REL 670 Line Distance

Protection IED

Substation Automation and

Protection Training

ABB AB, 2007

Distance protection basics

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

The principle of distance protection

ZK=Uk/ Ik
Uk

Uk=0

Zk

metallic fault
B

Ik

Z<

ABB AB, 2007

The impedance is proportional to the distance!

2007-10-03
2

Substation Automation and Protection Training

ABB AB, 2007

The principle of distance protection

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

ABB AB, 2007

The principle of distance protection

2007-10-03
4

Substation Automation and Protection Training

ABB AB, 2007

The principle of distance protection

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

The principle of distance protection

ABB AB, 2007

Reach (measurement)
independent of fault
current level

Local current and voltage measurement.

2007-10-03
6

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

I can measure the fault distance.

I can put some timers..

ABB AB, 2007

What can I do?

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

Z<

Z<

Distance protection has different functional zones with different

impedance reaches

ABB AB, 2007

With a combination of distance reach setting and functional delay

for each zone selectivity is relatively easy to achieve.

2007-10-03
8

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<
t3
t2

ABB AB, 2007

t1

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

B
f1

Z<

f2

Z<
t3
t2

ABB AB, 2007

t1

2007-10-03
10

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Combination of reach and timers: selectivity

t3
t2
t1

C
f3

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<
t3
t2

ABB AB, 2007

t1

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

11

Which characteristic area? Metallic fault

The relay measures one impedance
The impedance is a vector in the
impedance plane (phasor).

ABB AB, 2007

For a metallic fault (fault resistance =

0), the distance is proportional to the
line impedance ZL.

2007-10-03
12

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Which characteristic area? Resistive fault

The relay measures the sum between
line impedance (if fault at 100% of the
line) and the fault resistance

ABB AB, 2007

The impedance is a vector in the

impedance plane (phasor).

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

13

Radial feeder mapping of faults in Z plane

How will a resistive fault look like in the impedance plane?
Z1

I
L1

Z1
L2

Tower Footing Resistance

R5

R4

R3

R2

R1

Z1
L3

R1
ZN

N
I

ZN

Z1

R2

R3

R4

ABB AB, 2007

R5

2007-10-03
14

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Radial feeder Quadrilateral characteristic

The white region is the impedance locus we want to cover with the distance
protection characteristic.
R1
ZN
Z1
R2

R3

R4

ABB AB, 2007

R5

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

15

Quadrilateral vs. MHO characteristics

Short line

Long line
X

X
RF
Quad
Rf Mho

ZL

ZL

ABB AB, 2007

LOAD

2007-10-03
16

Substation Automation and Protection Training

LOAD

Power mapped in the Impedance Plane

ABB AB, 2007

From Power data to PHS load data:

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

17

Power mapped in the Impedance Plane

jX

ABB AB, 2007

2007-10-03
18

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Resistive fault, double infeed

VA = Z A I A + (I A + I B ) RF

Zm =

I +I
VA
= Z A + A B RF
IA
IA

The fault has more or less fault resistance.

If the fault is an arcing fault the fault resistance is normally very small.

ABB AB, 2007

The influence of the fault resistance depends on the fault current

infeed from the remote line end.

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

19

Resistive fault, double infeed

UNDERREACH!

The fault resistance seen by the

distance protection can be
increased compared to its real
value.

Zm = Z A +

ZA

Fault resistance settings according to radial feeder settings may not

be enough. SOLUTION IS IN SETTINGS.

ABB AB, 2007

I A + IB
RF
IA

RF

I A + IB
RF
IA

2007-10-03
20

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Resistive fault, double infeed load export

The apparent fault resistance
can also get a phase shift,
depending on the load
conditions before the load.
There is a risk that zone 1 will
trip for faults outside its border
on the reactive direction!.

Zm = Z A +

OVERREACH!

RF

I A + IB
RF
IA

I A + IB
RF
IA

ZA

ABB AB, 2007

SOLUTION IS IN THE DISTANCE PROTECTION ALGORITHM

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

21

Resistive fault, double infeed load export and import

A

Import

Export
ZL

No compensation

Um

Um

Z<

Z<

Dynamic
X

Export

compensation

Import
X

ZL

ABB AB, 2007

R
R
2007-10-03
22

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Export of load compensation for ZM01

Automatic dynamic
compensation:
ZM01

ABB AB, 2007

No compensation:
ZM02, ZM03, , ZM05

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

23

Remote faults and remote back-up

Due to fault current contribution substation B (not seen by

relay in A), the distance protection in station A will measure
a higher impedance than the "true" impedance to the fault.

The relay will underreach and this means in practice it can

be diffcult to get a remote back-up.
A

ZL
UA

IA

B IB2

IB1

ZF

If=IA+IB1+IB2

Z<

VA = Z L I A + (I A + I B1 + I B 2 ) Z F

VA
I +I +I
= Z L + A B1 B 2 Z F
IA
IA

SOLUTION IS IN LARGER SETTINGS and in the use of

DIFFERENT SETTING GROUPS

ABB AB, 2007

Zm =

2007-10-03
24

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Remote faults and remote back-up

X

ZM04 Remote back-up

Remote fault I
want to see

ZM03 Remote back-up

ZM02
LOAD

ZM01

ABB AB, 2007

ZM05

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

25

Remote faults and remote back-up

X

ZM04 Remote back-up

Remote fault I
want to see
BUT I CANT SEE
BECAUSE
I HAVE REDUCED
THE RESISTIVE REACH!

ZM03 Remote back-up

ZM02
LOAD

ZM01

ABB AB, 2007

ZM05

2007-10-03
26

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Remote faults and remote back-up

X

ZM04 Remote back-up

Remote fault I
want to see

ZM03 Remote back-up

L

O
CR
EN
D
OA

A
RE
TA
N
E
HM
AC

ZM02
LOAD

ZM01

ABB AB, 2007

ZM05

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

27

Additional applications
Isolated or High Impedance Grounded Networks

ABB AB, 2007

Series Compensated Lines

2007-10-03
28

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Isolated Networks
First ground fault (A):
Distance protections (Z<1 and
Z<2) cannot see any fault.
There is almost no fault
current.
UL1 drops in the network

ABB AB, 2007

There is a phase-ground fault,

but the system can be kept
energized and can continue to
run.

2007-10-03

Substation Automation and Protection Training

29

Isolated Networks
Second ground fault (B):
Distance protections (Z<1 and
Z<2) will see this as 2-phase
fault:
UL1 and UL2 drop in the
network.
Both relays would trip threephase.

ABB AB, 2007

We want to trip only one line

instead, and keep the system
running with one ground-fault.

2007-10-03
30

Substation Automation and Protection Training

Isolated Networks Phase preference Logic

The logic is controlled by
3I0, 3U0 and cross-country fault
detection.
When a cross country fault is
detected (fault presence in more
than one phase), only one line is
tripped, according to the phase
preference logic:
cyclic

132, 312

acyclic

132, 123, 321, 312, 213, 231

acyclic bl. 132, 123, 321, 312, 213, 231

ABB AB, 2007

no preference

2007-10-03
31

Substation Automation and Protection Training