A report on

Low cost Flow Control Strategies in Network-on-Chips

Submitted by
Naveen kumar garika
M.Tech ,cse
Roll No 15CS13F

The list of papers to start the survey

1.Flow control machenism for wire less network on chip - >ling wang and zhen wang, yingtao
jiang
2.Prototyping of a Network-on-Chip on Spartan 3E FPGA - >Huynh Viet Thang, Pham
Ngoc Nam
3. A Survey of Network-On-Chip Tools - >Slim Ben Saoud , Ahmed Ben Achballah
4.UsingWormhole Switching for Networks on Chip Feasibility Analysis and Microarchitecture Adaptation->Zhonghai Lu
5.Distributed Flow Control and Buer Management for Wireless Network-on-Chip ->Yi
Wang and Dan Zhao
6.Research on Cluster Control Strategy of Distributed Flexible AC transmission System->LI
Ming and WANG Yue, WANG Zhaoan
7.Design and Implementation of power Flow control for a Novel Dual Input DC-DC Converter ->Fazel taeed ,Ziwei ouyang,Morten Nymand and Michael A.E.Andersen
8.A Wireless Network-on-Chip Design for Multicore Platforms ->Chifeng Wang, Wen-Hsiang
Hu, Nader Bagherzadeh
9.Design of Multi-Channel Wireless NoC to Improve On-Chip Communication Capacity >Dan Zhao and Yi Wang,Jian Li and Takamaro Kikkawa

Contents

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
4

2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK

SYSTEM MODEL:

4 conclusion

5 The list of papers to start the survey table:

List of Figures

Router Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of Tables

This survey we expected:

In this survey we expected in network on chip provieds a ow control strategies.Network

on chip or network on a chip (NoC subsystem on an integrated circuit (commonly called
a "chip"), typically between intellectual property (IP) cores in a system on a chip (SoC).
NoCs can span synchronous and asynchronous clock domains or use unclocked asynchronous
logic. NoC technology applies networking theory and methods to on-chip communication
and brings notable improvements over conventional bus and crossbar interconnections. NoC
improves the scalability of SoCs, and the power eciency of complex SoCs compared to
other designs. According to these problems,we propose a new scheme to adjust the packet
size and injection rate without an extra controller, we also import an arbitration strategy
called the Prioritized Fast-Forwarding to optimize the assignment of its to the same next
output port.

1
1.1

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Network on chip (NoC) provides a network based interconnect infrastructure that facilitates
the communications among a slew of function cores in a modern System-on-chip (SoC) design. Apart from topology, switching technique and routing strategy adopted in an NoC,
ow control scheme that regulates the packet injection rates is another determining factor
that impacts the NoC eciency. The propose a Feedback-Based end-to-end congestion control scheme that supports Wireless NoC to make adjustment automatically upon receiving
a feedback message, the source node will adjust its packet size and transmission rate accordingly. Besides, an arbitration optimization strategy, fast-forward scheme is imported
to assign higher priority to the downstream its at the same input port and to the same
next output port, thus lighten the resource waste caused by the rest communication tasks.
Finally, simulation results indicate the superiority.
2

BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK

As the semiconductor processing technology is advanced to sub-nano one, there are several
side eects awaited. One of critical issues is a wiring delay. While the speed of basic elements
such as gate delay becomes much faster, the wiring delay is growing exponentially because of
the increased capacitance caused by narrow channel width and increased cross talk. Therefore, if this trend be sustained, the wiring is one of the critical issues to be concerned. In
communication between several cores in System-on-Chip (SoC) environment, some prevailing
mechanisms for this purpose are several bus-based architectures and point-to-point communication methodologies. For simplicity and ease of use, the bus-based architectures are the
most common. However, in bus-based architecture, it has fundamentally some limitation in
bandwidth, i.e. while the number of components attached to the bus is increased, a physical
capacitance on the bus wires grows and as a result its wiring delay grows even further. To
overcome the fundamental limitation of scalability in bus-based architectures, some advanced
bus architectures such as ARM,AMBA,OpenCore WISHBONE System-on-Chip (SoC) interconnection , and IBM CoreConnect, are adopted. In designing NoC systems, there are
several issues to be concerned with, such as topologies, routing algorithms, performance,
latency, complexity and so on. Among these factors, nothing can be independent in deciding
an NoC architecture. There are several dierent kinds of topologies. where a fat-tree architecture is used to interconnect IP blocks. In this fat-tree, every node has four children and
the parent is replicated four times at any level of the tree. This architecture consists of an
m x n mesh of switches interconnecting computational resources (IPs) placed along with the
switches. The Torus architecture is basically the same as a regular mesh. The only dierence
is that the switches at the edges are connected to the switches at the opposite edge through
wrap-around channels. MP-SoC architecture with a basic octagon unit consisting of eight
nodes and 12 bi-diretional links. Each node is associated with a processing element and a
switch. Communication between any pair of nodes takes at most two hops within the basic
4

octagonal unit. An interconnect template following a Butter y Fat-Tree (BFT) architecture

where the IPs are placed at the leaves and switches placed at the vertices. As a feasible
topology in NoC systems, the mesh is getting popular for its modularity; it can be easily
expandable by adding new nodes and links without any modication of the existing node
structure. As the mesh nodes can be used as basic components in on-chip communication,
they are potentially important components to accomplish a scalable communication model in
NoC environment . Another reason behind this popularity is the notion of being partitioned
into smaller meshes, which is a desirable feature for parallel applications
3

SYSTEM MODEL:

1.Addictive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) endto-end control model: Like the
conventional end-to-end congestion control model.destination node could send some information to the source node to adjust the packet size and injection rate when a tail it of a
packet arrives at it. A novel measure standard based on deterministic XY routing algorithm to predict the congestion condition of the end-to-end on-chip network using the idea of
o-chip TCP/IP sliding window protocol. Packet size will be adjusted by addictive increase
when the network is predicted going to be congested and multiplicative decrease when the
network is predicted going to be free. On the basis of the characteristics of the wireless
antenna, trac load should not be given on those wireless nodes. Each clock cycle, only one
it will be able to be transmitted to the next node in wireless and no more than 5 its will be
transmitted itself. Not like the condition in those wired routers which could easily get load
balance, serious congestion will occur if those ows which via wireless channel could not get
a reasonable control. Therefore, to face the wireless or especially hybrid on-chip network,
the proposed AIMD scheme dierentiates between wired and wireless Condition. there are
three situations should be processed.Situation 1 belongs to the typical wired condition; in
situation 2, though the ow passes by the red wireless node, it has not used the wireless
channels to transmit, therefore, situation 2 is also belong to the wired condition; only in
situation 3, transmission crossed two adjacent wireless nodes in radio signal. In summary,
situation 1 and 2 belong to the wired condition; situation 3 belongs to the wireless condition.
Both two conditions will be expounded in the following part.

i) Situations in wired:
In a wireless and wired hybrid WNoC structure, including situation 1 and situation 2, both
the source node and the destination node are in the same Subnet. Due to the numerous researches in NoC, characteristics of wired transmission will no longer be introduced. Assume
that NN represents a wired-to-wired hop, similarly, WN represents a wireless-to-wired hop,
NW represents a wired-towireless hop and WW represents a wireless-towireless hop. So a
wired ow could be dened as a ow without WW hop.
ii) Situations in wireless:
As mentioned above, a wireless transmission ow is a ow which with at least one WW
hop, like situation 3. Though wireless transmission could save up the multi-hop forwarding
cost, the parallelism of communication is not better than wired transmission. Further, if we
use the identical strategy to handle the wireless transmission,congestion in those wireless
nodes will be inevitable.
2.Design of packet structure:
We use the parameter RTT (Round-Trip Time) to do the next prediction. The so called RTT
in our proposed study has already been a familiar term in o-chip network of TCP domain.
The it and feedback signal structures Meanwhile, we only need to compute the dierence
value between the contiguous 2 RTT time of the packets in the same communication task
like RTTpre and RTTcurr. In wired condition, the MSB of Time eld will be constant 0,
however, in wireless condition, it has the possibility to be 1, which means the ow that
this packet passed has been congested in wireless node. The destination node will send a
corresponding feedback it to the source node. Never mind the eld of Time, because 7 bits
in most extreme cases are still enough.
C. Structure of wired router and wireless router:
A wired router has 4 output port, East, West, South, North and a local PE. For wireless
routers have 4 additional wireless output port, the total ports number is 9.The additional
packet marker will be activated when any of the
6 4 channels in wireless have been congesting.
As long as the congestion has not been released, the packet marker will modify the MSB of
Time eld in every it about to be transmitted.

Figure 1: Router Structure

conclusion

we examine the proposed congestion control scheme, for a typical NoC architecture. We have
simulated a NoC with 16*16 Mesh topology which consists of 256 nodes. In our scenario,
packets traverse the network on a determine-stic path using XY routing. The two trac
models adopted in the experiment .Uniform Random model, where every source node has
equal probability to communicate with all other nodes; Random distributed hotspot model
7

(hereinafter, the Random Hotspot), where 8 hotspot nodes are introduced and they have to
handle 15% of the total network trac.

The list of papers to start the survey table:

Paper
Multicasting
at the Host
Interface
Level
in
Wormhole
Networks

Research on
Cluster Control Strategy
of Distributed
Flexible AC
transmission
System

Method
back-pressure
ow control,
and
source
routing,
to
implement
local
and campus
networks
with
Gb/s
links.Ideally,
the wormhole
LAN should
perform
as
a very high
speed LAN

State of art
Multicasting
in Wormhole
Networks
and Wormhole Routing
Networks

Drawback
While sending multiple
copies seems
more appealing for small,
scattered
multicast
groups, the
other strategies account
for a shorter
transmission
activity at the
originator,
and can exhibit superior
performance
depending on
the topology
and on the
trac load, as
will be shown
later on. Indeed,
since
host adapters
are equipped
with a single
transmitter
the novel D- the equivalent
FACTS tech- loss resister is
nology
then calculated. As can be
found, that
the equivalent
loss resister is
almost constant as the
line current
change

based on the
relationship
between DSSC and SSSC,
the
cluster
control
strategy
of
D-FACTS is
emphasized.
By analyzing
the loss of
DSSC
and
adaption of
SSSC
AC
equivalent
model
to
DSSC
Master -slave The

Advantage
The
multiple
unicast
approach,
despite
its
scalability
problems,
has the big
advantage
of simplicity, avoiding
adapter buer
deadlock
prevention
mechanisms

dramatically
decrease
property
when injection voltage is
low.

im- Controller

The

Result
solutions
for
reliable, ecient,
lowlatency
multicasting at
the host adapter
in
wormhole
networks using
fully distributed
schemes, without centralized
controller.

the
eciency
loss issue, by
fully
develop
the
potential
of
DFACTS
concept. With
proper cluster
control strategy,
the
eciency
of D-FACTS is
guaranteed with
high value in all
operation region
along with continuous power
ow
control
capability.
convert A control strate-