EE 4183 -Laboratory practice VI

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

Instructed by: Dr. W.D. Prasad

Name

: C.T.Dalugoda

Index no

: 120078M

Group

: G06

Field

: Electrical

Engineering
Conducted on : 08/08/2016
Submitted on : 20/10/2015

OBSERVATION SHEET
Name

: C.T.Dalugoda

Index No

: 120078M

Group

: G06

Department

: Electrical Engineering

Date of Performance

: 08/08/2015

Instructed By

: Dr. W. D. Prasad

a) Short circuit armature current oscillogram

Pre-short circuit line voltage
= 70V
Steady short circuit current
= 4.0 A
Generator Speed
= 1500rpm
No of pole pairs
=2

Figure 1: Armature current variation on sudden short circuit

b) Field current oscillogram

Figure2: Variation of field current

Steady state field current = 200mA
c) Open circuit armature voltage waveform

Figure3: Armature voltage on sudden open circuit from a steady short circuit
d) Slip test

Minimum phase current =

5.1A

Maximum phase current =

5.4A

Minimum phase voltage =

41.8V

Maximum phase voltage =

42V

Generator speed

1468rpm

Figure4: Armature line voltage during slip test

Figure5: Armature current during slip test to obtain the maximum current

Figure6: Armature current during slip test obtain minimum current

THEORY
According to the theoretical derivations the short circuit Peak-Peak armature current waveform is
given by the following mathematical expression.
t

2 2 V s
1 1
1
I s/ c(Pk Pk)=
+ 2 2 V s ' e T + 2 2 V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
xd
xd xd
xd
'
d

I s/ c =

I a (Pk Pk)

I s/ c =

2 V s
xd

1 1
1
+ 2V s ' e T + 2 V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
xd xd
xd
'
d

Field current variation is given by following equation

}} right ) - {{T} rsub {kd}} over {{T} rsub {a}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {a}}} cos (t) right ]

Td
T
1 kd
t
'
Td

e
( x dx 'd )
I f =I f 0 + I f 0

x'd
Open circuit voltage waveform is given by following expression
}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d0} rsup {'}}} cos {left (t+ {} rsub {0} right )} - sqrt {2} {V} rsub {s} {left ({x} rsub {d} rsup {'} - {x} rsub {d} rsup {

xd

V a= 2 V s cos ( t +0 ) 2V s

( x d x 'd )

}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d0} rsup {

d

cos ( t +0 )

Using these equations we can find following parameters

Xd, Xd, Td, Xd, Td, Tdo, Tdo, Ta, Xd, Xq
Isc
B

I1
A

From the above scale we can determine that A is equal to the steady state term so it must be
A=
x d=

2V s
xd

2V s
A

Then b can be calculated as follows

B=lim I a (PkPk) =
t 0

2 V s
xd

1 1
1
+ 2 V s ' e T + 2V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
x
xd
xd
d
'
d

}}

x d
2 V s
B=

} = {sqrt {2} {V} rsub {s}} over {B} ---2

x d
Using the above plot we can extract data for I1 we can draw I1 Vs t on a semi log plot with log scale
used for I1
t

1 1
1
I 1 =2 V s ' e T + 2V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
xd xd
xd
'
d

I1 (log scale)

I2

C/e

t
subtransien
t

1 1
C=lim 2 V s ' e T
t0
xd xd

'
d

T1

t (linear scale)

C= 2V s
,

x d=

1 1

x 'd x d

2V s
A +C
,

From the same graph we can obtain

T d=T 1

From the graph of I1, now extract data for I2 (see the diagram) & plot I2 Vs t on a semi-log paper, with
log scale used for I2
I 2 =2 V s

1
x

}} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
d

I2 (log scale)

D
D/e

T2

From the graph

T 'd' =T 2

t (linear scale)

CALCULATIONS
I.

Armature current sudden short circuit

Assuming that there is negligible effect from the double frequency component, we neglect that part
and considering a symmetrically varying transient waveform (i.e. dc component is zero, 0 =0)
We can simplify the peak to peak variation of the Ia waveform.
t
2 2V s
1 1
1
I a(PkPk )=
+2 2V s ' e T + 2 2 V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
xd
xd x d
xd
The peak variation can be get as
'
d

I s/ c =

I s/ c =

2 V s
xd

I a (Pk Pk)
2

1 1
1
+ 2V s ' e T + 2 V s }} - {1} over {{x} rsub {d} rsup {'}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
x
xd
xd
d
'
d

Time (ms)
00
10

Half peak-peak value of Ia (A)

21.0
19.0

ln (Ia)
3.04
2.94

20

15.0

2.71

30

13.5

2.60

40

11.5

2.44

50

10.5

2.35

60

10.0

2.3

70

9.50

2.25

80

9.25

2.22

90

9.00

2.2

100

8.50

2.14

110

8.25

2.11

120

8.00

2.08

130

7.75

2.05

140

7.70

2.04

150

7.60

2.03

160

7.50

2.01

170

7.40

2.00

180

7.20

1.97

190

7.00

1.95

200

7.00

1.95

210

7.00

1.95

Graph of ln(Ia) peak Vs time

Time (ms)
00
10

ln (Ia)
3.04
2.94

20

2.71

30

2.60

40

2.44

50

2.35

60

2.3

70

2.25

80

2.22

90

2.2

100

2.14

110

2.11

120

2.08

130

2.05

140

2.04

150

2.03

160

2.01

170

2.00

180

1.97

190

1.95

200

1.95

210

1.95

Graph of ln(Ia) peak Vs time

3.2
3.1
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.4
Armature current (ln scale)

2.3
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
0

50

100

150

Time (ms)

200

250

From the above graph;

3.08

A=e

=21.76

B=e 1.95=7.03
Stator is star connected;
V s=
Xd=

70V
=4 0.41V
3

2 V s 2 4 0.41
=
=8.130

X 'd' =

7.03

2 V s 2 40.41
=
=2.627
A

21.76

Using the x component from the graph in step 1 (step 2)

x = e 3.087.03 = 14.72
ln(x) = 2.69
Time (ms)

ln(x)

00

2.69

10

2.38

20

2.09

30

1.82

40

1.58

50

1.35

60

1.15

70

0.98

80

0.84

90

0.74

100

0.68

110

0.67

Log scale of x Vs. Time

Time(ms)

ln(x)

00

2.69

10

2.38

20

2.09

30

1.82

40

1.58

50

1.35

60

1.15

70

0.98

80

0.84

90

0.74

100

0.68

Graph of ln(x) Vs time

f(x) = 0x^2 - 0.03x + 2.69

2.5

1.5

x(ln scale)

0.5

0
0

20

40

60
Time (ms)

80

100

120

From the above graph;

C=e 1.9=6.69
C
ln ( )=0.90
e
D=76 ms

X 'd =

1
1
C
+
X d 2 V s

1
1
6.69
+
8. 13 2 40.41

=4. 166

T 'd=D=76 ms
Obtaining y;
Time (ms)

ln(C)

ln(x)

x-C=y

ln(y)

1.850

6.36

4.30

73.70

67.34

4.21

1.800

6.05

3.50

33.12

27.07

3.30

12

1.775

5.90

3.05

21.12

15.22

2.72

16

1.675

5.34

2.70

14.88

9.54

2.26

20

1.600

4.95

2.40

11.02

6.07

1.80

24

1.550

4.71

2.20

9.03

4.32

1.46

28

1.500

4.48

2.00

7.39

2.91

1.07

32

1.425

4.16

1.85

6.36

2.20

0.79

36

1.375

3.96

1.75

5.75

1.79

0.58

40

1.325

3.76

1.70

5.47

1.71

0.54

Log scale of y Vs Time

Time (ms)

ln(y)

4.21

3.30

12

2.72

16

2.26

20

1.80

24

1.46

28

1.07

32

0.79

36

0.58

40

0.54

ln(y) Vs Time
12

10

ln(y) (A)

0
0

10

15

20

25

Time(ms)

30

35

40

45

From the above graph;

E=e 4.05=57.40
E
ln ( )=3.05
e
F=10.5 ms

T 'd' =F=10.5 ms
Xd

T 'do=T 'd

T 'do' =T 'd'

'
d

=69

8.447
ms=135.32 ms
4.307

X 'd
4.307
=10.5
ms=23.52 ms
''
1.923
Xd

From figure short circuit armature current;

Time (ms)

I s/ c = Iapk/2
(A)

(Ia +ve pk) + (- Ia ve pk)

15

21.5

43

35

14

28

55

11.5

23

75

18

95

16

115

16

135

14

155

14

175

14

Time (ms)
Envelop mean of
Vs Time

(Ia +ve pk) + (- Ia ve pk)

short circuit current

15

43

35

28

55

23

75

18

95

16

115

16

135

14

155

14

175

14

From the graph

G = 34.5
G
=12.7
e
Ta=H=149 ms

(Ia +ve pk) + (- Ia ve pk) Vs Time

40

35

30

25

(Ia +ve pk) + (- Ia ve pk) (A)

20

15

10

0
0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180 200

Time(ms)

II.

Field current variation is given by following equation.

kd
}} right ) {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d} rsup {
d
t
t
'
Td
kd T a

e (

T
e cos ( t ) ]
Ta

I f =I f 0+ I f 0

( x d x 'd )

x 'd
Substituting the values we get Tkd =0 & I f 0=0.3 s
t
t
( 8.4474.307 ) 0.069
0.0105
I f =0.3+ 0.3
e
e
4.307

I f =0.3+ 0.288 e 0.069 e 0.0105

III.

Open
circuit

voltage is given by
x

}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d0} rsup {'}}} cos {left (t+ {} rsub {0} right )} - sqrt {2} {V} rsub {s} {left ({x} rsub {d} rsup {'} - {x} rsub {d} rsup {
d
'
d
d
a
s
0
s
0
}} {e} ^ {{-t} over {{T} rsub {d0} rsup {
d

V = 2 V cos ( t + ) 2V

(x

x )

cos ( t + )

V a=

t
( 8.4474.307 ) 0.13532
( 4.307
e
cos (2 50 t ) 2 41.57
2 41.57 cos ( 2 50 t ) 2 41.57
1.923
1.923 38.6

V a=58.79 cos ( 314.16 t )126.57 e7.39 t cos ( 314.16 t ) +72.88 e42.52 t cos ( 314.16 t )

Time(s)

IV.

From the slip test we can obtain the values for

( V a , Pk Pk ) max
2 68
x d=
=
= 8.18
2 4.8 3
( I a , PkPk ) min
x Q=

x d and

x Q as follows

( V a , PkPk ) min
2 67
=
= 7.74
2
5 3
( I a , PkPk ) max

DISCUSSION
1.) Compare the parameters computed using the short circuit current oscilogram, open circuit
oscilogram and the slip test.
Test

Parameter
Xd
Xd

Value
8.447
1.923

Td
Xd
Td
Tdo

69ms
4.307
10.5 ms
135.32

Tdo

ms
23.52

Ta
Xd
Xq

ms
149 ms
8.17
7.74

Short circuit
current
oscillogram
Slip Test

When we compare values of these tests it is important to notice that most of the values are measured
using the help of parameters that were calculated using short circuit current oscillogram. Values are
obtained graphically rather than directly measuring them. So there can be significant instrumental, round
off and human errors inside these calculated parameters. When they are used for derivation, the derived
values can also contain errors. So these errors can be added up or canceled off giving a possibility for
more erroneous results.

2.) Compare the agreement of theoretical and observed oscillogram of short circuit field current and
open circuit line voltages.

The observed and theoretical graphs of short circuit field current are almost agree except a
sudden drop and a recovery of current in observed graph.The field current rises suddenly on the
application of the short circuit and returns back to its pre fault value. But the important point is
theoretical graph is taking more time to achieve pre fault condition. This is because we neglect the
effect of damper windings for theoretical calculation. But in an actual synchronous machine, the
effect of the damper winding is significant in these kinds of situations.
In both theoretical and practical open circuit line voltage graphs, transient and sub transient
components are dominant initially. In practical oscillogram, transient component decay out quickly,
but in theoretical graph, it takes few cycles to decay transient and sub transient effects.

3.) Discuss the features of short circuit oscillogram of phase and field currents.
In short circuit oscillogram we can identify 4 components in the transient behavior. They are,
(1) Transient component
(2) Sub transient component
(3) DC offset component
(4) Steady state component

Generally sub transient period lasts for 3-4 cycles of current. However transient period is long
and lasts for some hundreds of cycles.
In case of a synchronous machine, the armature and field windings can be assumed almost purely
inductive because they do not contain any capacitance and their resistances are almost negligible in
comparison to their inductive reactance. So the flux linkages in the armature circuit and the field
circuit cannot be changed suddenly by the application of short circuit to the armature winding. For
maintaining these flux linkages constant, large changes of current may take place in both windings
when the short circuit occurs in order to keep their respective flux linkages constant.We can see that
sudden hike of current in both phase and field current oscillogram practically.

4) Discuss the importance of short circuit study.

When a sudden short circuit occurring at the three terminals of a generator while on no load
conditions and with full terminal voltage is the most severe disturbance that a generator can undergo.
Under these short circuit conditions generator has sudden increases of armature and field currents. These
short circuit conditions may also incur high mechanical stress on generators. So in order to provide
sufficient safeguard and countermeasures it is important to know about the behavior of the generator
under these circumstances.