A. Sketch Per Unit Circuits For The System in The Sequence Domain. Use V

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S
Power System Protection
Session 6; Page 1/42

Fall 2004
Do the following for the system below:

LINE 2
50 MVA
69 KV
x1=x2=j2 Ohm
x0=j4 Ohm
X=j10 Ohms
LINE 1
R1
X=j10 Ohms
S =20 MVA
S = 10 MVA
A. Sketch per unit circuits for the system in the sequence domain. Use Vb-ll = 69kV and
SB3 = 50 MVA. Assume the lines have equal impedance in positive and negative sequence
and three times the reactance in the zero sequence.
Define units:
MVA := 1000kW
Define transformation
a := 1 e
Vb := 69kV
Zb :=
Vb
MW := MVA
Sb := 50MVA
1 1 1
2
A1 := 1 a a
2
1 a a
2
3
Vbln :=
Zb = 95.22
Sb
MVAr := MVA
Ib :=
Vb
3
Sb
3 Vbln
System impedances in ohms:

Zsrc0 := j 4 ohm
Zline1_0 := j 30ohm
Zline2_0 := j 30ohm
Zsrc1 := j 2 ohm
Zline1_1 := j 10ohm
Zline2_1 := j 10ohm
Zsrc2 := Zsrc1
Zline1_2 := j 10ohm
Zline2_2 := j 10ohm
System Impedances in per unit

Zsrc0pu :=
Zsrc0
Zb
Zsrc0pu = 0.042i
Zsrc1pu :=
Zsrc1
Zb
Zsrc1pu = 0.021i
Zsrc2pu := Zsrc1pu
Zline1_0pu :=
Zline1_0
Zb
Zline1_0pu = 0.3151i
Zline1_1pu :=
Zline1_1
Zb
Zline1_1pu = 0.105i
Zline1_2pu := Zline1_1pu
Zline2_0pu :=
Zline2_0
Zb
Zline2_0pu = 0.3151i
Zline2_1pu :=
Zline2_1
Zb
Zline2_1pu = 0.105i
Zline2_2pu := Zline2_1pu


Fall 2004
Loads (model as series impedance)

Sload1 := 10MVA
Sload2 := 20MVA
pfload1 := 0.8
pfload2 := 0.8
magZld1 :=
Vb
magZld2 :=
Sload1
1 := acos( 0.8)
1 = 36.8699 deg
Zload1 := magZld1 e
Vb
Sload2
2 := acos
2( 0.8
= )36.8699 deg
j 1
Zload2 := magZld2 e
j 2
Rload1 := Re( Zload1)
Rload1 = 380.88
Rload2 := Re( Zload2)
Rload2 = 190.44
Xload1 := Im( Zload1)
Xload1 = 285.66
Xload2 := Im( Zload2)
Xload2 = 142.83
Model as being the same in positive and negative sequence, and open (ungrounded) in zero sequence)
Rld1_pu_pos :=
Rload1
Rld1_pu_pos = 4
Zb
Rld2_pu_pos :=
Rld1_pu_neg := Rld1_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos :=
Xload1
Xld2_pu_pos :=
Xld1_pu_neg := Xld1_pu_pos
1.0
IL2_1
Bus1
Xload2
Zb
Xld2_pu_pos = 1.5
Negative sequence equivalent:

IL2_1
j0.021
j0.105
j0.105
IL1_1
IL1_1
4.0
Rld2_pu_pos = 2
Xld2_pu_neg := Xld2_pu_pos
Positive sequence equivalent:

j0.021
Zb
Rld2_pu_neg := Rld2_pu_pos
Xld1_pu_pos = 3
Zb
Rload2
j0.105
j3.0
Zero Sequence Equivalent:

note that the loads are open.
2.0
4.0
Bus1
Bus2
j3.0
j1.5
j0.042
j0.105
IL2_1
j0.315
Bus1
j3.0
j0.315
Bus2
j1.5
IL1_1
4.0
2.0
2.0
Bus2
j1.5


Fall 2004
B. Compute the voltages and currents seen at point R1 for the following faults located at 10% and
90% of the way down line 1 from the source end: SLG, 3, LL, DLG, and Phase "a" open. Also
sketch phasor diagrams. Set the fault impedances at zero.
First calculate sequence equivalent impedances to the fault (with loads neglected)
Positive Sequence:
ZL1_left_pos := 0.1 Zline1_1pu
ZL1_left_pos = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_pos := 0.9 Zline1_1pu
ZL1_right_pos = 0.0945i
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_pos
Zline2_1pu
+
ZL1_right_pos
Zthev1 = 0.031i
Negative Sequence:
ZL1_left_neg := 0.1 Zline1_2pu
ZL1_left_neg = 0.0105i
ZL1_right_neg := 0.9 Zline1_2pu
ZL1_right_neg = 0.0945i
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_neg
Zline2_2pu
+
ZL1_right_neg
Zthev2 = 0.031i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 := 0.1 Zline1_0pu
ZL1_left_0 = 0.0315i
ZL1_right_0 := 0.9 Zline1_0pu
ZL1_right_0 = 0.2836i
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_0 Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0
Now repeat the calculations with the loads included

(the zero sequence won't change) to see how much
impact the loads will have on the calculations.
Zthev0 = 0.0719i
j0.021 Bus1
j0.105
Bus2
j0.0105
1.0
Positive sequence:
The fault bascially creates a Delta in the middle of
the system (the corners of the delta are the buses at
the end of the lines and the fault point). Converte
this to a Y to make it easier to add in the loads
j0.0945
4.0
j3.0
j0.021
1.0
j1.5
Bus1
Zeq1
Zeq2
ZeqF
4.0
j3.0
2.0
BusF
BusF
Bus2
2.0
j1.5

Zeq1_1 :=
Zeq2_1 :=
Zeqf_1 :=

Fall 2004
Zline2_1pu 0.1 Zline1_1pu

Zline2_1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu + 0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu 0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zeq1_1 = 5.251i 10
Zeq2_1 = 0.0473i
0.1Zline1_1pu 0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zeqf_1 = 4.7259i 10
If there is no fault, then the equivalent for the line is

Zline1_1pu
which is
Zeq1_1 + Zeq2_1 = 0.0525i
= 0.0525i
as expected.
So the positive sequence impedance looking in from BusF is made up Zeqf_1 plus the parallel
impedances of the other paths:
Zleft_1 := Zeq1_1 +
1
+
Zsrc1pu
Rld1_pu_pos
+
j
Xld1_pu_pos
1
5
Zleft_1 = 7.0232 10
+ 0.0262i
Zright_1 := Zeq2_1 + Rld2_pu_pos + j Xld2_pu_pos
Zequiv1_act := Zeqf_1 +
1 +
Zleft_1
Zright_1
Zequiv1_act = 2.8137 10
and earlier we found
+ 0.0308i
Zthev1 = 0.031i
So there is a small difference:

Error :=
Zequiv1_act Zthev1
Error = 0.7142 %
Zequiv1_act
This is a smaller error

than there is in the model
data.
The negative sequence impedances will be the same.

So for all calculations expect the phase A open, the loads will be neglected
Three Phase Fault:
Vf1 := 1.0
If3ph1a :=
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a = 32.278i
To find current at R1, we need a current divider:

IR1a_3ph := If3ph1a
( Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
( ZL1_left_pos + Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
IR1a_3ph = 30.6641i


Fall 2004
Voltage at R1:
VR1a_3ph := IR1a_3ph ZL1_left_pos + 0
VR1a_3ph = 0.322
also
VR1a = 0.322
VR1a := 1.0 If3ph1a Zsrc1pu
Positive Sequence Rotation:
pos := a2
a

30.6641
IR1_3ph_abc = 30.6641
IR1_3ph_abc := IR1a_3ph pos
30.6641
VR1_3ph_abc := VR1a_3ph pos
voltage drop across

source impedance...
30
1.1298 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc ) =
120
0.322

VR1_3ph_abc = 0.322
0.322
Phasor Diagram
for currents
at R1:
90

arg ( IR1_3ph_abc) = 150 deg
90
IR1_3ph_abc 0
IR1_3ph_abc 1
180
IR1_3ph_abc 2
270
arg( IR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc 1) , arg( IR1_3ph_abc2)
trace 1
trace 2
trace 3
120
15
deg


Fall 2004
Phasor Diagram
for voltages
at R1:
90
VR1_3ph_abc0
VR1_3ph_abc1
180
VR1_3ph_abc2
270
arg( VR1_3ph_abc0) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc1) , arg( VR1_3ph_abc2)
trace 1
trace 2
trace 3
Note that these have significantly different magnitude scales.
22.2203

Vb VR1_3ph_abc = 22.2203 kV
22.2203
12.8289
Ib IR1_3ph_abc = 12.8289 kA
12.8289
SLG Fault 10% Down Line 1

Currrents at fault point:
I0_slg :=
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_slg := I0_slg
I2_slg := I1_slg
I0_slg = 7.4682i


Fall 2004
Voltages at fault point:

V0f_slg := 0 I0_slg Zthev0
V1f_slg := Vf1 I1_slg Zthev1
V2f_slg := 0 I2_slg Zthev2
Current At R1:
Current divider (in the sequence domain)
IR10_slg := I0_slg
IR11_slg := I1_slg
IR12_slg := I2_slg
( Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )
IR10_slg = 7.0948i
IR11_slg = 7.0948i
IR12_slg = 7.0948i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg := 0.0 I0_slg Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg = 0.3137
VR11_slg = 0.8431
VR12_slg = 0.1569
Phasors in ABC domain:

IR10_slg
IR1abc_slg := A1 IR11_slg
IR12_slg
VR10_slg
VR1abc_slg := A1 VR11_slg
VR12_slg
21.284

15
IR1abc_slg = 3.716 10
15
3.716 10
0.373
VR1abc_slg = 1.087
1.087
90

arg ( IR1abc_slg) = 32.0075 deg
32.0075
2.2012 10
arg ( VR1abc_slg ) =
127.1796
15
127.1796
deg


Fall 2004
LL Fault 10% Down Line 1

I1_ll :=
Vf1
I1_ll = 16.139i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll := I1_ll
I0_ll := 0

V1f_ll := Vf1 I1_ll Zthev1
V2f_ll := I2_ll Zthev2
V0f_ll := I0_ll Zthev0
Current At R1:
IR10_ll := I0_ll
IR11_ll := I1_ll
IR12_ll := I2_ll
IR10_ll = 0

IR11_ll = 15.332i

IR12_ll = 15.332i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll := 0.0 I0_ll Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll = 0
VR11_ll = 0.661
VR12_ll = 0.339

IR10_ll
IR1abc_ll := A1 IR11_ll
IR12_ll
IR1abc_ll = 26.556
26.556
arg IR1abc_ll
arg IR1abc_ll
VR10_ll
VR1abc_ll := A1 VR11_ll
VR12_ll
VR1abc_ll = 0.573
0.573
) = 180 deg
) = 2.6415 10
14
deg
arg ( VR1abc_ll ) = 150.8481 deg
150.8481


Fall 2004
DLG Fault 10% Down Line 1

Vf1
I1_dlg :=
Zthev1 +
I1_dlg = 18.9984i
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg
I0_dlg = 5.7189i
I1_dlg
I2_dlg = 13.2795i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0

V1f_dlg := Vf1 I1_dlg Zthev1
V2f_dlg := I2_dlg Zthev2
V0f_dlg := I0_dlg Zthev0
Current At R1:
IR10_dlg := I0_dlg
IR11_dlg := I1_dlg
IR12_dlg := I2_dlg
IR10_dlg = 5.433i
IR11_dlg = 18.0485i
IR12_dlg = 12.6155i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg := 0.0 I0_dlg Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg = 0.2402
VR11_dlg = 0.601
VR12_dlg = 0.2789

IR10_dlg
IR1abc_dlg := A1 IR11_dlg
IR12_dlg
IR1abc_dlg = 27.778
27.778
= 162.9398 deg
(
1)
arg ( IR1abc_dlg ) = 17.0602 deg
2
arg IR1abc_dlg


Fall 2004
VR10_dlg
VR1abc_dlg := A1 VR11_dlg
VR12_dlg
1.12
VR1abc_dlg = 0.343
0.343
arg ( VR1abc_dlg) = 125.6047 deg
125.6047
Faults 90% down line 1:

First calculate sequence equivalent impedances to the fault
Positive Sequence:
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_pos
Zline2_1pu
+
ZL1_right_pos
Zthev1 = 0.073i
Negative Sequence:
1
1
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
+
ZL1_left_neg Zline2_2pu + ZL1_right_neg
Zthev2 = 0.073i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 = 0.2836i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.0315i
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_0
Zline2_0pu
+
ZL1_right_0
Three Phase Fault:

Vf1 := 1.0
If3ph1a2 :=
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a2 = 13.7007i
Zthev0 = 0.198i


Fall 2004
IR1a_3ph2 := If3ph1a2
( Zline2_1pu + ZL1_right_pos)
IR1a_3ph2 = 7.5354i
Voltage at R1:
VR1a_3ph2 := IR1a_3ph2 ZL1_left_pos + 0
also
VR1a_3ph2 = 0.7122
VR1a2 := 1.0 If3ph1a2 Zsrc1pu
7.5354

IR1_3ph_abc2 = 7.5354
7.5354
VR1_3ph_abc2 := VR1a_3ph2 pos
voltage drop across

source impedance...
pos := a2
a

IR1_3ph_abc2 := IR1a_3ph2 pos
VR1a2 = 0.7122
0.7122
VR1_3ph_abc2 = 0.7122
0.7122
90

arg ( IR1_3ph_abc2 ) = 150 deg
30
2.4987 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc2 ) =
120
120
15
deg
The currents in line 1 are substantially reduced for a fault at the far end instead of the near end and R1 sees
much higher voltage....

I0_slg2 :=
Vf1
I1_slg2 := I0_slg2
I2_slg2 := I1_slg2
I0_slg2 = 2.9075i


Fall 2004

V0f_slg2 := 0 I0_slg2 Zthev0
V1f_slg2 := Vf1 I1_slg2 Zthev1
Current At R1:
IR10_slg2 := I0_slg2
IR10_slg2 = 1.5991i
IR11_slg2 = 1.5991i
IR12_slg2 = 1.5991i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg2 := 0.0 I0_slg2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_slg2 = 0.1221
VR11_slg2 = 0.9389
VR12_slg2 = 0.0611

IR10_slg2
IR1abc_slg2 := A1 IR11_slg2
IR12_slg2
VR10_slg2
VR1abc_slg2 := A1 VR11_slg2
VR12_slg2
IR1abc_slg2 =
4.797
0
0.756
VR1abc_slg2 = 1.032
1.032
90

arg ( IR1abc_slg2) = 32.007 deg
32.007
arg ( VR1abc_slg2) = 122.9378 deg
122.9378


Fall 2004

I1_ll2 :=
Vf1
I1_ll2 = 6.8504i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll2 := I1_ll2
I0_ll2 := 0

V1f_ll2 := Vf1 I1_ll2 Zthev1
V2f_ll2 := I2_ll2 Zthev2
Current At R1:
IR10_ll2 := I0_ll2
IR11_ll2 := I1_ll2
IR12_ll2 := I2_ll2
IR10_ll2 = 0

IR11_ll2 = 3.7677i

IR12_ll2 = 3.7677i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll2 := 0.0 I0_ll2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_ll2 = 0
VR11_ll2 = 0.8561
VR12_ll2 = 0.1439

IR10_ll2
IR1abc_ll2 := A1 IR11_ll2
IR12_ll2
IR1abc_ll2 = 6.526
6.526
arg IR1abc_ll2
arg IR1abc_ll2
) = 180 deg
) = 2.5046 10
14
deg


Fall 2004
VR10_ll2
VR1abc_ll2 := A1 VR11_ll2
VR12_ll2
VR1abc_ll2 = 0.794
arg ( VR1abc_ll2) = 129.029 deg
0.794
129.029

Vf1
I1_dlg2 :=
Zthev1 +
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg2 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg2 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg2 = 7.9167i
I1_dlg2
I0_dlg2 = 2.1326i
I1_dlg2
I2_dlg2 = 5.7841i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0

V1f_dlg2 := Vf1 I1_dlg2 Zthev1
V2f_dlg2 := I2_dlg2 Zthev2
Current At R1:
IR10_dlg2 := I0_dlg2
IR10_dlg2 = 1.1729i
IR11_dlg2 = 4.3542i
IR12_dlg2 = 3.1812i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg2 := 0.0 I0_dlg2 Zsrc0pu
VR10_dlg2 = 0.0896
VR11_dlg2 = 0.8337
VR12_dlg2 = 0.1215


Fall 2004

IR10_dlg2
IR1abc_dlg2 := A1 IR11_dlg2
IR12_dlg2
IR1abc_dlg2 = 6.759
arg IR1abc_dlg2
6.759
arg IR1abc_dlg2
VR10_dlg2
VR1abc_dlg2 := A1 VR11_dlg2
VR12_dlg2
1.045

VR1abc_dlg2 = 0.729
) = 164.9117 deg
) = 15.0883 deg
arg ( VR1abc_dlg2 ) = 122.1729 deg
0.729
122.1729
Phase A open on Line 1 at 10%:

First find the sequence equivalent circuits. Redraw the positive sequence circuit. Note that at least
Load 2 should be included in this case. If the loads are neglected, all of the currents will be zero,
even with the phase open.
Positive sequence equivalent circuit:
I1
+
j0.0945
j0.0105
j0.105
1.0
j.021
3
V1
I2
F'
j0.021
2.0
V2
j1.5
-
Option 1: Find the Y parameters directly

Y11 =
I1 withV1=1.0 and V2 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent
V1 impedance looking into the circuit from point F with the Norton current source
ignored.
ZL2 := Rld2_pu_pos + j Xld2_pu_pos


Fall 2004
Zequivleftpos := Zline2_1pu +
1
1
0.9 Zline1_1pu ZL2

1
Y11 :=
0.1 Zline1_1pu +
Y22 =
1
1
Zsrc1pu +
Zequivleftpos
Y11 = 0.0291 33.9144i
I2 with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted, this is the same as taking one over the equivalent
V2 impedance looking into the circuit from point F' with the Norton current source
ignored.
Zequivrightpos := Zline2_1pu +
1
1
0.1
Zline1_1pu
Zsrc1pu
Y22 :=
0.9 Zline1_1pu +
Y21 =
I2
1 +
ZL2
Zequivrightpos
Y22 = 0.0918 4.9129i
with V1=1.0 and V2 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y21 is to calculate
I2 starting with I1 and using current divider relationships. Note that I2 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.
V1
Y21int := Y11
Y21 := Y21int
Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + Zequivleftpos
ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu + ( ZL2 )
Y21 = 0.0517 + 3.1877i
Similarly
Y12 =
I1
V2
with V2=1.0 and V1 shorted. The easiest way to calculate Y12 is to calculate
I1 starting with I2 and using current divider relationships. Note that I1 is negative
relative to the polarity on the drawing.
Y12int := Y22
Y12 := Y12int
ZL2
ZL2 + Zequivrightpos
Zsrc1pu
Zsrc1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu
Y12 = 0.0517 + 3.1877i
The resulting matrix is:

Ypos := stack( augment( Y11 , Y12 ) , augment( Y21 , Y22 ) ) Ypos =
0.0291 33.9144i 0.0517 + 3.1877i
0.0517 + 3.1877i 0.0918 4.9129i


Fall 2004
Option 2: Reduce system Ybus:

Compute a Ybus matrix for the system shown in the figure above, numbering
F as node 1, F' as node 2 and nodes 3 and 4 as shown on the diagram
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Ypr :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
Zsrc1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
ZL2
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0
95.22i
0
95.22i
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
Ypr =
95.22i
0
152.352i
9.522i
0
10.58i
9.522i 0.32 20.342i
Yk := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )
YL := submatrix( Ypr , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
Ym := submatrix( Ypr , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
Perform a Cron Reduction with A=Yk, B=YL, C=YLT and D=Ym

1
Yeq := Yk YL Ym
YL
Yeq =
0.0291 33.9144i 0.0517 + 3.1877i Same as above.
0.0517 + 3.1877i 0.0918 4.9129i
Note that there is only a Norton current injection for the side with the voltage source. This there is only one
voltage source, there is only one current source.
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Zsrc1pu
Isleft = 47.61i
Now we need to adjust the current source for the equivalent.

1
Is := YL Ym
Isleft
Isright
Is =
0.0145 + 30.6528i
0.0258 + 1.5939i
These are the current sources for Figure 3.24 in the book. We can also calculate Y, Y and Y
is we want to. However, we're more interested in expressing this with impedances:
Zpos := Ypos
1.328 10 4 + 0.0314i 7.9682 10 4 + 0.0204i

Zpos =
4
3
7.9682 10 + 0.0204i 4.7809 10 + 0.2167i


Fall 2004
The resulting equivalent will be:

F
F'
Note that VsF' will be 0 since there is no

source on that side of the system
Z22 - Z21
Z11 - Z12
Zf_left_pos := Zpos
0, 0
VsF
VsF'
Zf_right_pos := Zpos
1, 1
Vs := Zpos Is
Vs =
Zpos
Zf_left_pos = 6.6401 10
0, 1
Zpos
Zf_right_pos = 3.9841 10
1, 0
+ 0.011i
+ 0.1963i
0.9949 + 6.3227i 10 3
0.9692 + 0.0379i
Finally we can reduce this to a single series equivalent. Note that the voltage
sources have opposite polarity.
Zpos_eq := Zf_left_pos + Zf_right_pos
Vpos_eq := Vs
0, 0
Vs
1, 0
Zpos_eq = 3.3201 10
Vpos_eq = 0.0257 0.0316i
+ 0.2073i
arg ( Vpos_eq) = 129.1115 deg
VsF -VsF'
F
Z11 - Z12 +Z22 - Z21
F'
The negative sequence impedance will be identical to the positive sequence impedance in this case and
there will be no voltage source.
Zneg_eq := Zpos_eq
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since the load is ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Yprim0 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu


Fall 2004
0
31.74i
0
31.74i
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
0
Yprim0 =
31.74i
0
58.719i 3.174i
0
3.5267i
3.174i 6.7007i
Yk0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )
Yzero := Yk0 YL0 Ym0
Zzero := Yzero
YL0
YL0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
Yzero =
Ym0 := submatrix( Yprim0 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
14.1324i 0.9267i
0.9267i 1.6218i
Zzero_eq := Zzero
0, 0
Zzero
0, 1
+ Zzero
1, 1
Zzero
1, 0
Zzero_eq = 0.6301i
The sequence network is connected as follows:

1/3(Za - Zb)
Za is open, and Zb is zero in this case, resulting

in the following circuit to solve:
F0
F0'
Zb
N0
F0
F0'
j0.6301
Zb
F1'
F1
N1
0.0038 + j0.208
F1'
F1
0.0411@-118 o
F2
F2'
N2
Zb
F2
F2'
0.0038 + j0.208


Fall 2004
Use a negative sign to get polarity of current to match network

Vpos_eq
Iopen1_10 :=
Zpos_eq +
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Iopen1_10 = 0.088 + 0.0695i
Current dividers to find zero and negative sequence currents (opposite polarity):
Iopen2_10 := Iopen1_10
Zzero_eq
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Zneg_eq
Iopen2_10 = 0.0664 0.052i
Iopen0_10 = 0.0216 0.0175i
Zneg_eq + Zzero_eq
Phase currents at R1 (currents will be same as at the fault point).

Iopen0_10
IR1abc_open10 := A1 Iopen1_10
Iopen2_10
IR1abc_open10 = 0.175
0.176
arg ( IR1abc_open10 ) =
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877
As a check, calculate the sequence voltages across the open circuit (they should be equal)
Vzero_open10 := Iopen0_10 Zzero_eq
Vzero_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i
Vneg_open10 := Iopen2_10 Zneg_eq
Vneg_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i
Vpos_open10 := Vpos_eq Iopen1_10 Zpos_eq
Vpos_open10 = 0.011 0.0136i
Voltages at R1:
The easiest way is to find the source current and find the voltage drop across the source
impedance. To do this, we first need to find the current in the other line. Since the lines are in parallel,
we can find the voltage across line 1 and that will be the voltage across line 2 in the
sequence domain. Note that the voltage across the "open" is included. Negative signs for polarities
V1_line1_10 := Iopen1_10 Zline1_1pu Vpos_open10
V2_line1_10 := Iopen2_10 Zline1_2pu Vneg_open10
V0_line1_10 := Iopen0_10 Zline1_0pu Vzero_open10


Fall 2004
We will have the same voltage across line 2, so Iline2 is the voltage divided by the impedance:
V0_line1_10
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_10
I012_line2_10 :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_10
Zline2_2pu
0.0216 0.0175i
I012_line2_10 = 0.2175 0.1743i
0.0631 0.0528i
0.3887

Iabc_line2_10 = 0.2271
Iabc_line2_10 := A1 I012_line2_10
0.2302
and by comparison, line 1 had:
0.1757
Note that line 2 has a much bigger phase A current, as we would expect (negative sign for correct
polarities
Iopen0_10
Isrc012_open10 := Iopen1_10 + I012_line2_10
Iopen2_10
Isrc_abc_open10 := A1 Isrc012_open10
0.3055
0.2437i
Isrc012_open10 =
3.3514 10 3 7.6289i 10 4
0.3887

Isrc_abc_open10 = 0.3896
0.3942
38.9819
arg ( Isrc_abc_open10) = 158.1152 deg
81.3395
Without the open circuit

Ia :=
1
Zsrc1pu + 0.5 Zline1_1pu + ZL2
Ia = 0.393
So the source currents are not changed as much.
arg ( Ia) = 38.1941 deg


Fall 2004
Voltage at R1 (Bus1)
VR10_open10 := 0.0 Isrc012_open10 Zsrc0pu
0

1

2
VR10_open10
0.995

VR1abc_open10 := A1 VR11_open10
VR1abc_open10 = 0.995
VR12_open10
0.995
0.3655

arg ( VR1abc_open10 ) = 120.3707 deg
119.6276
Basically a balanced 3 phase set, with voltage drop due to load currents.
Phase A open on Line 1 at 90%:

Almost the same as the 10% case, only the impedances from F to node 3 and from F' to node 4 in the
figure are reversed. The resulting 2 port equivalent will be identical, as will the rest of the
results.
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Yp90 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zsrc1pu
Zline2_1pu
0.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
ZL2
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
95.22i
0
95.22i
0
Yp90 =
10.58i
9.522i
0
67.712i
0
95.22i
9.522i 0.32 104.982i
Yk90 := submatrix( Yp90 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )
Yeq90 := Yk90 YL90 Ym90
YL90 := submatrix( Yp90 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
YL90
Ym90 := submatrix( Yp90 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
6.5942 10 5 8.9055i 4.2203 10 3 + 1.3669i

Yeq90 =
3
0.2701 7.7393i
4.2203 10 + 1.3669i


Fall 2004
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Isleft = 47.61i
Zsrc1pu

1
Is90 := YL90 Ym90
Isleft
Isright
Is90 =
2.9674 10 4 + 7.5352i
0.019 + 6.151i
Zpos90 := Yeq90
1.328 10 4 + 0.1154i 7.9682 10 4 + 0.0204i
4
3
7.9682 10 + 0.0204i 4.7809 10 + 0.1326i
Zpos90 =

F
F'

Z11 - Z12
Z22 - Z21
Zf_left_p90 := Zpos90
VsF
0, 0
VsF'
Zf_right_p90 := Zpos90
Zpos90
1, 1
Vs90 := Zpos90 Is90
Vs90 =
0, 1
Zpos90
Zf_left_p90 = 6.6401 10
1, 0
+ 0.0951i
Zf_right_p90 = 3.9841 10
+ 0.1123i
0.9949 + 6.3227i 10 3
0.9692 + 0.0379i
Zpos_eq90 := Zf_left_p90 + Zf_right_p90
Vpos_eq90 := Vs90
0, 0
Vs90
1, 0
Zpos_eq90 = 3.3201 10
Vpos_eq90 = 0.0257 0.0316i
+ 0.2073i
arg ( Vpos_eq90 ) = 129.1115 deg

Vpos_eq90 = 0.0407


Fall 2004
Zneg_eq90 := Zpos_eq90
So the positive and negative equivalents are identical to the 10% case
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since the load is ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Ypr900 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
1
0
+
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
0
31.74i
0
31.74i
Ypr900 =
3.5267i
0
30.5057i 3.174i
0
31.74i
3.174i 34.914i
Yk900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 ) YL900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) Ym900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
Y90zero := Yk900 YL900 Ym900

Z90zero := Y90zero
YL900
Y90zero =
3.1151i 0.3368i
0.3368i 2.6099i
Z90zero_eq := Z90zero
0, 0
Z90zero
0, 1
+ Z90zero
1, 1
Z90zero
1, 0
Z90zero_eq = 0.6301i
Also identical to 10% case.

Vpos_eq90
Iopen1_90 :=
Zpos_eq90 +
1
1
Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90
Iopen1_90 = 0.088 + 0.0695i


Fall 2004
Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90 + Z90zero_eq
Zneg_eq90
Zneg_eq90 + Z90zero_eq
Iopen2_90 = 0.0664 0.052i
Iopen0_90 = 0.0216 0.0175i

Iopen0_90
IR1abc_open90 := A1 Iopen1_90
Iopen2_90
0.176
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877
Only difference from 10% case is angle of Ia, which has a magnitude of 0
Vzero_open90 := Iopen0_90 Z90zero_eq
Vzero_open90 = 0.011 0.0136i
Vneg_open90 := Iopen2_90 Zneg_eq90
Vneg_open90 = 0.011 0.0136i
Vpos_open90 := Vpos_eq90 Iopen1_90 Zpos_eq90
Voltages at R1:
Vpos_open90 = 0.011 0.0136i
V1_line1_90 := Iopen1_90 Zline1_1pu Vpos_open90

V2_line1_90 := Iopen2_90 Zline1_2pu Vneg_open90
V0_line1_90 := Iopen0_90 Zline1_0pu Vzero_open90
V0_line1_90
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_90
I012_line2_90 :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_90
Zline2_2pu
Iabc_line2_90 := A1 I012_line2_90
0.0216 0.0175i
I012_line2_90 = 0.2175 0.1743i
0.0631 0.0528i
0.3887

Iabc_line2_90 = 0.2271
0.2302


Fall 2004
0.1757
polarities)
Iopen0_90
Isrc012_open90 := Iopen1_90 + I012_line2_90
Iopen2_90
Isrc_abc_open90 := A1 Isrc012_open90
0.3055 0.2437i
Isrc012_open90 =
3.3514 10 3 7.6289i 10 4
0.3887

Isrc_abc_open90 = 0.3896
0.3942
38.9819
arg ( Isrc_abc_open90) = 158.1152 deg
81.3395
0

1

2
VR10_open90
0.995

VR1abc_open90 := A1 VR11_open90
VR12_open90
0.995
0.3655

119.6276
Again, identical to 10% case.

Phase A open on Line 1 at 90%, with both loads included for comparison:
Almost the same as the 10% case, only the impedances from F to node 3 and from F' to node 4 in the
figure are reversed. The resulting 2 port equivalent will be identical, as will the rest of the
results.
ZL1 := Rld1_pu_pos + j Xld1_pu_pos
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_1pu
.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
0
0
.1 Zline1_1pu
0.1 Zline1_1pu
Y90 :=
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
+
.9 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
Zsrc1pu
ZL1
Zline2_1pu
.9 Zline1_1pu
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu
ZL2
.1 Zline1_1pu
Zline2_1pu


Fall 2004
0
10.58i
0
10.58i
0
95.22i
0
95.22i
Y90 =
10.58i
0.16 67.832i
9.522i
0
0
0.32 104.982i
95.22i
9.522i
Yk90 := submatrix( Y90 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 )
YL90 := submatrix( Y90 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 )
Yeq90a := Yk90 YL90 Ym90
YL90
Ym90 := submatrix( Y90 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
6.5942 10 5 8.9055i 4.2203 10 3 + 1.3669i

Yeq90 =
3
0.2701 7.7393i
4.2203 10 + 1.3669i
Isright := 0
Isleft :=
1.0
Isleft = 47.61i
Zsrc1pu

1
Isleft
Isright
Is90 := YL90 Ym90
Is90 =
0.0183 + 7.5216i
0.0336 + 6.1399i
Zpos90a := Yeq90a
2.0165 10 4 + 0.1154i 8.6219 10 4 + 0.0203i

Zpos90a =
4
3
8.6219 10 + 0.0203i 4.8429 10 + 0.1326i

F
F'

Z11 - Z12
Z22 - Z21
Zf_left_p90a := Zpos90a
VsF
VsF'
0, 0
Zf_right_p90a := Zpos90a
Vs90a := Zpos90a Is90 Vs90a =
Zpos90a
1, 1
0, 1
Zpos90a
0.9923 + 9.6003i 10 3
0.9666 + 0.041i
Zf_left_p90a = 6.6054 10
1, 0
Zf_right_p90a = 3.9807 10
+ 0.0951i
+ 0.1123i


Fall 2004
3
Zpos_eq90a := Zf_left_p90a + Zf_right_p90a

Vpos_eq90a := Vs90a
0, 0
Vs90a
Zpos_eq90a = 3.3201 10
Vpos_eq90a = 0.0257 0.0314i
1, 0
+ 0.2073i
arg ( Vpos_eq90a) = 129.3017 deg

Vpos_eq90a = 0.0406
Zneg_eq90a := Zpos_eq90a
So the positive and negative equivalents are still nearly identical to the 10% case
The zero sequence circuit will be a little different, since both of the loads are ungrounded.
Find the Ybus:
1
1
0
0
0.9 Zline1_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
0
0
0.1 Zline1_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Ypr900 :=
1
1
1
1
1
0
+
+
0.9 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
Zsrc0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.9 Zline1_0pu
1
1
1
0
+
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0.1 Zline1_0pu
Zline2_0pu
0
3.5267i
0
3.5267i
31.74i
0
31.74i
0
Ypr900 =
3.5267i
0
30.5057i 3.174i
0
31.74i
3.174i 34.914i
Yk900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 ) YL900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ) Ym900 := submatrix( Ypr900 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 3 )
Y90zero := Yk900 YL900 Ym900

Z90zero := Y90zero
YL900
Y90zero =
3.1151i 0.3368i
0.3368i 2.6099i
Z90zero_eq := Z90zero
0, 0
Z90zero
0, 1
+ Z90zero
1, 1
Z90zero
1, 0
Z90zero_eq = 0.6301i


Fall 2004

Vpos_eq90a
Iopen1_90a :=
Zpos_eq90a +
Zneg_eq90a + Z90zero_eq
Iopen1_90a = 0.0875 + 0.0696i
Iopen2_90a := Iopen1_90a
Z90zero_eq
Iopen0_90a := Iopen1_90a
Zneg_eq90a
Iopen2_90a = 0.0661 0.0521i
Iopen0_90a = 0.0215 0.0175i

Iopen0_90a
0
IR1abc_open90a := A1 Iopen1_90a
IR1abc_open90a = 0.174
Iopen2_90a
0.175
without load 1 included

we found the following
0.176
arg ( IR1abc_open90a ) =
There is a very small difference

except for the angle of Ia, which
has a magnitude of 0 anyway
Only difference from 10% case is angle of Ia, which has a magnitude of 0
Vzero_open90a := Iopen0_90a Z90zero_eq
Vzero_open90a = 0.011 0.0135i
Vneg_open90a := Iopen2_90a Zneg_eq90a
Vneg_open90a = 0.011 0.0135i
Vpos_open90a := Vpos_eq90a Iopen1_90a Zpos_eq90a
Voltages at R1:
135
37.8203 deg
114.6779
Vpos_open90a = 0.011 0.0135i
V1_line1_90a := Iopen1_90a Zline1_1pu Vpos_open90a

V2_line1_90a := Iopen2_90a Zline1_2pu Vneg_open90a
V0_line1_90a := Iopen0_90a Zline1_0pu Vzero_open90a
45
38.0104 deg
114.4877


Fall 2004
V0_line1_90a
Zline2_0pu
V1_line1_90a
I012_line2_90a :=
Zline2_1pu
V2_line1_90a
Zline2_2pu
0.0215 0.0175i
I012_line2_90a = 0.2164 0.1745i
0.0627 0.0529i
0.3877
Iabc_line2_90a = 0.2265
Iabc_line2_90a := A1 I012_line2_90a
0.2296
IR1abc_open90a = 0.1742
0.1753
polarities
Iopen0_90a
Isrc012_open90a := Iopen1_90a + I012_line2_90a +
Iopen2_90a
0
1.0
ZL1
0
0.4639
0.3641i
Isrc012_open90a =
3.3454 10 3 7.4997i 10 4
Note that an approximation for

the positive sequence load 1
current is added in. Rough
approx for positive sequence
voltage. Assume essentially no
negative or zero sequence voltage
0.5876
38.3886
Isrc_abc_open90a := A1 Isrc012_open90a Isrc_abc_open90a = 0.5885 arg ( Isrc_abc_open90a) = 157.8176 deg
0.5931
81.8171
VR10_open90a := 0.0 Isrc012_open90a Zsrc0pu
0

1
VR10_open90a = 0
3
VR11_open90a = 0.9924 9.7438i 10

2
VR12_open90a = 1.5752 10
+ 7.0266i 10


Fall 2004
VR10_open90a
0.992

VR1abc_open90a := A1 VR11_open90a
VR1abc_open90a = 0.992
VR12_open90a
0.992
0.995

Without load 1, we found the

following. Most of the change
is due to the voltage drop due
to the current drawn by load 1
0.995
0.5585
arg ( VR1abc_open90a ) = 120.5638 deg
119.4346
0.3655

119.6276
C. Compute the voltages and currents seen at point R1 for the following faults located 10% and 90%
of the way down line 2 from the source end: SLG, 3, LL, and Phase "a" open. Also sketch phasor
diagrams. Set the fault impedances at zero.

Positive Sequence:
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
1
1
Zline1_1pu
ZL1_right_pos
+
ZL1_left_pos
Zthev1 = 0.031i
Negative Sequence:
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
1
1
Zline1_2pu
ZL1_right_neg
+
ZL1_left_neg
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 = 0.0315i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.2836i
Zthev2 = 0.031i


Fall 2004
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
1
1
ZL1_left_0 + Zline1_0pu + ZL1_right_0
Zthev0 = 0.0719i
Three Phase Fault 10% down line 2:

Vf1 := 1.0
If3ph1a3 :=
Vf1
If3ph1a3 = 32.278i
Zthev1

( ZL1_left_pos)
IR1a_3ph = 30.6641i
Voltage at R1:
also
1.6139
VR1_3ph_abc3 := VR1a3 pos
voltage drop across

source impedance...
pos := a2
a

1.6139

IR1_3ph_abc3 = 1.6139
VR1a3 = 0.322
0.322
VR1_3ph_abc3 = 0.322
0.322
90
arg ( IR1_3ph_abc3) = 150 deg
30
2.3785 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc3) =
120
15
120
deg
Note that the voltages are R1 do not change, since we have the same impedance looking back to the
source. In all of the cases looked at here, the voltage at R1 will be the same for the fault in either line.
I0_slg3 :=
Vf1
I0_slg3 = 7.4682i


Fall 2004
I1_slg3 := I0_slg3
I2_slg3 := I1_slg3

Current At R1:
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_slg3 = 0.3734i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_slg3 = 0.3734i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_slg3 = 0.3734i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg3 = 0.3137
VR11_slg3 = 0.8431
VR12_slg3 = 0.1569

IR10_slg3
IR12_slg3
VR10_slg3
VR12_slg3
IR1abc_slg3 =
1.12
0
0.373
VR1abc_slg3 = 1.087
1.087
90
32.0071
15
2.2012 10
arg ( VR1abc_slg3) =
127.1796
R1 sees the same angles on the current, but much smaller magnitudes.
127.1796
deg


Fall 2004

I1_ll3 :=
Vf1
I1_ll3 = 16.139i
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll3 := I1_ll3
I0_ll3 := 0

Current At R1:
IR10_ll3 := I0_ll3
IR11_ll3 := I1_ll3
IR12_ll3 := I2_ll3
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_ll3 = 0

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_ll3 = 0.8069i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_ll3 = 0.8069i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll3 = 0
VR11_ll3 = 0.661
VR12_ll3 = 0.339

IR10_ll3
IR12_ll3
IR1abc_ll3 = 1.398
1.398
arg IR1abc_ll3
arg IR1abc_ll3
VR10_ll3
VR12_ll3
VR1abc_ll3 = 0.573
0.573
) = 180 deg
) = 2.6414 10
14
deg
150.8481


Fall 2004

Vf1
I1_dlg3 :=
Zthev1 +
I1_dlg3 = 18.9984i
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg3 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg3 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg3
I0_dlg3 = 5.7189i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
I1_dlg3
Zthev2 + Zthev0
I2_dlg3 = 13.2795i

Current At R1:
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_dlg3 = 0.2859i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_dlg3 = 0.9499i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_dlg3 = 0.664i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg3 = 0.2402
VR11_dlg3 = 0.601
VR12_dlg3 = 0.2789

IR10_dlg3
IR12_dlg3
IR1abc_dlg3 = 1.462
1.462
arg IR1abc_dlg3
arg IR1abc_dlg3
) = 162.9398 deg
) = 17.0602 deg


Fall 2004
VR10_dlg3
VR12_dlg3
1.12

VR1abc_dlg3 = 0.343
0.343
125.6047

Positive Sequence:
1
1
Zthev1 := Zsrc1pu +
+
ZL1_left_pos Zline1_1pu + ZL1_right_pos
Zthev1 = 0.073i
Negative Sequence:
1
1
Zthev2 := Zsrc2pu +
+
ZL1_left_neg Zline1_2pu + ZL1_right_neg
Zthev2 = 0.073i
Zero Sequence:
ZL1_left_0 = 0.2836i
ZL1_right_0 = 0.0315i
1
1
Zthev0 := Zsrc0pu +
+
ZL1_left_0 Zline1_0pu + ZL1_right_0
Zthev0 = 0.198i
Three Phase Fault at 90% of line 2:

Vf1 := 1.0
If3ph1a4 :=
Vf1
Zthev1
If3ph1a4 = 13.7007i

( ZL1_left_pos)
IR1a_3ph4 = 6.1653i


Fall 2004
Voltage at R1:
pos := a2
a

6.1653

IR1_3ph_abc4 = 6.1653
6.1653
VR1_3ph_abc4 := VR1a4 pos
voltage drop across

source impedance...
VR1a4 = 0.7122
0.7122
VR1_3ph_abc4 = 0.7122
0.7122
90
arg ( IR1_3ph_abc4) = 150 deg
30
1.0096 10
arg ( VR1_3ph_abc4) =
120
15
120
deg
The currents in line 1 are almost the same magnitude as seen by R1 for faults at 90% of line 1 and 90%
of line 2 (7.54pu versus 6.153pu). Angles do not change.
I0_slg4 :=
Vf1
I1_slg4 := I0_slg4
I2_slg4 := I1_slg4

I0_slg4 = 2.9075i


Fall 2004
Current At R1:
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_slg4 = 1.3084i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_slg4 = 1.3084i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_slg4 = 1.3084i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_slg4 = 0.1221
VR11_slg4 = 0.9389
VR12_slg4 = 0.0611

IR10_slg4
IR12_slg4
VR10_slg4
VR12_slg4
IR1abc_slg4 =
3.925
0
0.756
VR1abc_slg4 = 1.032
1.032
90
32.0063
arg ( VR1abc_slg4) = 122.9378 deg

I1_ll4 :=
Vf1
Zthev1 + Zthev2
I2_ll4 := I1_ll4
I0_ll4 := 0

I1_ll4 = 6.8504i
122.9378


Fall 2004
Current At R1:
IR10_ll4 := I0_ll4
IR11_ll4 := I1_ll4
IR12_ll4 := I2_ll4
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_ll4 = 0

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_ll4 = 3.0827i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_ll4 = 3.0827i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_ll4 = 0
VR11_ll4 = 0.8561
VR12_ll4 = 0.1439

IR10_ll4
IR12_ll4
IR1abc_ll4 = 5.339
5.339
arg IR1abc_ll4
arg IR1abc_ll4
VR10_ll4
VR12_ll4
VR1abc_ll4 = 0.794
0.794
Zthev0 Zthev2
Zthev0 + Zthev2
I0_dlg4 :=
Zthev2
I2_dlg4 :=
Zthev0
I1_dlg4 = 7.9167i
I1_dlg4
I0_dlg4 = 2.1326i
I1_dlg4
I2_dlg4 = 5.7841i
Zthev2 + Zthev0
Zthev2 + Zthev0
14
deg
129.029
Vf1
Zthev1 +
) = 2.5046 10
I1_dlg4 :=
) = 180 deg


Fall 2004

Current At R1:
( ZL1_left_0)
IR10_dlg4 = 0.9597i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR11_dlg4 = 3.5625i

( ZL1_left_0)
IR12_dlg4 = 2.6028i
Voltage at R1:
VR10_dlg4 = 0.0896
VR11_dlg4 = 0.8337
VR12_dlg4 = 0.1215

IR10_dlg4
IR12_dlg4
IR1abc_dlg4 = 5.53
5.53
arg IR1abc_dlg4
arg IR1abc_dlg4
VR10_dlg4
VR12_dlg4
1.045

VR1abc_dlg4 = 0.729
0.729
) = 164.9117 deg
) = 15.0883 deg
122.1729


Fall 2004
Phase A open Fault 10% and 90% Down Line 2

As seen in the earlier cases, the 10% and 90% results are identical
The voltages at R1 will be unchanged since the two lines are identical (with or without load 1 included).
The currents at R1 will be the same as the currents in Line 2 in the earlier case.
0.3887

Iabc_line2_10 = 0.2271
38.9819

arg ( Iabc_line2_10 ) = 170.4489 deg
0.3887

Iabc_line2_90 = 0.2271
38.9819

arg ( Iabc_line2_90 ) = 170.4489 deg
0.2302
0.2302
93.3579
93.3579


Fall 2004

A. Sketch Per Unit Circuits For The System in The Sequence Domain. Use V

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A. Sketch Per Unit Circuits For The System in The Sequence Domain. Use V

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UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Power System Protection

Session 6; Page 1/42

Do the following for the system below:

System impedances in ohms:

System Impedances in per unit

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 2/42

Loads (model as series impedance)

Rload1 := Re( Zload1)

Rload2 := Re( Zload2)

Xload1 := Im( Zload1)

Xload2 := Im( Zload2)

Negative sequence equivalent:

Positive sequence equivalent:

Zero Sequence Equivalent:

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 3/42

ZL1_right_pos := 0.9 Zline1_1pu

ZL1_right_neg := 0.9 Zline1_2pu

ZL1_right_0 := 0.9 Zline1_0pu

ZL1_left_0 Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0

Now repeat the calculations with the loads included

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 4/42

Zline2_1pu 0.1 Zline1_1pu

0.1Zline1_1pu 0.9 Zline1_1pu

Zline2_1pu + 0.1 Zline1_1pu + 0.9 Zline1_1pu

If there is no fault, then the equivalent for the line is

Zeq1_1 + Zeq2_1 = 0.0525i

Zright_1 := Zeq2_1 + Rld2_pu_pos + j Xld2_pu_pos

and earlier we found

So there is a small difference:

This is a smaller error

The negative sequence impedances will be the same.

To find current at R1, we need a current divider:

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 5/42

VR1a := 1.0 If3ph1a Zsrc1pu

Positive Sequence Rotation:

IR1_3ph_abc := IR1a_3ph pos

VR1_3ph_abc := VR1a_3ph pos

voltage drop across

arg ( IR1_3ph_abc) = 150 deg

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 6/42

Note that these have significantly different magnitude scales.

SLG Fault 10% Down Line 1

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 7/42

Voltages at fault point:

VR11_slg := 1.0 I1_slg Zsrc1pu

VR12_slg := 0.0 I2_slg Zsrc2pu

Phasors in ABC domain:

arg ( IR1abc_slg) = 32.0075 deg

UI: ECE 525/NTU: PS 756-S

Session 6; Page 8/42

LL Fault 10% Down Line 1

Voltages at fault point:

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

( ZL1_left_0 + Zline2_0pu + ZL1_right_0 )

VR11_ll := 1.0 I1_ll Zsrc1pu