Introduction to Transport Phenomena

Mass Transport

CE 389/ENVE 310 Environmental Transport Phenomena

Spring 2005

Course objectives

CE

389/ENVE 310 provides theoretical and practical basis for

understanding and quantifying mass, momentum and energy
transport motivated by examples and applications relevant to
environmental engineering problems.

We

will explore both molecular and macroscopic principles

highlighting unifying principles underlying transport processes
and properties.

Students

are expected to develop proficiency in formulation of

transport problems, making simplifying assumptions, and using an
array of analytical and numerical solution methods.

Synthesis

and addressing coupled transport processes will be

explored primarily through student self-study via class project.

General Information and Grading

Instructor: Dr. Dani Or (CAST 313, 6-2768) dani@engr.uconn.edu

TA:
Alt. Inst.:

Mr. Tao Long (CAST 101, 6-0467) tal03005@engr.uconn.edu

Dr. Ross Bagtzoglou (CAST 327, 6-4017) acb@engr.uconn.edu

Time:
T;Th 3:00-4:30 pm
Location:
CAST 206
Office Hrs: T+Th 2:00-3:00 pm

Text:

Transport Phenomena (Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot)

2nd ed.; Additional materials posted on course webpage;

Supplemental textbook: Welty et al 2001 4th ed.
Webpage:www.engr.uconn.edu/environ/envphys/courses/transport/

Grades:

30% homework assignments (1 week after assignment)

20% each two exams
30% class project (10% presentation; 20% report)
A>90%; B=80-89%; C=70-79%; D=60-69%; F<60%

Expectations and observations

Use office hours as needed (PRIOR to last week of semester).

Pay attention to rules of thumb to develop a sense for order

of magnitude estimation

Check if results make sense no negative volumes, please!

No late HW returns
Exams are open book
You are expected to use ALL available information and make
assumptions regarding missing parts dont get stuck due to
lack of information check, estimate, approximate, & assume

Use SI units to report results & HW (scientific currency)

Dimensional inspection key to success...
Class project an opportunity for guided self exploration.

Class Project Steps & Milestones

Identify a topic of interest discuss with instructor

Be definitive, original synthesis (no google-projects!)
Develop 1-2 page proposal by week 3
Read, study, explore 1st draft report by week 6
Project report and presentation ready by week 10
Format:
Title
Introduction: a brief discussion of the topic, problem formulation
and objectives.

Theoretical basis: governing equations, definitions, parameters.

Solution or Proposed design: key results and figures.
Discussion: discuss assumptions, limitations, significance, broader
applications; integrate transport & engineering challenges.

Literature Cited

Class Project Topics

Coupled transport processes in PEM (Polymer Electrolyte

Membrane/Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells

Kinetic aspects of microbial colony growth

Why are microorganisms small?
Analysis of microprocessor heat control
Modeling tumor growth (analytical or numerical)
Design of slow-release fertilizer capsules
Lattice Boltzmann method - diffusion or flow modeling
Energy balance on a single plant leaf
Gas separation techniques
Analysis and design of evaporative coolers
Drug delivery patches

Week 1-3: Introduction & Mass Transport

Basic Mass, Momentum and Energy transport processes; micro and

macroscopic views; phenomenological laws; driving forces
(gradient); transport coefficients.

Definition of fluxes; conservation principles (divergence);

differential elementary volumes and coordinate systems; boundary
conditions; dimensionless numbers.

Molecular mass transport Ficks law of binary diffusion (BSL Ch.

16); binary gaseous diffusion coefficient kinetic theory
(molecular dynamics); diffusion in liquids and solids.

Effective transport properties (diffusion in suspensions and

through pack of spheres).

Steady and transient diffusion processes in 1-D and higher

dimensions examples and application to transport problems.
(diffusion through stagnant film; diffusion from a point source;
spherical dissolution; diffusion with 1st order reaction; transient
diffusion into infinite medium; and more)

Environmental Transport Phenomena - Scope

Three closely related topics:

Mass transport of chemical species - diffusion

Energy transport - heat transfer and radiation

Momentum transport fluid dynamics

They frequently occur simultaneously

They obey similar basic laws/equations

The mathematical tools for describing these

phenomena are similar and enable analogy

The molecular mechanisms underlying these

three phenomena are closely related

Transport Phenomena - Scales

Three scales of system description:

Macroscopic scale system representation

using measurable changes in inputs and
outputs no attempt to resolve details.

Microscopic scale examine in detail what

happens at a small region within the
system (DEV, a pore or a grain, etc.)

Molecular scale fundamental description

of intermolecular motions and forces giving
rise to micro- & macroscale behavior.

ui
ni

Convective transport is due to bulk fluid motion;

Molecular transport is due to molecular or aggregate
of molecules independent of bulk motion.

dV
dA

Definition of fluxes (macro)

A flux JM of property M is the quantity of extensive property,

M, which crosses a unit area per unit time (Thomson, 2000)

Extensive properties are dependent on system size or total quantities

involved [Mass, Energy, Momentum]; The flux of intensive properties

such as temperature and pressure is meaningless.

A flux may expressed as volumetric concentration of M multiplied by the

velocity of transport perpendicular to area A:
)
2
2

m
H
mv
v
v = c p (T Tref ) v x

Energy flux (KE, heat) 2 Volume v x = 2 v x ; Volume x

Mass flux of A (or molar)

A vx

Momentum flux (in x direction) -

or

C Avx

mv x
v x = ( v x )v x
Volume

Phenomenological laws of transport

Transport processes:

Excited by molecular level (random) motions

Respond to spatial inhomogeneities (gradients)

Obey linear relationships: Flux = coefficient x gradient

Ficks law:
Fouriers law:
Newtons law:

J Ax = DAB A
x
T
qx = k
vy x
zy =
z

Scalars, vectors, and tensors

Scalar is a quantity invariant under rotation of the coordinate

system (does not operate in any particular direction)

temperature, density.

Vector is a directionalrquantity
represented
as 1st order tensor
r
r
r
with 31 components: u = uxi + u y j + uz k velocity, force.

Stress or momentum transport is represented by 2nd order Tensor

with 32 components:

11

12

13

r
= 21 22 23
31 32 33

Because momentum is a vector quantity it is difficult to envision its

transport to other directions. The ij double index for ij indicates
j-momentum is being transported in the i direction.

Gradient and divergence

The spatial derivative of a scalar, is the gradient, a vector

T r T r T r
defined is Cartesian coordinates as:

T =

i+

j+

and in cylindrical coordinate system:

r = ( x2 + y 2 )
= tan1 y
x
z=z

T 1 T T
T = +
+
r r z

The spatial derivative of a vector (e.g., velocity) is known as the

r ux uy uz
divergence:
it is a scalar.

u =

The International System of Units SI

All physical quantities are measured and expressed in units.
We will attempt to use the international system of units (SI system).
The SI system contains 7 basic units for length, mass, time, electric

current, temperature, amount of substance, & luminous intensity.

Other physical quantities are expressed in derived units. Force, for

example, is expressed by a derived unit Newton (kgm x m/s2).

Table 1-1: Base Units in the Systeme International (SI) and their Prefixes
Dimension/Property

SI Unit

Symbol

Length

Meter

Mass

Kilogram

kg

Time

Second

Electric current

Ampere

Temperature

Kelvin

Amount of substance

Mole

mol

Luminous intensity

candela

cd

Derived SI-Units
VELOCITY: Rate at which position changes with time
SI Unit = [m/s]
Distance per Time

v=

s
t

[ L]
= [ L T 1 ]
[T ]

ACCELERATION: Rate of change of velocity with time

SI Unit = [m/s2]
Velocity per Time

v
a' =
t

[ L T 1 ]
= [L T 2 ]
[T ]

FORCE: (Newtons second law of motion)

SI Unit = Newton [nt] or [N]
Mass times Acceleration

F = m a ' [ M ] [ L T 2 ]

Derived SI-Units
PRESSURE:
SI Unit = Newton/m2 [nt/m2] = Pascal [Pa]
Force per Unit Area

F
P=
A

[ M LT 2 ]
2 1
=
[
M
T
L ]
2
[L ]

WORK:
SI Unit = Newton m [nt m] = Joule
Force times Distance

W = Fs

M L
= 2 [ L] = M L2 T 2
T

The International System of Units SI

Table 1-1 continued: Base Units in the Systeme International and their Prefixes
Fraction

Prefix

Symbol

Multiple

Prefix

Symbol

-1

deci

10

deca

da

-2

centi

102

hecto

-3

milli

103

kilo

-6

micro

106

mega

-9

nano

109

giga

-12

pico

1012

tera

10
10
10
10
10
10

A dimension is a qualitative expression of a physical quantity or an

attribute. It may be a basic dimension such as length [L], time [t], or mass
[M], or a derived dimension such as volume [L3], or density [ML-3].
Dimensional inspection is an important step in verifying the validity of an
equation; the dimensions of all terms must be consistent.
Writing the equation in dimensional form only, leaving out real values
(numbers), enables algebraic manipulation of dimensions, i.e., dimensions
may be divided, multiplied, and cancelled to simplify the dimensional
equation in terms of basic dimensions.

Dimensions and Unit Conversion

Example 1-1: Dimensions and Unit Conversion
Dimensions: Find the dimensions of pressure in basic units
Solution: Pressure is force divided by the area of its action. The dimensions of force are
-2
2
[MLt ] and those of area are [L ]. Thus, the dimensions of pressure are

F [MLt 2 ]
1 2
P= =
=
[
ML
t ]
2
A
[L ]
Units: Convert a pressure of 2.7 kg/cm2 into SI units (Pa = N/m2)

kg 100 2 cm2 9.806 N

= 264762 Pa = 264.7 kPa

= 2.7
2.7
2
2
2

kg
cm
cm m

kg

http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/

Differential and integral equations

Homework problems to refresh basic ordinary

differential equations

Integral equations definite and indefinite

Use of boundary conditions
Units and dimensions
For definitions and hints please consult:

MathWorld - A Wolfram Web Resource.

http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartialDifferentialEquation.html

Partial Differential Equations

A partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation involving

functions and their partial derivatives; for example, the wave
equation

(1)

1 2
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 = 2 2
2
v t
z
y
x

in general, partial differential equations are much more difficult

to solve analytically than are ordinary differential equations.
They may sometimes be solved using a Bcklund transformation,
characteristics, Green's function, integral transform, separation
of variables, or--when all else fails (which it frequently does)-numerical methods such as finite differences.
Fortunately, partial differential equations of second-order are
often amenable to analytical solution. Such PDEs are of the form

(2)

Au zz + 2 Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + F = 0

Eric W. Weisstein. "Partial Differential Equation." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartialDifferentialEquation.html

Partial Differential Equations (2)

Fortunately, partial differential equations of second-order are

often amenable to analytical solution. Such PDEs are of the form
Au zz + 2 Bu xy + Cu yy + Du x + Eu y + F = 0
(2)
Linear second-order PDEs are then classified according to the
properties of the matrix
as elliptic, hyperbolic, or parabolic.
If Z is a positive definite matrix, i.e. det(Z)=AC-B2>0; the PDE is
said to be elliptic. Example: Laplace's equation:
(also classified as a Boundary Value Problem)
If det (Z) < 0 , the PDE is said to be hyperbolic. The wave equation
or
is an example.

If det (Z)=0, the PDE is said to be parabolic. The heat conduction

equation
and other diffusion equations are examples.
(also classified as an Initial Value Problem yt))

Diffusion molecular to macroscopic transport

Ficks (1855) first law of diffusion:

A
X A
; J Ax = CD AB
J Ax = D AB
x

Random molecular motions

(thermal agitation/
Brownian motion) result in
net flow (diffusion) in the
direction of negative local
concentration gradient.
Examples: (1) LBM
simulations 2-D diffusion;
(2) particle simulation of
multi-component mixture;
(3) Brownian motion of 1m
particles in water & viscous
solution.

Drug capsules and patches - diffusion

Modern methods of drug
delivery ensure a constant
concentration of desired
compound in patients blood
stream or in treated tissue.
Knowledge of diffusion
coefficients & rates through
capsule and tissues.
Prescribed amounts and
concentrations for effective
and sustainable treatment.
Similar applications for
fertilizer slow release capsules
used to supply nutrients for
plant growth.
Micro and macroscopic scales

Contaminant transport Hanford Site

The Hanford site near the Columbia
River in southeastern Washington is the
worlds largest cleanup operation.
Nuclear waste from the Manhattan
project leaks from corroded tanks and
migrates towards the Columbia river.
Environmental transport issues
diffusion, convection, flow pathways,
interactions with rock, transformations,
kinetics, buoyancy.

Macroscopic nutrient mass balance - Eutrophication

The transport of excess nutrients into water bodies can cause
algae bloom resulting in the death of aquatic organisms.
Solution Reduce nutrient load (input) using macroscopic
balance principles.