ECE 102

Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT)
- Small AC Analysis

Subtopics
5.0

Introduction to BJT Small Signal Analysis (3 Hours)

5.1
Amplification in the AC domain
5.2
BJT transistor modeling
5.3
The re Transistor Model

6.0

BJT Small Signal Analysis (9 Hours)

6.1
Common-Emitter fixed-bias configuration.
6.2
Voltage divider bias.
6.3
Common Emitter bias.
6.4
Emitter-follower configuration.
6.5
Common-base configuration.
6.6
Collector-feedback configuration.

Amplification in AC Domain

For a system that has input power Pi and

output power P0, the power efficiency can be
defined as = P0 / Pi and it is not greater
than 1.
However, if the factor of applied dc power to
be considered, the conversion efficiency can
be greater than one which is defined as =
P0(ac) / Pi(dc)

Amplification in AC Domain

In this chapter, the amplification will be

expressed as voltage gain (Av) and current
gain (Ai)

Vo
Av
Vi
Io
Ai
Ii

AC & DC Supplies
DC supply
AC components

AC supplies

AC equivalent

To do analysis in ac-domain, the circuit has to

transform into its ac equivalent circuit
There are four steps have to be taken:
1.

2.

3.

4.

Set all DC source to zero (grounded)

Replace all capacitors with a short-circuit
equivalent
Remove elements that will be bypass by the shortcircuit equivalent
Redraw the network for convenient look

AC equivalent

Consider a voltage-divider bias configuration:

AC equivalent

Step 1: Set all DC source to zero (grounded)

AC equivalent

Step 2: Replace all capacitors with a short-circuit

equivalent

AC equivalent

Step 3: Remove elements that will be bypass by the

short-circuit equivalent

AC equivalent

Step 4: Redraw the network for convenient look

BJT Transistor Modeling

3 types of modeling:

re

re model
hybrid equivalent model
hybrid model

model will be focused throughout the class

Before applying these models to a circuit, the
circuit itself must be converted into an ac
equivalent network (as for only ac response
are interested)

re Transistor Model

In this approach, the important parameter of

the equivalent circuit was determined by the
actual operating conditions
There will be 3 BJT configuration:

common-base (CB)
common-emitter (CE)
common-collector (CC)

re Transistor Model

Lets reflect the BJT equivalent circuit as in two-port network

where the current and impedance are assumed going into the
network regardless whether its an input or an output

CB Configuration

Lets consider a pnp-BJT first:

CB Configuration

By examining the input, the transistors arrow from terminal E to B

means that the current is supposed to be in that direction. As for
that, a diode is suitable for its equivalent representation.
At the output, the collector current is related to emitter current by
equation Ic = Ie. A dependent source is very suitable for its
equivalent representation

CB Configuration

For ac response, the diode can be replaced

with an equivalent ac resistance
AC resistance of a diode are determined as
rac = 26 mV / ID. As for the diode current in
this case is IE, the equivalent ac resistance
can be expressed as:

26 mV
re
IE

notice the capital letter

is for dc level

CB Configuration

The re equivalent model:

At input:

Vi Veb I e re
Ii Ie
Zi

Vi I e re

re
Ii
Ie

CB Configuration

For output, I0 = -IC due to the two-port reverse current

V0 will be determined later when load (RL) is inserted
For Z0, it will be determined by the transistors output characteristic:
Notice that the slope
remains the same for any
input current
And the slope is very close
to a perfect horizontal
This means the resistance
is infinity (Z0 )

CB Configuration

If a load (RL) is connected at output terminal,

voltage gain (Av) and current gain (Ai) can be
defined

For Av
Vi I i Z i I e re

For Ai:
Ii Ie

V0 - I 0 Z 0 -(- I c )( RL ) I e RL

I 0 - I c -I e

V I R
R
Av 0 e L L
Vi
I e re
re

I 0 - I e
Ai
-
Ii
Ie

CB Configuration

A load is connected at the output terminal:

CB Configuration

For npn transistor, the only difference is the current

flow
For this case the current Ii and I0 are reversed
resulting in Ii = -Ie and I0 = IC = Ie

Problem 5.5

Question:

For the common-base configuration, an ac

signal of 10 mV is applied, resulting in an emitter
current of 0.5 mA. If = 0.980, determine:
a.
b.
c.
d.

e.
f.

Zi
V0 if RL = 1.2 k
Av
Z0
Ai
Ib

Problem 5.5

Solution:

Convert the CB
configuration into its
equivalent circuit:

And then convert it into

the re equivalent circuit:

Problem 5.5

Given:

ac voltage, Vi = 10 mV
Ie = 0.5 mA
= 0.980
Remember:
small letter subscript for ac
capital letter subscript for dc

Problem 5.5
a)

As for Zi = re:

b)

Vi Vi 10m
Z i re
20
I i I e 0.5m
Applying nodal analysis at V0:

V0
- I0
RL
V0 - I 0 RL -(- I c ) RL I e RL
(0.980)(0.5m)(1.2k ) 0.588 V

Problem 5.5
c)

d)

For voltage gain, Av = V0 / Vi:

V0 0.588
Av
58.8
Vi
10m
For Z0, by removing the RL will result in high
impedance (open-circuit equivalent):
Z0

Problem 5.5
e)

For current gain, Ai = Io / Ii:

I 0 - I C - I e
Av

- -0.980
Ii
Ie
Ie

f)

All BJT have the same current equation:

Ie Ib Ic
I b I e - I c I e - I e (1 - ) I e
(1 - 0.980)0.5m 10 A

CE Configuration

Lets consider a CE configuration using an npn

transistor:

CE Configuration

Transforming into its

equivalent ac model:

Same with CB
configuration, at input
terminal the current must
flow from terminal B to E
(equivalent to a diode)
At output terminal, the
collector current is
dependent to the base
current, Ic = Ib
(equivalent to a
dependent source)

CE Configuration

Transforming the ac equivalent model into re

equivalent model:

CE Configuration

In order to convert the re model in Figure 1 to re model in Figure

2, the current Ie need to independent by not depending on Ib
and Ic. As for that re need to be reconfigured

Figure 1

Figure 2

CE Configuration

In dc, the emitter current IE = ( + 1)IB. The equation still remains

the same in ac condition:

I e ( 1) I b

All the input parameters will be:

Vi Vbe I e re ( 1) I b re
Ii Ib

Vi ( 1) I b re
Zi
( 1)re
Ii
Ib

However, in ac, is usually sufficiently larger than 1, so the

approximation:

Z i re

CE Configuration

For output, I0 = IC and V0 will be determined when RL is inserted

For Z0, it will be determined by the transistors output characteristic:
Notice that the slope is different from various input current
As for that, a resistance r0
connected from terminal C to E
is equivalent to this slope
(Z0 = r0 )

CE Configuration

The complete re model for CE configuration:

CE Configuration

For a load situation:

ro

Problem 5.7

Question:

Using the model given, determine the following for a

common-emitter amplifier if = 80, IE = 2 mA and r0
= 40 k.
a)
b)
c)
d)

Zi
Ib
Ai if RL = 1.2 k
Av if RL = 1.2 k

Problem 5.7

Solution:
a)

From the re model given, Zi = re:

26 mV 26m
re

13
IE
2m
Z i re 80(13) 1.04 k
b)

Ib can be obtained from IE:

I E ( 1) I B

IB

IE
2m

24.69 A
1 80 1

Even though IB is a dc current, Ib = IB due to the current can

only flow in one direction (diode equivalent): I 24.69 A
b

Problem 5.7
c)

For Ai, examine the Ii and I0 first:

For I0, r0 and RL is in parallel. In that case, Vec
can be obtained:
Vec Vec
I b

r0 RL
Vec

I b r0 RL
r0 RL

(80)(24.69 )(40k )(1.2k )

2.301 V
40k 1.2k

From Ohms law:

Vec 2.301
I0 I L

1.918 mA
RL 1.2k

Problem 5.7

d)

As Ii is equal to Ib, the current gain can be obtained

now:
I 0 1.918m
Ai
77.68
I i 24.69
For Av:
V0 Vce
Vce
- 2.301
Av

-89.61
Vi Vbe I b re (80)(24.69 )(13)

CC Configuration

The re equivalent for CC configuration is the

same with CE configuration except for its
current flows direction

Things to Remember

re model of CE configuration
using npn transistor:

re model of CB configuration
using pnp transistor:

VBE 0.7 but Vbe 0.7

Small Signal Analysis (AC analysis)

For better understanding, subtopic 6.1 6.6 will be rearrange by

referring to the chart below:

Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

Due to the absent of RE, fixed-bias configuration will be

automatically categorize under CE bypassed
The configuration:

Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

Transform the circuit into its ac equivalent:

Fixed-bias (CE: bypassed)

Transform the npn transistor into re model:

After this, the analysis can be done

Example 5.4

For the network given:

a.
Determine re
b.
Find Zi (with ro = )
c.
Calculate Zo (with ro =
)
d.
Determine Av (with ro =
)
e.
Repeat part (c) and (d)
including ro = 50 k in
all calculations and
compare results

Example 5.4
a.

Determine re:

As re is determine by IE, the DC biasing needs to be analyze

first
V V - V 0.7
BE

VE 0
VB 0.7
12 - 0.7
24.04 A
470k
I E ( 1) I B (101)(24.04 ) 2.43 mA
IB

re

26 mV
26m

10.71
IE
2.43m

Example 5.4
Find Zi (with ro = )

b.

Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

470 k

Zi RB re 470k (100)(10.71) 1.07 k

Example 5.4
c.

Calculate Zo (with ro = )

As ro = , ro is
equivalent to an opencircuit

Z o RC 3 k
d.

3 k

Determine Av (with ro =
)

Vo - I c Rc - I b Rc
Rc
3k
Av

-280.11
Vi
I b re
I b re
re
10.71

Example 5.4
e.

Repeat part (c) and (d)

including ro = 50 k in all
calculations and compare
results

Z o RC ro 3k 50k 2.83 k
I b

Vo
V
- o
ro
RC

Vo Av

3 k

I b ro RC
ro RC

Vo
V
I r R
ro RC
1
(50k )(3k )
o - b o C

-264.26
Vi I b re
ro RC I b re
re ro RC 10.71(50k 3k )

Problem 5.27

For the network given, determine Vcc for a voltage gain AV = -200

Problem 5.27

Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Problem 5.27

Examine Vo and Vi as Av is given: -200 (ro is set to open-circuit

equivalent due to ro = ). re can be obtained:
V
- I b RC - RC
Av o

Vi
I b re
re

- 4.7k
- 200
re
re 23.5

From re, IE can be obtained (DC analysis):

re

26 mV
IE

23.5

26m
IE

I E 1.11 mA

Problem 5.27

IB can be obtained from IE:

I E ( 1) I B
1.11m 91I B
I B 12.16 A

VB = 0.7 V due to VE = 0 V
From this, Vcc can be obtained:
V - VB
I B cc
RB
Vcc - 0.7
1M
Vcc 12.86 V
12.16

Emitter-bias (CE: bypassed)

Consider an emitter-bias
configuration:

Its re model ac equivalent circuit:

By bypassing RE, the equivalent

circuit above is results in the
same equivalent circuit as in
fixed-bias configuration
As for that, the analysis is the
same as fixed-bias configuration

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: bypassed)

The voltage-divider bias configuration would be:

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: bypassed)

The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Notice the difference in input impedance but the output impedance

remains the same as fixed-bias configuration

Example 5.5

For the network given,

determine:
a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Zo (ro = )
d.
Av (ro = )
e.
The parameters of
parts (b) through (d) if
ro = 50 k and
compare results

Example 5.5
a.

Determine re

Use DC analysis
Testing RE 10R2: (90)(1.5k ) (10)(8.2k )

135k 82k (satisfied)

The rest of the analysis:

VB

R2
8.2k
VCC
(22) 2.81 V
R1 R2
56k 8.2k

VBE VB - VE 0.7
VE VB - VBE 2.81 - 0.7 2.11
IE

VE - 0 2.11

1.41 mA
RE
1.5k

re

26 mV 26m

18.44
IE
1.41m

Example 5.5
b.

Determine Zi

Transform into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

By looking from the input, R1, R2 and re is connected in

parallel

Zi R1 R2 re 56k 8.2k (90)(18.44) 1.35 k

Example 5.5
c.

Determine Zo

As ro = , leaving only RC as the output impedance

Z o RC 6.8 k
d.

Determine Av

Vo - I c Rc - I b Rc
Rc
6.8k
Av

-368.76
Vi
I b re
I b re
re
18.44

Example 5.5
e.

Determine the parameters of parts (b) through (d) if ro = 50 k and

compare results
For Zi, it remains the same because nothing is changed at input

Zi 1.35 k

For Zo, the additional ro results in ro and RC connected in parallel

For Av:

Z o ro RC 50k 6.8k 5.99 k

I b

Vo
V
- o
ro
RC

Vo Av

I b ro RC
ro RC

Vo
I r R
ro RC
1
- b o C
-324.62
Vi
ro RC I b re
re ro RC

Problem 5.29

For the network

given:
a.
b.

c.
d.

Determine re
Calculate Zi and Zo
Find Av
Repeat parts (b)
and (c) with ro = 25
k

Problem 5.29
a.

Determine re

Use DC analysis

Testing RE 10R2: (100)(1.2k ) (10)(4.7k )

120k 47k (satisfied)

The rest of the analysis:
R2
4.7k
VB
VCC
(16) 1.72 V
R1 R2
39k 4.7k

VBE VB - VE 0.7
VE VB - VBE 1.72 - 0.7 1.02
IE

VE - 0 1.02

0.85 mA
RE
1.2k

re

26 mV
26m

30.59
IE
0.85m

Problem 5.29
b.

Calculate Zi and Zo

Transform into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Z i R1 R2 re 39k 4.7k (100)(30.59) 1.769 k

Z o ro Rc 50k 3.9k 3.62 k

Problem 5.29
c.

Find Av

I b

Vo
V
- o
ro
RC

Vo Av

I b ro RC
ro RC

Vo
I r R
ro RC
1
(50k )(3.9k )
- b o C
-118.27
Vi
ro RC I b re
re ro RC
30.59(50k 3.9k )

Problem 5.29
d.

Repeat parts (b) and (c) with ro = 25 k

Z i 1.769 k
Z o ro Rc 25k 3.9k 3.37 k
I b

Vo
V
- o
ro
RC

Vo Av

I b ro RC
ro RC

Vo
I r R
ro RC
1
(25k )(3.9k )
- b o C
-110.29
Vi
ro RC I b re
re ro RC
30.59(25k 3.9k )

Problem 5.31

For the network

given:
a.
b.

c.

Determine re
Calculate VB and
VC
Determine Zi and
Av = V o / V i

Problem 5.31
a.

Determine re

Use DC analysis

Testing RE 10R2: (180)(2.2k ) (10)(56k )

396k 560k (not satisfied)

As RE 10R2 is not satisfied, ETH and RTH needs to be

calculated (exact analysis)
R2
56k
ETH
VCC
(20) 4.06 V
R1 R2
220k 56k
RTH R1 R2 220k 56k 44.64 k

Problem 5.31

The rest of the analysis:

VBE VB - VE 0.7
IB

ETH - VB 4.06 - VB

RTH
44.64k

VB 4.06 - 44.64kIB
I E ( 1) I B

VE - 0 VE

RE
2.2k

VE 398.2kIB
4.06 - 44.64kIB - 398.2kIB 0.7
I B 7.59 A
I E ( 1) I B (181)(7.59 ) 1.37 mA
re

26 mV
26m

18.98
IE
1.37 m

b.

Calculate VB and VC:

VB 4.06 - 44.64kIB
4.06 - 44.64k (7.59 )
3.72 V
I C I E 1.37 mA
IC

VCC - VC
RC

20 - VC
6.8k
VC 10.68 V

1.37m

Problem 5.31
c.

Determine Zi and Av = Vo / Vi:

Zi R1 R2 re 220k 56k (180)(18.98) 3.17 k

I b

Vo
V
- o
ro
RC

Vo Av

I b ro RC
ro RC

Vo
I r R
ro RC
1
(50k )(6.8k )
- b o C

-315.38
Vi
ro RC I b re
re ro RC 18.98(50k 6.8k )

Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

A collector dc feedback configuration:

Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

Its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Zi & Zo can be easily obtained as the input & output are isolated:

Z i RF1 re

Z o ro RF2 RC

Collector DC Feedback (CE: bypassed)

For Av, Vi and Vo need to be examined first

Vi: Vi I b re
Vo:
V
V
V

I b

- o o
RF RC
ro
2

RC RF2
-
RF RC
2

Vo -

Vo

ro RF2 RC I b

RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2

ro RF2 RC I b
ro RF2 RC
Vo
1
Av

Vi
RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2 I b re
re RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2

Example 5.13

For the network given, determine:

a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Z0
d.
Av

Example 5.13
a.

For DC analysis, RF1 and RF2 can be added together as RF or RB:

RB RF RF 120k 68k 188 k
1

VBE VB - VE VB - 0 0.7,VB 0.7

V - VB VC - 0.7
IB C

RB
188k

I C I B

VCC - VC 12 - VC

RC
3k

VC 0.7 188kIB

VC 12 - 420kIB

0.7 188kIB 12 - 420kIB

I E ( 1) I B (141)(18.59 ) 2.62 mA

I B 18.59 A

re

26 mV
26m

9.92
IE
2.62m

Example 5.13
b.

The re model ac equivalent circuit:

Zi RF1 || re 120k || 1.39k 1.37 k

c.

For Z0:
Z o ro || RF2 || RC || 30k || 68k || 3k 2.62 k

Example 5.13

Vo Vo
Vo

I b -

RF RC
ro
2

For Av:

Vi I b re

RC RF2
-
RF RC
2

Vo -

Vo

ro RF2 RC I b

RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2

ro RF2 RC I b
ro RF2 RC
Vo
1
Av

Vi
RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2 I b re
re RF2 RC ro RC ro RF2

(30k )(68k )(3k )

-264.33
9.92(68k )(3k ) (30k )(3k ) (30k )(68k )

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

Emitter-bias configuration with RE unbypassed:

Notice there is no capacitor

to bypassed RE, so RE need
to be consider in the analysis

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

The re model ac analysis circuit would be:

In all CE unbypassed configuration, ro will be ignored to keep the

analysis simple

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

To simplified the ac equivalent network

furthermore, it can be isolated from its input
and output terminal
To do this Ie needs to become Ib and this can
be done by the equation Ie = (+1)Ib Ib
When Ie becomes Ib, the new RE would be:

Ve I b RE
new RE
RE
Ib
Ib

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

The simplified re model ac analysis circuit would be:

Emitter-bias (CE: unbypassed)

The common parameters required (Zi, Zo and Av) can be easily

obtained using the same method as discussed before:

Z i RB || re RE

Vi I b re RE

Z o RC

- Vo I b RC
Vo - I b RC

Vo
- I b RC
RC
Av

Vi I b re RE
re RE

Example 5.6

For the network given, determine:

a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Z0
d.
Av

Example 5.6
a.

For re, apply DC analysis:

VBE VB - VE 0.7 V

IB

VCC - VB 20 - VB

RB
470k

VB 20 - 470kIB

VE

IE 1 IB

VE

121I B
RE 0.56k

VE 67.76kIB

20 - 470kIB - 67.76kIB 0.7

I B 35.89 A
I E ( 1) I B (121)(35.89 ) 4.34 mA
re

26 mV
26m

5.99
IE
4.34m

Example 5.6
b.

The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Example 5.6

The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Zi RB || re RE 470k || 120(5.99 0.56k ) 59.34 k

Example 5.6
c.
d.

For Zo: Z o
For Av:

RC 2.2 k

Vo
- I b RC
RC
2.2k
Av

-3.89
Vi I b re RE
re RE
5.99 0.56k

Problem 5.35

For the network given:

a.
Determine re
b.
Find Zi and Av

Problem 5.35

In this case, for DC analysis, the circuit will have two RE in series
(RE = RE1 + RE2 = 1.2k + 0.47k = 1.67 k)
For AC analysis, only one RE will be considered as for RE2 is
bypassed by capacitor CE (RE = RE1 = 0.47k)
V - VB 22 - VB
V
V
I B CC

I E 1I B E E 81I B
RB
330k
RE 1.67k
VB 22 - 330kIB
VE 135.27kIB
VBE VB - VB 0.7
22 - 330kIB - 135.27kIB 0.7
I B 45.78 A
I E ( 1) I B (81)(45.78 ) 3.71 mA
re

26 mV
26m

7.01
IE
3.71m

Problem 5.35

The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Z i RB || re RE
330k || 80(7.01 1.2k )
74.70 k

Vo
- I b RC
RC
5.6k
Av

-4.64
Vi I b re RE
re RE
7.01 1.2k

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

The circuit would be the same as any voltage-divider bias circuit

except for RE will not be bypassed by any capacitor

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

The simplified re model ac equivalent circuit will be same as in

emitter-bias circuit with an addition of R2 at input

R1

R2

Voltage-Divider Bias (CE: unbypassed)

By examining the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit, only the

input impedance is change while the output impedance and voltage
gain remains the same

Z i R1 || R2 || re RE
Z o RC

Vo
- I b RC
RC
Av

Vi I b re RE
re RE

Example 5.8

For the network given, determine:

a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Z0
d.
Av

Example 5.8
RE 10 R2
(210)(0.68k ) (10)(10k )
142.8k 100k (satisfied)

VB

R2
10k
VCC
(16) 1.6 V
R1 R2
90k 10k

VBE VB - VE 0.7
VE VB - VBE 1.6 - 0.7 0.9
IE

VE - 0
0.9

1.32 mA
RE
0.68k

26 mV
26m
re

19.64
IE
1.32m

Z i R1 || R2 || re RE
90k || 10k || 210(19.64 0.68k )
8.48 k
Z o RC 2.2 k

Av
-

Vo
- I b RC

Vi I b re RE

RC
2.2k
re RE
19.64 0.68k

-3.14

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

Emitter-Follower circuit is
very different from the other
CE unbypassed circuit
Notice that the absent of RC
while Vo and Io are taken at
the emitter leg
Emitter-follower means that
the magnitude and value of
Vo follows the magnitude
and value of Vi
As for that the voltage gain
will approximately have the
value of 1 (Av 1)

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

The re model ac equivalent would be:

Notice that input

and output are
not isolated.
And output is
taken within the
input elements.

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

For input:
Apply the same
simplified re model ac
equivalent circuit as in
other CE unbypassed
circuit
Zi will be:

Zi RB || re RE

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

For output:
Consider again the re model ac equivalent circuit
For the output purpose, Ie will be put into consideration rather
than Ib because IE is the output current
The resistor re needs to reconfigured due to the change of I b to
Ie
Consider the voltage across re namely Vre:

Vre

I e re I e re
I b re

I e re
1

As for that, the new re will be:

new re

Vre
Ie

I e re

re
Ie

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

The simplified re model ac

equivalent circuit (for
output):
For Zo, set Vi = 0
RB will be bypassed when Vi
=0
By looking from Zo, the
resistor RE and re will be in
parallel

Z o RE || re

Ie

Emitter-Follower (CE: unbypassed)

For Av, consider back the re

model ac equivalent
By applying nodal analysis
at node Vo:

I e I b I b
Vo - 0 Vi - Vo Vi - Vo

RE
re
re

reVo REVi - REVo REVi - REVo

re RE 1Vo RE 1Vi
Vo
RE
RE
Av

Vi re RE re RE

Example 5.10

For the emitter follower network given, determine:

a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Z0
d.
Av

Example 5.10
a.

For re, apply DC analysis:

VBE VB - VE 0.7 V

IB

VCC - VB 12 - VB

RB
220k

VB 12 - 220kIB

VE

IE 1 IB

VE

101I B
RE 3.3k

VE 333.3kIB

12 - 220kIB - 333.3kIB 0.7

I B 20.42 A
I E ( 1) I B (101)(20.42 ) 2.06 mA
re

26 mV
26m

12.60
IE
2.06m

Example 5.10

The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Example 5.10
b.

For Zi, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for input):

Z i RB || re RE

220k || 10012.6 3.3k

132.20 k

Example 5.10
c.

For Zo, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for

output):
Ie

Z o RE || re
3.3k || 12.6
12.55

Example 5.10
d.

For Av, apply the re model

ac equivalent circuit:

Then, apply nodal analysis

at node V0:

I e I b I b

Vo - 0 Vi - Vo Vi - Vo

RE
re
re

reVo REVi - REVo REVi - REVo

re RE 1Vo RE 1Vi
V
RE
RE
Av o

Vi re RE re RE

3.3k
0.996
12.6 3.3k

Problem 5.37

For the network given:

a.
Determine Zi and Z0
b.
Find Av
c.
Calculate V0 if Vi = 1 mV

Problem 5.37

Start the analysis with DC analysis to find re:

VBE VB - VE 0.7 V

IB

0 - VB - VB

RB
390k

VB -390kIB

VE - (-8) VE 8

IE 1 IB

121I B
RE

VE 677.6kIB - 8

- 390kIB - 677.6kIB 8 0.7

I B 6.84 A
I E ( 1) I B (121)(6.84 ) 0.83 mA
re

26 mV
26m

31.42
IE
0.83m

5.6k

Problem 5.37

The re model ac equivalent circuit would be:

Problem 5.37
a.

For Zi, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for input):

Z i RB || re RE

390k || 12031.42 5.6k

247.29 k

Problem 5.37

For Zo, apply the simplified re model ac equivalent circuit (for

output):
Ie

Z o RE || re
5.6k || 31.42
31.25

Problem 5.37
b.

For Av, apply the re model

ac equivalent circuit:

Then, apply nodal analysis

at node V0:

I e I b I b

Vo - 0 Vi - Vo Vi - Vo

RE
re
re

reVo REVi - REVo REVi - REVo

re RE 1Vo RE 1Vi
V
RE
RE
Av o

Vi re RE re RE

5.6k
0.994
31.42 5.6k

Problem 5.37
c.

If Vi = 1 mV:

Vo
Av
0.994
Vi
Vo 0.994Vi 0.994(1m) 0.994 mV

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Collector Feedback Configuration

Common-Base Configuration

Usually, in a common-base configuration, a pnp transistor will

be used rather than npn
Also, in a common-base configuration, is given instead of

Common-Base Configuration

The same steps to transform the circuit into its ac equivalent

circuit is taken just like in all the CE bypassed and unbypassed
configuration, resulting in:

Common-Base Configuration

By examining the input, RE and re are connected in parallel:

Z i RE || re

When examine the output, the only impedance appeared is RC:

Z o RC

And for its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC
Av

Vi
I e re
re

Example 5.11

For the network given, determine:

a.
re
b.
Zi
c.
Z0
d.
Av

Example 5.11
a.

For determining re, DC analysis will be conduct

VEB VE - VB 0.7
VB 0
VE VEB VB 0.7 0 0.7
IE

(2) - VE 2 - 0.7

1.3 mA
RE
1k

re

26 mV 26m

20
IE
1.3m

Example 5.11
b.

c.

Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

For Zo:

Zi RE || re 1k || 20 19.61
Z o RC 5 k

Example 5.11
d.

For its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC (0.98)(5k )
Av

245
Vi
I e re
re
20

Problem 5.39

For the common-base configuration given:

a.
Determine re
b.
Find Zi and Z0
c.
Calculate Av

Problem 5.39
a.

For determining re, DC analysis will be conduct

VEB VE - VB 0.7
VB 0
VE VEB VB 0.7 0 0.7
IE

(6) - VE 6 - 0.7

0.78 mA
RE
6.8k

re

26 mV
26m

33.36
IE
0.78m

Problem 5.39
b.

Transform the circuit into its re model ac equivalent circuit:

Zi RE || re 6.8k || 33.36 33.20

Z o RC 4.7 k

Problem 5.39
d.

For its voltage gain:

Vo I e RC RC (0.998)(4.7k )
Av

140.61
Vi
I e re
re
33.36

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Approximate Hybrid Equivalent Circuit

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Complete Hybrid Model

Summary Table

Summary Table

Summary Table