damages.
Now the law says no shares of stock against which the corporation holds any unpaid claim
shall be transferable in the books of the corporation. In other words, if there is an unpaid
subscription and theres a call (?). So first of all, the SEC has said that a subscription contract is an
indivisible contract. And therefore the stockholder, if he subscribed to 1000 shares cannot say, I will
sell 500 and then retain 500. No. The contract is indivisible. So it must be all or nothing. If he wants
to sell, he must sell the entire 1000 shares. Now if he does that, he must get the approval of the
board because remember he still owes the corporation for his unpaid subscription and therefore if he
will sell the shares, in effect he will be substituting somebody for him as debtor for the unpaid
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subscription. And when there is substitution of debtors, that is novation and you need the consent of
the creditor- the corporation. Now you have this case of China Bank which I mentioned earlier where
China Bank foreclosed the pledge on the proprietary shares of Valley Golf Club. When it asked Valley
Golf Club to register the shares in its name, Valley Golf Club refused. It said that this stockholder has
unpaid obligations. He has not paid his monthly dues, he has not paid his bills and under the bylaws, Valley Golf Club has a lien on the stock certificate for his proprietary share for his unpaid claim.
And Valley Golf Club argued under 63 that it cant be transferred in the books in the name of China
Bank because we have these claims which are not paid. The Court said no. The unpaid claim
mentioned here refers to the subscription price. It does not refer to amounts due the corporation
arising from other transactions. It only refers to payment due under the subscription agreement.
ISSUANCE OF STOCK CERTIFICATES
It says here (64; Issuance of stock certificates) that no stock certificate shall be issued
until the full amount of the subscription has been paid because, it said, a subscription contract is
indivisible. So until the entire consideration is paid, the stockholder shall not be entitled to a stock
certificate. Thats why that old Baltazar case is wrong. Where Justice Paredes said that lets say you
subscribed to 1000 shares and you paid only 25% of the price, the stockholder has the option. He
can either spread out that partial payment equally among the 1000 shares so each share will be
partially paid or he can apply that as full payment for 250 shares and then ask the corporation to
issue stock certificates to him for 250 shares. That is wrong because the subscription agreement is
indivisible.
WATERED STOCKS
Now under 65 [Liability of directors for watered stocks], weve mentioned this before,
an officer or director who agrees to the issuance of watered stock or such officer who, having
knowledge of it, does not file with the corporate secretary his written objection, will be liable if a
stock is watered. In other words, the stockholder paid less than the par value or the stated value for
the shares of stock and then he was issued a stock certificate. When the corporation receives less
consideration than the par value of a par value share or the stated value if it is a no-par value
share that is called watered stock. Because remember, cattle is called stock. And in the old days of
the wild, wild west, when the cowboys would bring their cattle to the market to be sold, they will
make the cattle eat salt so the cattle will be very thirsty. And then along the way, they will pass by a
stream. And so the cattle are very thirsty and so they will drink a lot of water. So when they arrive at
the market, the cattle will be very heavy because of the water. So when the cattle is weighed by the
buyer, the cattle is heavy and he will pay the price for that weight but what he is paying for - water.
He is not getting his moneys worth. That cattle which is full of water which is being sold for a
heavier weight watered stock. Thats why shares of stock where the corporation did not get its
moneys worth came to be called watered stock.
UNPAID SHARES AND DELINQUENCY
Now, the unpaid portion of the subscription, as a rule, does not earn interest unless the bylaws provide for interest (66; Interest on unpaid subscription). And if the by-laws specify what
is the interest, that is what will apply. But if it does not state what will be the interest, then it will be
the legal rate.
Now, so long as the stockholder is not delinquent, he is entitled to exercise all the rights of a
stockholder so he can vote his shares and if there are dividends declared, he will receive the
dividends. (72; Rights of unpaid shares).
Now when will the payment of the balance fall due? (67; Payment of balance of
subscription). In two cases. First, if the subscription agreement stipulates that he should pay for
the balance of the subscription on certain dates. Secondly, if a call was made. If the director said,
We need more working capital and so it made a call. Now a call must be uniform. You must make a
call on everybody. Otherwise, if you will allow the board to single out some stockholders and they
want to get rid of some stockholder who is questioning so many actions of the board, then they will
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make a call for his share only. And then if he does not pay, they will sell his shares and get rid of
him. It has to be uniform. Now, so if a call is made and a stockholder fails to pay, lets say the
directors say, Ok, we are making a call on 25% of the subscription and he fails to pay, the law says
the entire balance of his subscription will become due. Although the call was only for 25%, if he fails
to pay, the entire balance including the 75% will fall due. And so if within 30 days from the date
payment should have been made, he has still not paid, that is now delinquent. And once the shares
are delinquent, he will lose the rights of a stockholder. (71; Effect of delinquency) He cannot
vote his shares, he cannot receive any dividends and if there is any stock dividend, the delivery of
the stock certificate will be withheld and any cash dividend will be applied in payment of his
subscription.
So once the stocks are delinquent, then the corporation will now pass the board will now
pass a new resolution ordering that the shares be sold, which should not be less than 30 days or
more than 60 days from the date the shares became delinquent. (68; Delinquency sale) And
notice of the sale should be sent to the stockholder and that should be published once a week for 2
weeks in a newspaper of general circulation. So if the stockholder still fails to pay, well, the shares
will be sold at public auction. The auction will be the Dutch method of auction, In other words, the
price is fixed. The auctioneer will say, Gentlemen, we have here 1000 shares which are delinquent
and the balance of the subscription is P75,000. How many shares am I offered for P75,000?
Somebody says, 7,500. Somebody else says, 6000. 5500. The one who is willing to get the
least number of shares for that price will be the one who will win the bid. And as a result of that, the
subscription will now be fully paid and the rest will be given to the delinquent stockholder because
he is now fully paid. If there is no bidder, the corporation can bid. Now, until the corporation makes a
call, the payment of the subscription is not due unless the subscription agreement contains a
stipulation as to when it is to be paid. Thats why in one case, an employee of a corporation filed a
case and got a judgment against the employer but he was also a stockholder. And the employer
argued that it should not be ordered to satisfy the judgment becausesince this employee has an
unpaid subscription, the balance of the subscription should be set-off against the judgment in his
favor. The court said, No, for compensation to take place, both debts must be due. And the
payment for the subscription is not yet due because no call has been made.
Now that unpaid portion of the subscription is an asset because it is a receivable. And
creditors can sue the stockholders for the unpaid subscription if the corporation has no assets. Now
normally, the plaintiff will sue first the corporation and then if the corporation and if he gets a
judgment and it cannot be satisfiedthere is a sheriffs returnunsatisfiedthen he can now sue the
stockholders for the unpaid amount of their subscription. Now if, at the time the case was being filed
against the corporation, the corporation is already insolvent and cannot pay, then the creditor can
already include the stockholders as defendants in that action. Well, I had a case before, when Miriam
Defensor was still a judge. Our client was a foreign company which sold chemicals to a company
here. It was a good project but the problem was they put in too little capital and instead the
borrowed massively and so it was the interest payments that was killing them. Now, our client filed a
case and they compromised and agreed to pay in installments over a period of 2 years but then they
failed to pay. So now I sued the stockholders for their unpaid subscription and the case was assigned
to then Judge Miriam Defensor Santiago. Defense of stockholders: payment. They said we have
already paid for our subscription. And they submitted receipts to prove that they had paid for their
subscriptions. But you see, when the printing press prints the receipts, it must first get approval
from the Bureau of Internal Revenue. So they will get approval and say we are printing these official
receipts with these serial numbers and it is only after you get approval that you can print and the
number of the permit and the date of its issuance will be printed at the bottom of the receipts. Now
these receipts were obviously forged because they were dated something like February but the date
of the issuance of the permit by the BIR for printing was dated June. So they were obviously
fabricated. Thats why in a moment of lucidity, Judge Miriam Defensor Santiago held the defendants
liable.
Now if the owner of the shares want to question the sale, the law requires he must first pay
the party who paid for his shares of stock with legal interest. And he must file the case within 6
months from the date of the sale. (69; When sale may be questioned).
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Now the corporation can decide to sue instead on the unpaid subscription. (70; Court
action to recover unpaid subscription). Why? Because if, for example, a corporation is incurring
losses, if you sell that at public auction, nobody will buy. Because the value of the corporation is
negative. So if the corporation decides to buy it also, it wont (?) make sense. So they would
probably, in such a case, choose to sue instead the stockholder for payment of the balance of his
subscription.
LOST CERTIFICATES
Now if a stock certificate was lost, to get a new one, the stockholder must execute an
affidavit explaining the circumstances under which the stock certificate was lost. (73; Lost or
destroyed certificates). And then, notice of the loss will be published once a week for 3
consecutive weeks in a paper of general circulation. And then after 1 year from the date of the last
publication, he can get a new stock certificate. But the stockholder might want to get the stock
certificate right away. For instance, he might be applying for a loan and intends to use the shares of
stock as collateral for the loan. So he cannot wait for a year. He will be allowed to get the stock
certificate but he will be required to post an indemnity bond equal to the value of the shares listed in
the stock market. The stock and transfer agent will say, Ok, you just give a bond equal to the value
of the shares in the stock market. If it is not listed in the stock market, well you can use the book
value which appears on the latest audited financial statement.
RIGHTS OF STOCKHOLDERS
Your book mentions the rights of stockholders. They have a right to have a stock certificate,
to vote, to receive their share in the dividends, to participate in the distribution of the assets in case
of dissolution, and they can enter into a voting trust. They have the right to pre-emption, they can
withdraw, they can ask for their appraisal rights, they can say I dont agree with what youre doing,
buy me out. They can transfer their shares. They have the right to vote in and remove the directors
and approve certain fundamental corporation actions. To file a derivative suit. And to enable them to
exercise their rights wisely, they have the right to inspect the corporate records.
PROXY VOTING
Now, as I said before, a stockholder can vote by proxy. But if he gave a later proxy, the later
proxy will prevail over the earlier proxy. If you cannot tell which one is later because they dont have
dates, well, neither can vote. Or if the stockholder personally showed up at the stockholders
meeting, then he is personally present, then the proxy will lose the right to vote because the proxy
is just an agent and agency can be revoked at any time. However if the proxy is coupled with an
interest, then it cannot be revoked. For instance, if you have a bank which loaned a substantial
amount of money and it required this borrower to pledge his shares of stock as collateral and to give
a proxy until the loan is fully paid, then he cannot revoke the proxy because it is coupled with an
interest.
DERIVATIVE SUIT
Now the stockholders are also allowed to file a derivative suit for redress of wrongs
committed by the management. There are four requisites for the filing of a derivative suit. First,
there must exist a cause of action which calls for this remedy. Example, the directors are
mismanaging the affairs of the corporation. On the other hand, remember you have the business
judgment rule. The court will not set aside the decisions and actions of the board unless they have
acted in bad faith, illegally or with gross negligence. Even if the decisions may have resulted in
losses, the court will not second-guess the board. So they must have committed mismanagement, or
fraudulently disposed of their propertiesLike in one case, you have two families who were
stockholders of this corporation. One family was the one managing it and this family was siphoning
the funds and transferring it to their own bank account. A derivative suit can be filed. Or the
example given in your book is like that Republic Bank case. Republic Bank was being investigated by
the Monetary Board, so what did it do? It got Caderno, the former governor of Central Bank as
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consultant. It was obvious that the purpose was to take advantage of his influence. So this is a case
of influence peddling and so that contract could be assailed. Or in the old days, when you still have
this import control. You cannot import unless you have a dollar allocation. One company sold its
dollar allocation. You sell your dollar allocation, thats illegal. You wont get another dollar allocation
again. So that could be the basis of a derivative suit. Then the stockholder must exhaust all
remedies within the corporation by applying for redress from the board or from the stockholders
unless this is excused. Well, the court has said, well, if the directors are mismanaging, to appeal to
them would be useless since they are the very ones committing the wrong you are complaining
about. Or the case of San Miguel, where you have probably around 20,000 stockholders around the
world. It would be too unrealistic and too cumbersome to require a stockholder to appeal first to the
stockholders and ask for a stockholders meeting. Third, the plaintiff must have been such at the
time of the act complained of. If he was not yet a stockholder at the time of the act complained of,
he cannot sue unless they are still being continued after he became a stockholder. Thats why you
have this case of Nora Bitong, she filed a derivative suit against Apostol and these other people in
the Philippine Daily Inquirer but actually she was just a dummy of Juan Ponce Enrile who was the
actual owner of the shares. Now the court said that since she was not really the owner of the shares,
she could not file a derivative suit. And moreover, the shares issued in her name were antedated to
make it appear that she became a stockholder before the action she was questioning occurred. The
court said she cannot file a derivative suit questioning those transactions. Then the action must be
brought in the name and for the benefit of the corporation because the cause of action you are
asserting belongs to the corporation, thats why the plaintiff will be the corporation. Well there was
this recent case of Atty. Hilda Lim. Where shethey had a family corporation and the board passed a
resolution saying that to pay for her legal services to the corporation, she should be given shares of
stock from the authorized but unissued as payment for her legal services. Another stockholder
questioned that and claimed that this violated his right to pre-emption. Well, that was his claim.
Well, Hilda Lim argued that he could not file that case becausethe SC had issued a TRO restraining
him from acting in behalf of the corporation and he was filing a derivative suit. The court said no, the
cause of action he is enforcing is his own right because he claims that he had a right of pre-emption.
So this was not a right belonging to the corporation so this was not a derivative suit. Now, this
derivative suit is allowed precisely to enable a minority to protect its rights against a majority. Thats
why the majority cannot dismiss a derivative suit filed by the minority. In the case of San Miguel
Corporation, the court said it is not the mere fact that former dean Eduardo de los Angeles owned
only a few shares of San Miguel is not a ground to dismiss the case that he filed because the cause
of action he is ascertaining pertains to San Miguel Corporation, not to himself. Therefore the fact that
he only owned a few shares, which are insignificant, is not relevant. What happened was that Mr.
Andres Soriano III bought 2 corporations. He bought them for himself and he used the funds of San
Miguel Corporation. And since the cause of action a stockholder is ascertaining in a derivative suit
pertains to the corporation, the proceeds of the case should accrue to the corporation. If a court
awards damages, that should go to the corporation, not to the stockholder who filed the derivative
suit. And whatever judgment is rendered in that case will be binding on the corporation. You cannot
have another stockholder filing another derivative suit. Thats why the court has to be careful if it
approves any compromise. And if the stockholder wins, he is entitled to be reimbursed for the
expenses and attorneys fees he incurred in prosecuting that case for the benefit of the corporation.
Feb. 14, 2002
Varvie Roldan
BOOKS
Section 74 - Books to be kept; stock transfer agent. - Corporations are required to keep
records of all business transactions and minutes of the meetings of the stockholders and directors
and upon demand, any stockholder or director can inspect the corporate records and obtain copies at
their own expense. So stockholders are given this right of inspection so that they will be properly
informed and will be able to exercise their right as stockholders intelligently. The right of directors to
inspect the corporate records is broader than that of stockholders because they are the ones
involved in the management of the corporation so they would need information to be able to make
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decisions wisely. The directors and stockholders have the right to examine the records at reasonable
hours on business days. The corporation cannot limit the right to inspect on specific days only. If the
right of inspection is denied, the officers responsible for the withholding of the records are criminally
liable under section 144 and will also be liable for damages. There are reasons given in the code for
not allowing inspection, but the right exists as concurred by law; therefore, the burden is on the
corporation to show that a stockholder or director is not entitled to be allowed to inspect the records
of the corporation.
Case of Gokongwei vs. SEC
The Court said Gokongwei had the right to examine the record of San Miguel International.
San Miguel Corporation was arguing that that is a separate corporation. But the court said it is a
wholly-owned subsidiary corporation so its capital gained from San Miguel Corporation, and therefore
Gokongwei as stockholder of San Miguel Corporation had the right to examine the records of San
Miguel International.
What are the grounds for not allowing inspection?
1. If the person demanding to examine the records has improperly used any information secured
for prior examination For example, a stockholder who was earlier allowed to examine the records
made use of insider trading. So he was able to buy shares because of information that became
available to him which was not available to others.
2. If he is not acting in good faith. For example, a stockholder who wants to get information on the
business plans of the corp. because he's a stockholder of another competing corp., and so he will
pass on the info. to that other corp. Or for example a stockholder would want to know the
formula of Coca-Cola.
3. It is not being exercised for a legitimate purpose.
Case of Ramon Gonzales - He filed a petition for mandamus to examine the records of certain
transactions entered into by the Philippine National Bank. He filed it as a taxpayer. His petition was
denied. So what he did was he bought one share. He said that since he is now a stockholder, he has
the right to examine the records of those transactions which he earlier wanted to see. The Court
denied his petition because it said he was not exercising his right of inspection properly. This right is
given to stockholders in order to protect their investment of the corp. But that is not the situation
here. He earlier tried to see the records and when that wasn't allowed he bought one share, and he's
using that as justification for looking into the records. He bought the one share to be able to look
and pry into the records, because he was earlier denied access to the records. So he's not exercising
the right to protect his investment.
MERGERS AND AQUISITIONS
Section 76 deals with mergers and consolidations. In merger, one corp. is absorbed by
another as the surviving corporation. In consolidation, a new corp. is formed which will absorb two
or more existing corporations. In case of merger or consolidation, the directors of all the
corporations involved must approve a plan of merger or consolidation. They state there what is the
name of the corp., who will be the constituents, what are the terms of the consolidation or merger.
Example, when Philippine Guaranty Company used to be an insurance company owned by the
Ayalas, it was merged with FGU Insurance Corporation. Recently, FGU Insurance Corporation was
merged with this Mitsubishi Mitomo then changed them to BPI and S Insurance Corporation. For
example, when FGU Corp. was merged with Phil. Guaranty, they drew up a plan of merger. They said
this is what will happen: the authorized capital stock of FGU will be increased and stockholders of
Phil. Guaranty will surrender the shares of stock in Phil. Guaranty in return for shares of stock of
FGU. It could then probably be provided in the merger how the directors will be distributed between
the two constituent companies and how the officers will be distributed; or regarding retrenchment,
for example if there are two heads of the legal dept., one will have to go; what you will pay to those
who will not be maintained, etc.; what will be the interim arrangement while the merger has not yet

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been approved by the SEC; and if for some reason the merger is disapproved by the SEC, how will
you unwind the transaction.
The merger or consolidation will have to be approved by majority of .the directors of the
corporation involved and at least two thirds (2/3) of the stockholders. And the merger of
consolidation will take effect upon the approval by the SEC. If it involves a corp. engaged in a line of
business regulated by another agency like banks, insurance companies, then SEC will refer that to
the regulatory agency for comment. And upon merger or consolidation, there will be only one
surviving corporation, the existence of the separate will cease, the surviving corp. will acquire all the
rights, portfolio of business, properties, privileges, and powers of the constituent corporations; at
the same time it will also assume the liabilities and obligations of the absorbed corporations. There
was a case where this Associated Bank and I think this Philman Bank which were merged. They were
probably still using the old forms. One borrower obtained a loan and the promissory note he signed
was still in the name of the bank which was absorbed and which has ceased to exist. When he was
being sued, he invoked that as his defense. He said that the promissory note is in the name of the
absorbed bank. The one suing him, he said, is another bank. The Court said that is the surviving
bank, and sine the two banks were merged, it is entitled to sue to recover the payment even if the
promissory note was issued in the name of the bank which was absorbed.
APPRAISAL RIGHT
It is the right of the stockholder to ask the corporation to buy him out. A dissenting
stockholder can ask the corporation to buy him out in case of an amendment which affects the rights
of the stockholders, or if you increase or extend the corporate life, you increase the authorized
capital stock, you go into another line of business, or there's merger or consolidation, or where the
corp. sells, leases, mortgages or encumbers or disposes of all or substantially all of its assets. And
then in the title on closed corporations, the law provides a stockholder can at any time ask the corp.
to buy him out. Now, say if a stockholder does not agree with the fundamental decision approved by
the corporation which requires stockholder approval, he can ask the corp. to buy him out. To
exercise that right, he must make a demand within thirty (30) days from which the decision to which
he does not agree was approved. If he does not make the demand within that period, that will be
barred. He'll be paid the value of his shares on the day before that action was approved. It must be
the day before because the approval will affect the price of his shares one way or the other. It might
increase, or decrease. If within sixty (60) days from the time the action with which the stockholder
does not agree was taken, they cannot agree on the value, then that will be decided by appraisal.
The corporation will name one appraiser, the stockholder will name another appraiser, and the two
will choose the third one (a tiebreaker), and the decision will be final The corporation must pay
within thirty (30) days after the award was made. But the corp. must have retained earnings;
otherwise, creditors will be prejudiced. The cost of the appraisal will be borne by the corp. unless the
award is close to what the corp. offered, for then it is the stockholder who will pay because it is his
unreasonable demand that made that unnecessary expense. Once a stockholder demands the
exercise of his appraisal right, he will lose all the rights of a stockholder: he can no longer vote, he
can no longer receive dividends. His only right is to receive payment. His right to be paid will cease if
he withdraws his demand and the corp. agrees. Secondly, if the proposed action to which he was
objecting was cancelled, or it was disapproved by the SEC, or if the SEC determines that he is not
entitled to appraisal rights, then his rights will be restored. Likewise, if the corp. fails to pay him
within 30 days then his rights will be restored.
NON-STOCK CORPORATIONS
For a corporation to be non-stock, it must have no shares of stock and it must not be authorized to
declare dividends.
The law mentions the different purposes for which a non-stock corp. may be organized:
1. They may be organized for charitable purposes (Suspicio de San Jose, Tahanang Walang
Hagdanan).
2. A religious order can incorporate as a non-stock corp. for the management of its properties.
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3. Educational: many of the religious sectarian schools are organized as non-stock corporations
(Ateneo de Manila, La Salle)
4. Others: Professional (bar associations, accountants, engineers), Cultural, Fraternal, Literary,
Scientific, Social, Civic Service, or similar purposes ( Chambers of Commerce).
The right to vote may be limited, broadened, or denied in the articles or the by-laws, but
unless the right is limited, broadened or denied, each member will be entitled to vote. A member
may vote by proxy unless that is prohibited in the by-laws. For instance, the country clubs. Usually
they will have different kinds of members. They will usually provide that whoever is the President of
the Phils. And the mayor of the place are honorary members, and they can use the Philippines. After
the honorary members, there are the regular members, and these are those who own a proprietary
share. But it's expensive to run and maintain a country club. So to broaden the base of people to
whom they can collect monthly dues, they sometimes create these associate members. These are
members who do not have a proprietary share but they will be allowed to make use of the playing
rights of one who owns a proprietary share provided they pay also monthly dues. And usually the
by-laws will provide that only those who own proprietary shares can vote. So the honorary members
and these associate members are given only playing rights and are not allowed to vote. Voting by
mail or others means like by fax may be allowed. But membership is non-transferrable. If somebody
owns a proprietary share in a country club, if he dies and his share is inherited by his son, the son
does not automatically become a member. He has to apply for membership. If he's disapproved, he
cannot make use of the facilities. If he has a reputation for not getting along with others,
quarrelsome, they wouldn't want to have such person as member. The only thing he can do to that
share is that he can sell it, mortgage it, but he cannot be a member if he's not accepted.
Membership shall be terminated in the manner and for causes provided in the articles or by-laws. For
example, a case of loyalty to the organization. Like for instance, a member of the Manila Yacht Club,
organizes a competing regatta in Subic to compete with the regatta there, so that's his loyalty. Or
where a member playing golf would make a game terrible for everybody: they use their temper, they
throw the club, etc. The country club could suspend him as what was done in the case of Norberto
Quisumbing for picking a fight with a caddy. He sued for moral damages in the RTC, but the RTC
dismissed it because it's an intra-corporate dispute and should be filed in the SEC, which he did. The
country club filed a motion to dismiss because they said the complaint does not state a cause of
action because under the by-laws, if a member wants to question his suspension by the board, he
must appeal to the members. He has not exhausted the intra-corporate remedy provided by the bylaws. So it was premature. But the SEC dismissed on the ground that it has no jurisdiction, that it
should be filed in the RTC. Motion for Reconsideration in the RTC granted. Petition for prohibition by
the club in the CA was granted. Eventually Quisumbing just sold his share.
In non-stock corporations may have more than fifteen (15) directors. You may even have 21.
Ex. In alumni associations if you want to broaden representation in the board. You can provide that
only one third (1/3) of the directors would be elected every year so the terms every three years
would be staggered, to allow for continuity in policies. But you can provide that everybody will be
elected every year. If you do not provide for such, then 1/3 will be elected every year.
CLOSE CORPORATIONS
This is a new title, made in recognition of the fact that the overwhelming majority of the
corporations are family corps. In many family corporations here, the set-up is such that the husband
is the president, the wife is the treasurer, but it is the wife who is actually running the corp. The
husband is just the nominal figurehead. Ex. Tesoro Handicraft. A close corp. Has a technical meaning
in the law. For it to be a close corp., the articles must provide that it cannot have more than 20
stockholders. There should be restrictions on the transfer of the shares, like usually it will be
provided that if a stockholder wants to sell his share, he must first offer it to the other stockholders.
Only if they are not willing to buy can he offer it to an outsider. Or it may also provide that if no
stockholder is willing to buy the shares, then he must offer it to the corporation before offering to an
outsider.

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The corporation shall not be listed in any stock exchange. The law says that the mere fact
that a corp. is controlled by another corp. does not make it a close corp. The articles must contain
the features mentioned in the law. But corps. Engaged in mining, oil companies, stock exchanges,
banks, insurance companies, public utilities, schools, and corps. vested with public interest are not
allowed to be close corps. Because they're engaged in lines of business vested with public interest
and so they should be subject to regulation and close scrutiny. The law says the articles may provide
for classification of shares and qualifications for owning them. For example, you have three brothers
who form a close corp. So they may provide: a) we will classify these shares into class a, class b,
class c. Only the members of the family of the first brother can own class a shares. Only members of
2nd brother can own class b shares, and class c shares can be owned only by members of the 3 rd
brother; b) we will have nine (9) directors, and 3 will be elected by holders of class a shares; c) can
provide for a greater quorum or voting requirements. It can be provided that you will need three
fourths (3/4) majority to approve any action by the board, any action by the stockholder. Why?
Because each group would want to be protected for otherwise if the two groups combine they can
get anything approved, like there would be two thirds. And so the third group would want to be
protected; d) the articles may provide that if it's the stockholders and not the board who will
manage the affairs and that there is no need for formal meetings, if the stockholders will be the
directors, then they will be subject to the same liabilities as directors.
For restrictions for the transfer of shares to be binding on third parties, they have to appear
in the articles of incorporation, in the by-laws, and must be printed at the back of the stock
certificate. So you can just put there for example, subject to the restrictions in article 10 of the
articles of incorporation. It is up to the prospective buyer to look into the articles to find out what are
those restrictions. The laws says that the stockholders may enter into pre-incorporation agreement
before they incorporate, and that pre-incorporation agreement will remain binding even after they
have incorporated because that agreement will lay down the modus vivendi after they have
incorporated. Example, it could be agreed that each family will have 3 directors, the president can
come from one family, the general manager from another family, the treasurer from the 3 rd family,
and then every year they will rotate the position. They may also agree on how the shares will be
voted. Like 3 directors may be elected only by class a shares, 3 by lass b, and 3 by class c shares.
And unless the by-laws provide otherwise, action of the directors without need of a meeting will be
valid if all the directors sign a written consent. Or if the stockholders have actual or implied
knowledge but do not object in writing. Or if the directors are used to taking informal action, or the
directors all have express or implied knowledge of the action taken and none of them objects. The
law says that in close corps., there is right of pre-emption to call issuances of shares even if the
shares have been issued for property or payment for past services or payment to convert debt to
equity. When you have these close corporations with everybody having a veto power, like you are
required 3/4 majority a the quorum of the board, 3/4 majority for quorum in a stockholders
meeting, you could be paralyzed by inaction. And so the law provides for remedies for that. The SEC
can arbitrate. It can cancel or alter any provision in the articles or by-law. They can cancel for
example the greater quorum requirement. Or they may alter, prohibit or cancel any resolution or
action of the corporation, directors, stockholders, or officers. They may direct or prohibit the action
taken by any one of those mentioned . Or it may require the purchase of the shares of any
stockholder by the corporation or by other stockholders even if there are no retained earnings. In
fact usually in a corporation like this, it's advisable that you put a buy-out provision. You anticipate.
Everybody has a right to veto. You''ll be paralyzed inaction, and such is intolerable, then you'll have
to put there a buy-out provision, that in case you have this continuing deadlock then a stockholder
can demand to buy out the shares of another stockholder. And you can put there a formula on what
would be the valuation, like regarding the book value of something. Suppose they cannot agree who
will buy whom, they can provide that the one who's willing to pay the higher price will be the one
who will prevail. Or dissolving the corporation, that will be an extreme case; granting other reliefs as
the circumstances may warrant, or appointing a provisional director. The law says that the
provisional director is supposed to be an impartial person, an outsider who is not a stockholder or a
creditor. He will have the rights of a duly elected director. He can vote. He's the tiebreaker.

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EDUCATIONAL CORPORATIONS
SPECIAL CORPORATIONS
For educational corporations, where the trustees should be divided into multiples of five. So
you should have five, ten, or fifteen trustees if they are organized as non-stock corporation. And
unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or by-laws, the terms of the trustees should
be five years, and every year only one fifth (1/5) is elected, again to provide for continuity in
policies. But you can provide that they will all be elected instead for a term of one year, so every
year, everybody has to be elected.
RELIGIOUS CORPORATIONS
There are three ways a religious group can provide for the administration of its properties.
One is by forming a non-stock corporation, another is by forming a corporation sole, third is by the
incorporation of a religious society, like a religious order may incorporate itself to manage its
properties.
Feb. 18, 2002
Rolando Sy
RELIGIOUS CORPORATION
There are three (3) ways by which a religious organization can provide for the administration of its
properties:
1. by forming a non-stock corporation
2. by corporation sole
3. by religious aggregate or society
Corporation sole may constitute of one person only so the head of a religious sect would
incorporate himself for the purpose of administering the properties of a religious sect. To incorporate
what you will file with the SEC is an affidavit. The affidavit will state that the affiant is the head of a
religious denomination or sect and would want to become a corporation sole. and the rules of his
religion allow him to incorporate as a corporation sole and that he is charged with the administration
of its properties and in fact he will be required to submit an inventory and the manner in which the
successor will be chosen and the place where he will hold his office.
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila is a corporation sole so if Cardinal Sin dies the new
archbishop will simply submit his appointment and he need not incorporate again because the
corporation is different from the occupant of the position. The Iglesia ni Kristo is incorporated as a
corporation sole.
The court has held in Roman Catholic Apostolic Adm. of Davao, Inc. v. Land Registration
Commission that although the Bishop was a foreigner, he could register a parcel of land in his name
because he is a mere administrator the property really belongs to the faithful and since they are
Filipinos they could register the land in the administrators name.
Under the law if a corporation sole wants to dispose of or mortgage real property, he has to
get authorization from the Regional Trial Court unless the rules of the religious sect allow him to
dispose of or mortgage real property and that is usually the case.
The last is the religious aggregate or religious society. It can incorporate for the purpose of
managing its properties and the articles would indicate that the members constitute a religious order
or society and that at least 2/3 of the members have agreed to incorporate, that the rules allow
them to incorporate they desire to incorporate to manage their properties in the place where located.
The recollects are incorporated to manage their properties, they are the single biggest bloc of
stockholder of San Miguel Corporation.

Page 42 of 46
DISSOLUTION
There are different ways to dissolve a corporation one is voluntarily and the other
involuntarily, under the law there are three provisions governing voluntary dissolution. The first one
is if no creditors are affected. In all the methods of voluntary dissolution, you need a resolution
approved by a majority of directors and a resolution approved by at least 2/3 of the stockholders In
Section 118, where no creditors are affected the directors and the stockholders pass the resolution
dissolving the corporation and that will be filed in the SEC for approval. In a case where a suit was
filed and the corporation said, we have already been dissolved and they submitted a board
resolution, the SC held that it is not enough to dissolve a corporation.
The Second one, is under Section 119 where creditors are affected. Here the board and the
stockholders will approve the dissolution but a petition will be filed signed by the majority of the
directors and verified by the president, secretary or one of the directors which will indicate the
claims of creditors. That will be set for hearing and not less than thirty (30) days nor more than sixty
(60) days after the entry of the issuance of the order and a copy of the order will be published once
a week for three consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation and that will also be posted
for three weeks in three public places like the bulletin board of a municipal hall, post office, the plaza
and then the SEC will set that for hearing and determine w/n the corporation should be dissolved.
The third one you will just shorten the corporate life and this is the simplest and fastest way
of dissolving the corporation voluntarily like when Ford Philippines decided to close its subsidiary
they simply amended the articles of corporation that the corporation will exist until December 31,
1978.
The SEC will require to get a tax clearance from the BIR and the stockholders will be required
to sign an undertaking that they will answer for the claim of the creditors to the extent of the
liquidating dividends they will receive.
Then you can have a voluntary dissolution. This could be done by filing a quo warranto case
under rule 66 of the ROC on the ground mentioned there or a corporation can be dissolved for
certain violation of the corporation code as mentioned in the Corporation Code or PD 902-A and also
a minority stockholder may file a petition to dissolve the corporation where the majority is
mismanaging the assets of the corporation, dissipating its assets, and fraudulently disposing of its
properties and a receiver may be appointed in an action for involuntary dissolution.
The SC held in the leading case of El Hogar Filipino, 50 Phil. 399(1927) the first corporation
organized under the Corporation Act, the government filed a case to dissolve that corporation and
invoked 17 grounds, the SC denied the petition, building and loans association like banks are
required to dispose of within 5 years of any properties they foreclosed they disposed of the
properties after 6 years but they exerted their best efforts, they hired real estate brokers, they
advertised in newspapers but they just could not find buyers, they acquired this land and building,
the sc held that it is not illegal, that they leased the space that they did not need for their office, that
is not illegal they are maximizing their property, that they provide a provision in the by-laws that
stockholders can be compelled to surrender their shares, to be bought out well the court said that
that is void but that is not sufficient ground to dissolve the corporation. In other words the court is
saying that you do not dissolve a corporation for every infraction, the infraction must be serious,
because dissolution is imposing the death penalty upon the corporation.
The Court said the employees of a railroad are required to wear uniform indicating their
positions in their nameplate, now you mean tell me if one employee did not have such a nameplate
you are going to dissolve a corporation because that is a legal requirement, it has to be a serious
violation.
But in one case, the SC dissolved a corporation which was engaging in banking without
authorization from the monetary board, it was accepting deposits from the public, the court
considered that as a serious violation.
When a minority stockholder files a case and asks to dissolve the corporation, the court said
that that is a harsh remedy unless the situation is really beyond redemption you should not impose
that remedy.
Page 43 of 46
The corporation has three years after it should have been dissolved for the purpose of
winding up its affairs. The SEC has said the three year period should be counted from the time the
dissolution was approved by the SEC even if the directors and stockholders pass a resolution
dissolving the corporation that is not effective until it has been approved by the SEC.
For three years , the corporation will continue to exist it will no longer be a going concern but
only for the purpose of winding up that is why the SC has said that the corporation cannot for
example renew its contract of lease because it is no longer a going concern.
During the three year period, it should devote its time prosecuting and defending law suits,
winding up its affairs disposing its properties so they can be used to pay off its creditors and to
distribute balance to the stockholders.
There are two ways of providing for the winding up of its affairs under the law. This is
voluntary either the directors themselves may take care of winding up the affairs of the corporation
or they may appoint a trustee like when Ford Philippines decided to close its subsidiary here one of
the last acts of the BOD was to pass a resolution appointing Ricardo Romulo as trustee vesting upon
him legal title to all the assets of Ford Philippines to be used to pay off its creditors and to dispose
of its properties of Ford Philippines. to distribute the balance as liquidating dividends.
Supposed to be, this was the rule before if any case is not finished within the three year
period, the case will be abated whether the corporation is plaintiff or whether it is defendant but
recent jurisprudence has rendered that obsolete. That rule is applicable if it is the directors winding
up the corporation. if the corporation is under receivership, it is the receiver who may wind up the
affair of the corporation. But if it is the trustee, that will not apply, the trust will subsist until the
affairs of the corporation are wound up and until any creditor can sue the trustee provided that the
applicable prescriptive period has not yet lapsed. So if his cause of action is based on a written
contract he has ten (10) years to sue the trustee.
The Court has said that the remedy there if the three years will end and there are still
pending cases is for the board to appoint a trustee but more recent jurisprudence has fashioned a
practicable solution to that the lawyer handling the cases may be considered as trustee of the
corporation and therefore the cases will not be abated but should continue.
In one case, the SC held that the directors may be considered as trustees after three years so
that they can continue to wind up the affairs of the corporation and in effect the three year period
has become ineffectual.
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
Section 123 defines what is a foreign corporation, one formed, organized, or existing under
any laws other than those of the Philippines and whose laws allow Filipino citizens and corporations
to do business in its own country or state. Note the element of reciprocity is included in the definition
of a foreign corporation as an ingredient of a foreign corporation.
We said that a corporation is an artificial person, it has a juridical personality by legal fiction.
So it has personality because of the law under which it was incorporated and since it exists only
because of the law under which it was incorporated, if it wishes to participate in the economic
processes of another country, it must get permission from that other country also and it will get
permission by getting a license to do business and our code now requires reciprocity so normally like
if it is an American corporation it will submit a certification from the Secretary of State of that
particular state under which it was incorporated like New York, California because the Secretary of
State is the custodian of the laws and he will certify that under the laws of New York, Filipinos are
allowed to do business in New York.
There are different ways by which a foreign corporation can establish its presence here. one
is by setting a branch office, another is by setting up subsidiary, for tax purposes there are no tradeoffs because a branch and a subsidiary are taxed in the same way but a subsidiary may be beneficial
in the sense that it limits the exposure of the mother company to its subscription instead of risking
all the assets of the mother company. Another is the regional headquarters which does not do
business, it is just a coordinating and communication center. Foreign companies are setting up
Page 44 of 46
regional headquarters here because it has subsidiaries in Southeast Asia or licensees and franchisees
and its function is to supervise and coordinate with those subsidiaries or franchisees so normally a
regional headquarters would have a one room office here probably with country manager and
secretary, a telephone, computer and fax machine.
If a foreign corporation wants to do business here it has to appoint a resident agent who may
be a corporation, partnership or individual, if individual he must be of good moral character, sound
financial standing, although his only function is to receive summonses in behalf of the corporation.
If a foreign corporation is being sued, the summons must be served on the resident agent.
The corporation is also required to file with the SEC a power of attorney or resolution which says that
if it has no resident agent it agrees that the summons be served with the SEC which will forward the
summons and the complaint to the foreign corporation. If no resident agent and any officer who will
be in the Philippines may be served with summons.
Section 133 says that if the foreign corporation will be doing business without a license it
cannot sue or intervene in any action in court or administrative agency.
The SC had said that if a foreign corporation is doing business here without a license, a
contract it entered into is valid, it is not rendered void so the court said the legislature made a
judgment call that imposing penal sanctions and denying access to the courts are sufficient penalties
for doing business without a license. The legislature did not provide that the contract it entered into
is void. Although the foreign corporation did not have license to do business when it entered into in
that contract, it could sue if later on it acquired a license to do business.
If a foreign corporation is not doing business it can sue because it is not required to get a
license but it can not be sued because it has no presence here it will violate due process.
In the farm machinery case, the court made an obiter dictum that a foreign corporation not
doing business can be sued, the reasoning of Justice Makasiar, if the foreign corporation not doing
business can sue, then it should also be allowed to be sued is wrong because that will violate due
process because it has no presence here. Our courts cannot acquire jurisdiction over it. The remedy
is to make the action an action quasi in rem you attach its property serve it summons.
If the corporation is doing business whether or not it is licensed it can be sued, the law says
that if it is doing business but it has no license it cannot sue.
If a foreign corporation is suing it must alleged either that it is not doing business or it is
doing business but it is licensed because a plaintiff must indicate in the complaint that it has the
legal capacity to sue. In the case of a foreign corporation it must show it is either not doing business
or it doing business and it is licensed.
However, in the Merrill Lynch case, the court said that if a foreign corporation is doing
business without a license, it the other party was aware of it, it can not claim that the plaintiff
cannot sue, he will be in estoppel having benefited from the contract. Except in two cases, the SC
has followed this most of the subsequent cases.
When is a foreign corporation doing business?
American jurisprudence makes a distinction. When you talk of foreign corporation doing
business you will ask for what purpose are we trying to determine whether or not a foreign
corporation is doing business.
Is it for the purpose of determining whether or not it can be sued? If that is the purpose, to
determine its amenability to the jurisdiction of the courts they apply a liberal interpretation, the
USSC says minimal contact that would satisfy the requirements of due process is sufficient. In fact
the different states have these long-arm statutes by which state the instances when a foreign
corporation may be sued. There is one state Georgia has this provision that if a foreign corporation
commits a tort, it will be considered to be doing business and can be sued. The USSC has said times
have changed now the means of communications are very rapid so that if you have a representative
here he can quickly communicate with the home office so it can take steps to defend itself.

Page 45 of 46
On the other hand, if you are talking of determining whether a foreign corporation is doing
business for the purpose of prosecuting officers criminally, that is penal, it must be strictly
construed.
In the middle is the question of whether or not the foreign corporation is doing business and
therefore is taxable as a resident foreign corporation.
So many decisions have been handed down to determine whether the foreign corporations
are doing business but there are three principal guidelines.
1.
Transactions must not be isolated. Transactions must be habitual like in the Mentholatum
case. In the Amsterdam case where a foreign shipping company it has a vessel which roam
around going to places where they can find cargo and they just pass by here in 1963, the court
said that it is an isolated transaction and not doing business here.
In one case, a foreign corporation bought copra, seller failed to deliver and they negotiated
and they agreed to give him more time still he failed to deliver then they negotiated again and he
was given more time still he failed to deliver and finally the foreign corporation filed suit, the seller
claimed doing business without a license, the SC said no that is an isolated transaction. The better
rule(according to Jack) is that that is buying that is not doing business you do not make profit from
buying that is settled in American jurisprudence. You make profit from selling not from buying.
In the Hang lung bank case, the SC said that it is not doing business here so it can sue.
However, an isolated transaction which indicates an intention to habitually do business may
constitute doing business. If the foreign corporation leased space for example at the Luneta Hotel
and they sent their officers here. There was indication of their intention to do business.
2. It must involve a substantial portion of the business of the primary purpose of the
corporation. In one case, there was a foreign shipping company which pass by here and hired a
Filipino a cook in one of its vessels, the SC held that that is not doing business hiring a cook is
not a substantial portion of its business its business is transporting passengers and cargo.
3. If the contract is consummated abroad then the foreign corporation is not doing
business here. In the case of Columbia Pictures vs. CA, Columbia Pictures filed a case because
its films were being pirated here and it was argued that it was doing business without a license,
the SC said no because the contracts are consummated abroad. In the Avon Plc case, the Court
said that a foreign insurance company which accepted reinsurance is not doing business here
because the contract is executed abroad.

Page 46 of 46

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Jimenez Transcripts (Corporation Code)

HELD: Separate juridical personality should be disregarded.

XYZ (60% FIL, 40% FOREIGN)

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Like the power of

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To eliminate fractional shares arising out of stock dividends;

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TRANSFER OF SHARES OF STOCK

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