Vortex Care & Safety

Vortex Care & Safety
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8000 B.C.:
3000 B.C
6000 B.C
2255 B.C
2100 B.C
2700 B.C
2500 B.C
800 B.C
1500 B.C
705 B.C
432 B.C
710 B.C
52 A.D
206 B.C
700 - 1500
1596
1775
1829
2002
600
1870
1915 - 1919
2010
1885
Ancient Plumbing
Modern Plumbing
Plumbing originated during the
Present-day water-supply systems

use a network of high-pressure
pumps, and pipes are now made of
copper, brass, plastic, or other
nontoxic material. Due to leads
toxicity, lead has not been used in
modern water-supply piping since the
1930s in the United States, although
lead was used as a solder until 1986.
Drain and vent lines are made of
plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead.
The "straight" sections of plumbing
systems are pipes or tubes. A pipe is
typically formed via casting or welding,
where a tube is made through extrusion.
Pipe normally has thicker walls and may
be threaded or welded, where tubing is
thinner-walled and requires special
joining techniques such as brazing
compression fitting crimping or for
plastics, solvent welding
ancient civilizations such as the

Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and
Chinese civilizations as they
developed public baths and needed to
provide potable water, and drainage
of wastes. Standardized earthen
plumbing pipes with broad flanges
making use of asphalt for preventing
leakages appeared in the urban
settlements of the Indus Valley
Civilization by 2700 B.C. The Romans
used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent
water theft
Improvement in plumbing systems
was very slow, with virtually no
progress made from the time of the
Roman systems of aqueducts and lead
pipes until the growth of modern
cities.
Water systems of ancient times relied
on gravity for the supply of
water,
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using pipes or channels usually made
What is High rise Structure ???

A high-rise building is a structure whose
architectural height is between 35 and 100
meters. A structure is automatically listed as a
high-rise when it has a minimum of 12 floors,
whether or not the height is known. If it has
fewer than 40 floors and the height is
unknown, it is also classified automatically as
a high-rise.
A multi-storey structure between 35-100
meters tall, or a building of unknown height
from 12-39 floors.
The six-member
high
rise committee
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Care & Safety
The term High-Rise is very ambiguous, meaning one

thing to one person and something else to another. In search
to overcome ever-escalating cost of land, as well as the
scarcity of appropriate sites, builders have adopted the
philosophy of building vertically rather than horizontally.
Some visionaries have already proposed vertical cities to
maintain our open spaces and halt the devastation of open
spread. Buildings are going higher rather then wider. During
the 1930s and 40s a six story was considered highrise , and
few buildings which exceeded this height were classified as
SKY SCRAPERs. During the 50s, 20 and 30 storey became
common place and during the 60s, the 100- storey building
was no longer oddity.
Gravity feed System:

Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve
required pressure. For proper operation of the
system, the gravity tank is located at least 30 ft or
10 m above the highest outlet or consumer. In tall
buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing
valves in the lowest floors before the fittings.
Advantages of gravity system:
Extreme simplicity : There are no complicated or
sophisticated controls
Most Reliable : It is the only system which has a
available in the event of the power or water supply
failure
Economical: Operating
costs are much less and
Pressure is to be
controlled with
the help of prv
stations where
ever it exceeds
max. pressure
limits
Break
pressure
tanks to be
provided at
regular
intervals
Gravity
Tank
PG
PG
Suction
Tank
City Main
Pump
Gravity Feed System

Use less energy: Pump head, therefore

horse power is less then required in other
systems. The pumps operate to replenish the
tank and then shut off so that a high horse
power pump is not requires to satisfy light
demands as is required for the tank less
booster pump system. The pumps operate on
optimum duty point on the pump curve for
the greater efficiency and less energy
wastage.
Minimum pressure variations in the
distribution systems.
Disadvantages of Gravity System
Hydro-pneumatic pressure system

Is a modernization of the older gravity tank
method of water supply. Its main purpose is to
control or boost a limited supply pressure to a
higher or more uniform value so that a continuous
and satisfactory water supply will be available at
all fixtures within the system.
A suitable pump, a pressure tank and essential

control devices for making the system operate
automatically with the least amount of supervision.
The pump is used for supplying the required
amount of water into the tank at the proper
pressure while the tank acts as a storage vessel for
the proper ratios of water and air within the
pressures and levels
maintained
by the control
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Hydro pneumatic pressure boosting
Pressure to
controlled with the
help of prv stations
where ever it
crosses the Max.
pressure limit
Pressure Vessel
PG
City
Main
Suction
Tank
Advantages:
Does not have to be elevated
Can be located anywhere in the building.
Can save valuable space by being located
outside the building
It is not exposed to the outer elements.
Disadvantages:
Inside corrosion of tank and piping is danger
due to addition of air in the tank.
A pressure variation of 20 psi is normal in the
system pressure.
Pumps of higher head are required.
Higher initial and operating costs than gravity
Pressure requirements in Plumbing

Hydraulics
Model plumbing codes limit the pressure supplied to a
fixture to 80 psi
One feet head equates to pressure of 0.433 psi
1(feet) = 0.433 psi (pound per square inch)
Any Building Over 100 ft tall will require more then one
water Distribution
- 104 x 0.433 = 45 psi
- 45 + 25 = 70 psi
- 10% safety factor and friction.
- Say 80 psi, there fore a system should never be
designed above 80 psi.
The most demanding fixtures are:
e.g W.C = 25 psi , Shower = 20 psi
Pressure Zoning
Building Over 10 storeys in height requires multiple
water piping zoneVortex Care & Safety
Pressure and velocity effects on plumbing

system
Excessive pressures and velocities do present
some very real dangers:
Excessive wear or erosion of piping.
Wire drawing of valve seats with resultant
maintenance problems.
Hydraulic shock and the resulting stresses
that could rupture pipes or damage
equipments.
Damage to fixtures or equipment which are
not designs for high pressure or velocity.
Wasted water
atCareoutlets
due to high rates of
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& Safety
Hydro Pneumatic System
Hot water System
Solar Heating System
Local Heating System
Swimming Pools
Drainage
Shower
W.
B
Sink
W.C
Floor Finish
Vent Pipe
Combined Soil & Waste
Drainage Line
Connections Typical for all floors
External Drainage Line

One Pipe System
Shower
W.
B
Sink
W.C
Soil
Pipe
Vent Pipe
Drainage Line
Vent Pipe
Waste Pipe
Floor Finish
Connections Typical for all floors
Gulle
y
Trap
External Drainage Line
Two Pipe System
Drainage
Flow conditions in plumbing Drainage:
The flow in the stack tends to cling to the wall
of the pipe. There is a slight
spiral motion as the water flows down the
pipe.
Terminal velocity occurs after 3 stories of flow.
VT = 3.0 (q/d)2/5
where :
q = flow rate in gpm
VT = terminal velocity in stack,
d = diameter in inches
Terminal velocity in drainage is same from 4th
to 100 th storey.
Drainage in the stack is the same for a hotel
or an office building.
Venting:
Air movement is within the conventional stack, which

pressures attempt
to balance between the floors
Relief vent must be located every 10 ten branch intervals
down from
the top of stack for conventional systems
Storm Water Drainage

Storm water piping is probably subjected to the
most frequent movement of any plumbing system, but not
necessarily the maximum expansion . the movement is
due to the frequently changing difference in the outside
temperature relative to the inside temperature. Low
temperature flow in the storm water piping will cause
condensation to form on the outside of the piping in the
building. It is therefore advisable to insulate all storm
water offsets to prevent condensation from staining
ceilings. The higher the buiding the more economical its
use becomes, but even far importance than the
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economies realized,Vortex
controlled
flow roof drainage is one of
Rain Water Harvesting

Terrace Lvl
Storm Water Harvesting

Storm Water run off is collected
in filtration (silt remover)
through Channels
Over Flow is
connected
to the Bore well
Water is pumped back for non potable use
Filtratio
n
Harvesti
ng Tank To Non Potable water Tanks For Flushing & Irrigation Purpose
PreTreatment
Pre-treatment removes
materials that can be
easily collected from the
raw waste water before
they damage or clog the
pumps and skimmers of
primary treatment
clarifiers (trash, tree
limbs, leaves, etc.). It
Includes
Screening
Grit removal
Flow equalization
Fat and grease

removal
Primary
Treatment
Primary treatment
consists of temporarily
holding the sewage in a
quiescent basin where
heavy solids can settle to
the bottom while oil,
grease and lighter solids
float to the surface. The
settled and floating
materials are removed
and the remaining liquid
may be discharged or
subjected to secondary
treatment.
Secondary
Treatment
Secondary treatment
removes dissolved
and suspended
biological matter.
Secondary treatment
is typically performed
by indigneous, waterborne microorganisms in a
managed habitat.
Secondary treatment
may require a
separation process to
remove the microorganisms from the
treated water prior to
discharge or tertiary
treatment
Non Potable water

Tank for
Fishing & Irrigation
Sewage Treatment Plant

Over Flow to
Municipal Sewer
Tertiary
Treatment
Tertiary treatment is
sometimes defined as
anything more than primary
and secondary treatment in
order to allow rejection into
a highly sensitive or fragile
ecosystem (estuaries, lowflow rivers, coral reefs,...).
Treated water is sometimes
disinfected chemically or
physically (for example, by
lagoons and microfiltration)
prior to discharge into a
stream, river, bay, lagoon or
wetland, or it can be used
for the irrigation of a golf
course, green way or park.
If it is sufficiently clean, it
can also be used for
ground water recharge or
agricultural purposes.
Treated
Water
Tank
Plumbing fixtures are divided in to following

classes:
Water Closets
Urinals
Lavatories
Sinks
Service Sinks
Bath tubs
Showers
Drinking Fountains
Bidets.
A Water Closet is a Closet that disposes of human
waste by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to the
main sewer stack
A Urinal is a specialized toilet for urinating into. It has the
form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and
automatic or manual flushing.
A sink (also basin, hand basin and wash basin) is a
bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for
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dishwashing or other
Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water
and may include a spray feature to be used for faster rinsing. They
also include a drain to remove used water; this drain may itself
include a strainer and/or shut-off device and an overflow-prevention
device. Sinks may also have an integrated soap dispenser
Service Sink is a Deep fixed basin, supplied with hot and cold
water, which is used for rinsing of mops, disposal of cleaning water,
or washing clothes and other household items.
A bath tub or tub (informal) is a large container for holding water
in which a person may bathe (take a bath). Most modern bathtubs
are made of acrylic or fiberglass, but alternatives are available in
enamel over steel or cast iron, and occasionally waterproof finished
wood. A bathtub is usually placed in a bathroom either as a standalone fixture or in conjunction with a shower
A shower (or shower-bath, walk-in shower, steam shower) is
an area in which one bathes underneath a spray of water
A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to provide
drinking water and has a basin arrangement with either
continuously running water
or a
tap. The drinker bends down to the
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& Safety
stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream
Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia,

perimeum, inner buttocks, and anus. They may also be used to
clean any other part of the body such as feet. Despite appearing
similar to a toilet, it would be more accurate to compare it to the
wash basin or bathtub.
Traps
Trap plays an very important part where drainage is
concerned, it is a part of sanitary appliance which is
designed to hold a quantity of water. This part of water is
called a trap seal, trap seal acts as a barrier to prevent air
from passing out from water and in to the room
The primary purpose of the trap is to prevent the passage of
air, odours or vermin through it from the sewer in to the
buildings. The require of the ideal trap is as follows.
It must be able to pass used water freely without
mechanical help.
It must be self cleansing.
It must have seal,prefarably more then 50 mm deep.
It must have strong and proof against leakage from it of
gas or liquid.
It must have no recess or cavities or pockets.

It must have no internal projections to catch hold hair, lint, bits of
matches.
Bottle Traps:
This device is provided that recieves wastes from washbasins,
kitchen sinks and other appliances where the appliances do not
have built in traps in it.
Nahani / Floors Traps:

The waste water from floors, wash basins and sinks are often taken
to waste pipe through floor traps. The depth of water seal provided
is about 50 mm .
Gully traps
The function of this trap is to form an obstacle to the passage of foul
gases from the interior of the drain or waste to the outside and thus
to prevent the surrounding air being polluted by sewage gas.
Grease Traps
It is the device installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures
for the purpose of separating grease from the liquid and retaining
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& Safety in the waste pipe from sinks
the grease. A grease trap
isCare
required
Sewer Trap
This trap is installed where internal sewer line connects to the main
(city sewer) sewer line. So that the odor in the mains do not enter
the internal sewer of the building.
Galvanised Iron Pipes:

Although GI pipes are widely used in india , GI pipes are more
prone to corrosion. Corrosion in pipes reduces the bore diameter
and subsequent water flow in the pipe and shortens its life span.
GI pipes usually give service not more then 20 years.
Copper Pipes
Use of copper pipes is as old as our civilization, they are easy to
assemble ,they do not rust and do not require painting, which in
case of hot water pipes avoids the unpleasant smell of warm
paint. The very smooth internal surface offers a very low frictional
resistance to flow of water. The joints commonly used are
compression joints and capillary joint. Both these joints can be
safely used for higher temperatures and pressures of water.
Plastic Pipes
Now a days plastic pipes are becoming more and more common,
due to their properties of corrosion resistance, light weight and
economy.
LDPE
Low density poly ethylene pipes are flexible and this material is
used up to 63mm diameter pipes. These pipes are recommended
for usage in long runs. These pipes require supports at closer
intervals due to flexibility. These are not suitable for internal
supply system.
HDPE
These are tougher compared to LDPE. These a pipes are not used
in smaller sizes due to practical difficulties.
cPVC
Chlorinated poly vinyl chloride pipes are made from speciality
thermoplastics, These pipes are useful for hot and cold water
distribution. Pipes can withstand temperature upt o 93 deg C
without insulation. This material do not support combustion
increasing the fire safety of building
uPVC
unplasticized (Rigid) poly vinyl chloride pipes are widely used for
cold water services internal/external water supply system, water
mains, rain water system, soil /waste piping system and also in
underground drainage
piping.
PPRC
Green polypropylene Random Copolymer pipes are green in
colour and are made as per DIN standards these pipes are
reliable for hot and cold water supply. The pipes are designed
to last for 50 years at a pressure of 10 kg/cm2 and temp. Of
60 deg. C.
PE-AL-PE
These re polyethylene aluminum composite pipes that
combines the best features of both material to form a pipe
that is light, strong, and does not support corrosion. These are
designed for hot water reliability up to 95 deg.C for 50 years.
It is clean non corroding plastic interior, there will be never a
problem of odor, colour, taste, etc.
Sanitary fittings
Spouts, mixers, waste couplings valves, faucets and
stop cocks are called fittings and are used for
controlling the flow into, through, and from the pipe.
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect

straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or
shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring
fluid flow.
Material with which a pipe is manufactured often forms as the
basis for choosing any pipe. Materials that are used for
manufacturing pipes include:
Carbon Steel (CS)
Low Temperature Service Carbon Steel (LTCS)
Stainless Steel (SS)
Non-Ferrous Metals (Inconel, Incoly Cupro - Nickel etc.)
Non-Metallic (ABS, PVC, HDPE, tempered glass, etc. )
Chrome-molybdenum steel (Alloy steel) Generally used for
high temperature service
Elbow: is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or
tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90 or 45 angle
though 22.5 elbows are also made. The ends may be machined
for butt welding threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc.
When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing
elbow or reducer elbow.
Coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the
Union : is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick

and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture
replacement.
Reducer: allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow
requirements of the system, or to adapt to existing piping of a
different size.
Olets are generally used Whenever branch connections are required
in size where reducing tees are not available .
Tee is the most common pipe fitting. It is available with all female
thread sockets, all solvent weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld
sockets and a side outlet with female threads.
Cross fittings : are also called 4-way fittings. If a branch line passes
completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross. A cross has one
inlet and three outlets, or vice versa. They often have solvent welded
socket ends or female threaded ends
Cap: is a type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, which covers
the end of a pipe. A cap is used like plug
Plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside
the fitting it is mated.
Nipple is defined as being a short stub of pipe which has external
male pipe threads at each end, for connecting two other fittings.
Barb is used to connect flexible hoses to pipes.
Valve is equipment designed
to& stop
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Safety or regulate flow of any fluid
(liquid, gas, condensate, stem, slurry etc.) in its path.
Closet flange is the drain pipe flange to which a water closet

(toilet) is attached. It is a specialized type of flange connection
designed to sit flush with the floor.
Clean-outs are fittings with removable elements that allow
access to drains without requiring removal of plumbing fixtures.
Trap primers regularly inject water into traps so that "water
seals" are maintained, as necessary to keep sewer gases out of
buildings.
Combination tee (combo tee) is a tee with a gradually curving
center connecting joint. It is used in drain systems to provide a
smooth, gradually curving path to reduce the likelihood of clogs.
Sanitary tee is a tee with a curved center section designed to
minimize the possibility of siphon action that could draw water
out of a trap.
Double Sanitary tee differs from a standard cross in that two of
the ports have curved inlets. The fitting has been used in the past
for connecting the drains of back-to-back fixtures
Wye is a "Y" shaped fitting which allows one pipe to be joined to
another at a 45 degree angle.
Double-tapped bushing is a fitting that has opposing threads
on the inside diameter of the bushing
Fastening of pipes
A fastener is a hardware device that
mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects
together.
A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw thread at
one or both ends for assembly. Steel pipe is often
joined using threaded connections
A Solvent is applied to PVC, CPVC, ABS, or other
plastic piping, to partially dissolve and fuse the
adjacent surfaces of piping and fitting.
To make a Solder connection, a chemical flux is
applied to the inner sleeve of a sleeve type joint,
and the pipe is inserted.
Brazing is a thermal joining process in which the
two pieces of the base metal are joined when a
molten brazing filler metal is allowed to be drawn
into a capillary gap
between them.
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