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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Mitigation of uncertainty and intermittency in the availability of generation from wind farm
(WF) is a challenging task for the WF designers and energy market operators. Battery energy
storage system (BESS) is a promising option for mitigating the stochastic characteristics of wind
generation availability and enabling the integrated WF and storage system that can be dispatched in
the same manner as that of a conventional generating unit . Since BESS is an expensive and energy
limited resource, an intelligent utilization strategy should be devised to maximize the benefits
offered by the bess
The BESS-integrated WF has been proposed in the literature to reduce the variability of wind
generation . The concept of a BESS-integrated WF, as shown in Fig. 1, is to store the generated
wind energy during the high wind speed time intervals and supply the stored energy during the low
wind speed time intervals. The control strategies of the BESS integrated WF are required to perform
an effective and efficient operation.
A STATCOM-based BESS control strategy has been developed in using the average value of
the next hour WF output to maintain a constant hourly WF dispatched output. The BESS control
strategy proposed in uses wind generation output and battery state-of-charge (SOC) feedback to
secure a constant generation output during each dispatch interval. A first-order low-pass filter-based
BESS control strategy has been developed in to smoothen the WF generation. An energy pricebased BESS control strategy is proposed in [10] to mitigate the WF generation fluctuation within an
hour. However, these BESS control methods require exact wind speed forecasting and constant
power output during each dispatch interval, which cannot be guaranteed due to the uncertainty in
the forecasted wind speed a BESS control strategy is presented to achieve the firm dispatch levels
during charging and discharging periods considering the uncertainty in wind generation output.
According to this control strategy, maximum service life time of BESS is achieved through the
completion of a fully charging cycle followed by a discharging cycle which allows the BESS to
charge up to the maximum SOC level and to discharge up to the specified depth-of-discharge
(DOD) level. However, in this strategy, the dispatch schedule need is to be revised based on the
realized actual WF power output. In this paper, a stochastic programming model is proposed In this
paper, a stochastic programming model is proposed to schedule the BESS-integrated WF dispatch

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level during each dispatch interval considering the uncertainty in the wind generation output and
energy price forecasting.
A rank-based dispatch algorithm has been developed for multiple battery energy storage units
(BESU s) in a BESS, accounting the scheduled dispatch level submitted to the energy market
operator in advance, and the realized WF generation output. The ranked BESU dispatch algorithm
is developed to maintain an equal lifetime of each BESU and to restrain frequent switching between
the charging and discharging modes

Fig.1. BESS-integrated WF schematic diagram

Wind farm using BESS

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Fig. 2. Forecasted maximum and minimum values of normalized:

(a) WF Generation ; (b) system demand; and (c) energy price.

WIND FARM :
A wind arm or wind park is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce
electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines and cover an
extended area of hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for
agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm can also be located offshore.

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