Modern Surveying: VSVN Polytechnic College., Virudhunagar

Engineering Education
for todays classroom.
VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR
MODERN SURVEYING
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
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SURVEYING
Surveying is the science and art of

determining the relative positions of points
above, on, or beneath the earths surface and
locating the points in the field.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases

1. Decision Making selecting method, equipment and
final point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection making measurements
and recording data in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing preparing
calculations based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation plotting data to
produce a map, plat, or chart in the proper form.
5. Stakeout locating and establishing monuments or
stakes in the proper locations in the field.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Categories of Surveying
1. Plane Surveying surveying with the reference
base for fieldwork and computations are assumed to
be a flat horizontal surface.
2. Geodetic Surveying surveying technique to
determine relative positions of widely spaced points,
lengths, and directions which require the
consideration of the size and shape of the earth.
(Takes the earths curvature into account.)
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Types of Surveys
1. Photogrammetry mapping utilizing data obtained by camera or
other sensors carried in airplanes or satellites.
2. Boundary Surveying establishing property corners, boundaries,
and areas of land parcels.
3. Engineering Surveying providing points and elevations for the
building Civil Engineering projects
4. Topographic Surveying collecting data and preparing maps
showing the locations of natural man-made features and elevations
of points of the ground.
5. Route Surveys topographic and other surveys for long narrow
projects associated with Civil Engineering projects (Highways,
railroads, pipelines)
6. Hydrographic Surveying mapping of shorelines and the bottom

of bodies of water.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Brief History of Surveying

1. Surveying had its beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
2. Greeks: expanded Egyptian work and developed Geometry
3. Romans: developed surveying into a science to create the
Roman roads, aqueducts, and land division systems.
4. Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
5. 18th & 19th Century in the New World: the need for mapping
and marking land claims caused extensive surveying,
especially by the English.
6. 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advanced, population
increased, and land value caused development of licensure for
surveyors in all countries
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Old Equipments
Chain.
Ranging.
Cross Staff.
Steel band.
Tape.
Plane tables.
Compass.
Levelling.
Theodolites. (Vernier &
Micrometer)
Tacheometer.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern Surveying
By the 1970s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use

electronic distance measuring devices, called EDMs were in use.
The advance of technology and miniaturization of electronic
components enabled the building of theodolites that measure angles
electronically, called Electronic Theodolite
Combination of an electronic theodolite and electronic distance
meter, and software running on an external laptop computer known
as a data collector, called Total Station
The Global Positioning System (GPS) was designed for military
applications. Its primary purpose was to allow soldiers to keep track
of their position and to assist in guiding weapons to their targets
A computerized data base management system for capture,
storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data, called GIS
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern Surveying
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern Surveying
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern equipments
Electronic Theodolite
EDM Electronic distance measurement eqp.
Auto Level.
Digital Level.
Laser Level.
Laser Distance meter
Total station.
GPS global positioning system.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern equipments
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern equipments
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern equipments
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Modern equipments
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Electronic Thoedolite
For precise surveys the vernier

theodolites are replaced by modern
theodolites such as optical and
electronic theodolites.
The electronic theodolites have
optical system to scan both
horizontal and vertical circles and
display them digitally on a screen
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
EDM (Electronic Distance meter)
1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter

2. Measurement of distance is done
by a modulated microwave or
infrared carrier signal
3. The distance is determined by
emitting and receiving multiple
frequencies, and determining the
integer number of wavelengths
to the target for each frequency
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Auto Level
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now most commonly used levelling

instruments are - Auto level.
Auto level, as name sounds it has a
auto level compensator and corrects
automatically if instrument goes out
of level within its range.
With auto level:Survey work can be done fast,
Less chances of error,
Magnification available is more,
Range is more,
Image is erect so less chances of
error.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Digital Level
They are not popular instead auto levels

are more extensively used.
The Trimble DiNi Digital Level :
Determine accurate height information
60% faster than with automatic leveling
Eliminate errors and reduce rework with
digital readings
Transfer data to the office easily
Measure to a field of just 30 cm
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Laser Level
The word laser is an acronym for Light

Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation and is the name applied to an
intense beam of highly monochromatic,
coherent light.
Laser rangefinders use these
relationships to calculate Distance
Distance = speed of light * (time/2)
The time refers to time of pulse to go
from the instrument to the tree and back
again
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Laser Distance meter
By using this Laser distance meter we

can calculate the distance, area and
volume accurately
We can use this in night also
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
GPS Global Positioning System.

What is GPS
GPS, which stands for Global Positioning
System, is the only system today able to
show you your exact position on the Earth
anytime, in any weather, anywhere.
Global Positioning System A network
of satellites (24 total 21 in use, 3 spares)
that continuously transmit coded information,
which makes it possible to precisely identify
locations on earth by measuring distance
from the satellites.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
GPS Global Positioning System.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education
EDM + Theodolite
EDM is used to measure the horizontal

distances.
Some EDM are attached with
electronics theodolite which has the
adapter system.
Some are advanced models which itself
reads the distance without theodolite
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Total Station
A Total station integrates the functions

of a Electronic theodolite for
measuring angles, an EDM for
measuring distances, digital data and a
data recorder
Angles and distances, coordinates and
height differences and many other items
can be computed, displayed and stored
into internal memory.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Features of Total Station
Total solution for surveying work,

Most accurate and user friendly,
Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t.
known point (base point),
Compatibility with computers,
Measures distance and angles and displays
coordinates,
Auto level compensator is available,
Can work in lesser visibility also,
Can measure distances even without prismatic
target for lesser distances,
Is water proof,
On board software are available,
Can be used for curve layout after feeding data
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Features of Total Station
New total stations have atmospheric

correction, and auto-focus.
In addition, these series incorporates a
quick distance measuring mode and a
high data storage capacity for increased
productivity.
The new Total station gives the unique
opportunity for long range distance
monitoring of up to 9000m to a single
prism.
Using the scan functionality of software
allows fully automated monitoring of the
prism in direction of the line of sight.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Parts of Total Station
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The
Caruth Institute
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Accessories of Total Station
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
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ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
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ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Total Station Companies
Sokkia
Leica
Trimble
Pentax
Topcon
Nikon
Sanding
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
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Focus
GeoMax Positioning
Kolida
CST
South
Ruide
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Normal Accuracy and ranges of total stations
Angular accuracy up to 1
Distance measured with laser up to 2 KM
Distance measured with infrared rays up to 4
KM.( with single prism)
Capable of storing up to 20,000 points.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Basic Principle of Total Stations

1.
These instruments are measuring the distances of prism

poles mounted with prisms with the help of Laser beam or
Infrared rays.
2.
These signals are emitted by the instrument EDM and
reflected back to instruments by the prism mounted on the
prism poles.
3.
The time interval between emission and reception helps
to calculate the distance as the speed of these signals are
precisely known. D = (t/2) x v
D-Distance, t-Total time taken, v-Velocity
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Inside Total Station
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Inside Total Station
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Setting up of Total Station

Centering:
Place the legs at equal intervals and the
head is approximately level
Fix the tripod shoes in the ground
Place the instrument on the tripod stand
Supporting the instrument with one hand,
tighten the centering screw on the
bottom of the unit
Looking through the optical plummet eye
piece
focus on the Surveying point
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil

Levelling:
Adjust the foot screws to center the surveying
point in the optical plummet reticule
Center the bubble in the circular level by shortening or
by lengthening the tripod leg
Turn the leveling screws until the bubble is centered in
the center circle
Loosen the horizontal clamp to turn the upper part of
the instrument until the plate level is parallel to a line
between leveling foot screws A & B
Center the air bubble using leveling foot screws A & B
simultaneously
Turn the upper part of the instrument through 900
The plate level is now perpendicular to the foot screws
A&B
Center the air bubble using leveling foot screw C
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil

Levelling the Screen:
Press [ON] to power on
Press [TILT] in the second page of
Meas mode to display the circular level on
the screen
Center the bubble in the circular level
Set the tilt angle to 00 using foot screws
A&B
for the X direction and leveling screw C for Y
direction
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil

Focusing and Target Sighting
Look through the telescope eyepiece at a
bright background
Turn the eyepiece clockwise, anticlockwise little by
little until just before the reticle image becomes
focused
Loosen the vertical and horizontal clamps, then use
the peep sight to bring the target in to the field of view.
Tight both clamps
Turn the telescope focusing ring to focus on the target
Turn the vertical and horizontal and vertical fine
motion screws to align the target with the reticle
Readjust the focus with the focusing ring until there is
no parallax between the target image and the reticle
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil

Eliminating parallax
This is the relative displacement of the target
image with respect to the reticle when the
observers head is moved slightly before the
eyepiece.
Parallax can be removed by focusing the reticle
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Format of Storage in Total Station

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Point Id
Easting (x Coordinate)
Northing (y Coordinate)
Elevation (z-Coordinate)
Point code [String like
TR for tree CW for
compound wall etc]
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Format of Storage in Total Station

The format of storage followed by the
Instrument is as follows
Point ID (May be Number or String), Easting
(X_Coordinate), Northing (Y_Coordinate),
Elevation (Z_Coordinate), Point Code (TR
for Tree, etc,.)
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Soft key Allocation of Total Station
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
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DEPARTMENT
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ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Setting Horizontal Angle to a Required

Value (Horizontal Angle Hold)
Procedure
1. Sight the first target
2. Select (H.Angle) from (Meas) Mode
3. Press (H.Angle) select Angle
4. Enter the required angle then
press OK
1. The input value is displayed
2. Sight the second target
3. The horizontal angle from the value
set to the second target is displayed
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Distance and Angle Measurement

By using (DIST) function angle, distance can be measured
Procedure
1. Sight the target
2. In the first page of Meas mode, press (DIST)
to start distance measurement
3. When measurement starts, EDM information
(distance mode, prism constant correction value,
atmospheric correction factor) is represented by
a flashing light.
4. A short beep sounds, and the measured
distance data (S), vertical angle (ZA) and horizontal
angle (HAR) are displayed
5. Press (STOP) to quit distance measurement.
6. Press (<SHV) S (slope dist.), H (horizontal dist.),
V (ht diff) are displayed
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Remote Elevated Measurement (REM)
An REM is a function used to measure

the height to a point where a target
cannot be directly installed such as
power lines, overhead cables etc.,
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Missing Line Measurement (MLM)

Missing line measurement is used to measure the
slope distance, horizontal distance, and horizontal angle
from the target whish is the reference (starting point)
without moving the instrument. It is possible to change
the last measured point to the next starting position.
Measurement result can be displayed as the gradient between two points.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Co-ordinate Measurement (COORD)

By performing coordinate measurements it
is possible to find the 3-dimensional coordinates of
the target based on station point coordinates,
instrument height, target height, and azimuth angles of
the backsight which are entered in advance
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Resection Measurement
Resection is used to determine the coordinates of an
instrument station by performing multiple
measurements of points whose values are known.
Registered coordinate data can be recalled and set as
known point data.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Setting Out Measurement

Setting out measurement is used to set out the required point
The horizontal angle difference and distance difference are calculated
and displayed using the following formulae.
Horizontal angle difference
dHA = Horizontal angle of settingout datameasured horizontal angle
Distance difference
Sdist : S-O S = measured slope distance
slope distance of settingout data
Hdist : S-O H = measured horizontal distancehorizontal distance of S-O data
Vdist : S-O V = measured height differenceheight difference of S-O data
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Setting-Out Line
Setting out line is used for setting out a required
point at a designated distance from the baseline and
for finding the distance from the baseline to a
measured point.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Setting Out Arc

This mode allows us to define an arc from
various arc parameters, such as From Pt
coordinates, and set out this arc as well as points
(offsets) along
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Offset Measurement
Offset measurements are performed in order to
find a point where a target cannot be installed
directly or to find the distance and angle to a point
which cannot be sighted
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Surface Area Calculation

This function can calculate the area of land enclosed by
three or more known points on a line by inputting the coordinates
of the points. Surface area is calculated by measuring the points
on a line enclosing an area in order or reading in the previously
registered coordinates in order
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Hard wares
Total station with inbuilt programmes.

Tribrach with adopter to hold prism.
[Optional]
Prism pole, prism and target.
Mini prism for setting out.
Down loading cable.
Plotter [A0]
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
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Downloading Total station data by Sokkia Link Software to PC
It is possible to output data within a JOB to a host

Computer or Printer
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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Plotting Software's
Plotting softwares are capable of making

Contour
Layout
LS & CS
Road estimator
Volume cutting
Volume Embankment
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
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Plotting Software's
Autoplotter
Pythagoras
AutoCAD Civil 3D
Foresight
CDS
Survey PRO
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
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What way it is different from conventional methods?
These instruments have detachable bases, which help to

setup quickly over station.
Stand leg heights to be adjusted while setting up.
Prism pole with prism in place of leveling staff or ranging
rod.
No need for manual measurement except the measurement
of height of instrument.
Battery operated (Lasts up to 7 hours)
Up to 4 Km measurement with single prism.
Latitude and longitudes are considered for any survey in
the name of easting and northings.
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
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What way it is different from conventional methods?
Each point will be named with its Id/Code.

No paper work, as calculations are performed automatically.
Combines the use of leveling instrument , Theodolite compass
etc. and does boundless operations.
Surveying can be done during night hours also if the prism pole
is illuminated for emergency.
More costly and self lubricated.
Needs one surveyor and other two persons to hold prism.
Person handling these instruments need not be conversant with
survey theory but essentially a computer literate and must possess
sufficient aptitude.
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Refractorless Total Station

For those targets such as wire
pole, wire, cliff, hill,earth,timber pile,
etc which are not easy or even
impossible to reach, reflectorless
distance measurement can complete
the measurement task easily
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
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Robotic Total Station

The SRX from Sokkia is a fullyrobotic, fully-tracking and autopointing robotic total station, with ondemand target reacquisition
Sokkias SRX has Bluetooth wireless
technology for cable-free use,
making this single-operator total
station even more convenient.
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
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Robotic Total Station

Allow 1-person operation
- follows prism automatically,
controlled from the pole
DEPARTMENT
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Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Smart Station
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Caruth Institute
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Smart Station
Recent developments
include a GPS unit with the
total station
Fully integrated data storage
and data processing, Bluetooth
data transfer or GPRS
DEPARTMENT
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The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
Education
M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil
Smart Station
No need for control points,
long traverses or resections. Just set up
SmartStation and let GPS determine the
position.Then measure and stake out
with the total station.
SmartStations modular design gives you
all the options.
Undertake any type of job.
Save time and money.
Increase your productivity
and profits.
DEPARTMENT
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The
Caruth Institute
for Engineering
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M.Shanmugaraj
Lec/Civil

Modern Surveying: VSVN Polytechnic College., Virudhunagar

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Modern Surveying: VSVN Polytechnic College., Virudhunagar

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Engineering Education

for todays classroom.

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Surveying is the science and art of

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

The work of the surveyor consists of 5 phases

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

6. Hydrographic Surveying mapping of shorelines and the bottom

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Brief History of Surveying

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

By the 1970s, relatively small, lightweight and easy-to-use

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

For precise surveys the vernier

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

EDM (Electronic Distance meter)

1. EDM is Electronic Distance meter

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Now most commonly used levelling

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

They are not popular instead auto levels

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

The word laser is an acronym for Light

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Laser Distance meter

By using this Laser distance meter we

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

GPS Global Positioning System.

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

GPS Global Positioning System.

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

EDM is used to measure the horizontal

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

A Total station integrates the functions

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Features of Total Station

Total solution for surveying work,

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Features of Total Station

New total stations have atmospheric

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Parts of Total Station

VSVN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE., VIRUDHUNAGAR

Parts of Total Station

Parts of Total Station

The Caruth Institute for Engineering Education