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PARADIGMAS DO CAPITALISMO
AGRARIO EM QUESTO
Ricardo Abramovay
edusP
L
\i
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P R E F C IO T E R C E I R A E D I O
11
Material com direitos autorais
13
I 5
x6
I 8
PREFCIO
A TERCEIRA EDIO
Arilson Favareto
Professor da Universidade Federal do ABC
Referncias bibliogrficas
A bramovay, Ricardo. 2003. O Futuro das Regies Rurais. Porto Alegre, Ed.
UFRGS.
______ . 2007. Paradigmas do Capitalismo Agrrio em Questo. So Paulo,
Edusp.
Bourdif.u, Pierre. 2000. Science de la Science et reflexivit. Paris, Raisons dAgir.
CUT/C ontag. 1998. Desenvolvimento e Sindicalismo Rural no Brasil. So Paulo/
Braslia, relatrio final de pesquisa.
FAO/Incra. 2004. Diretrizes de Poltica Agrria e Desenvolvimento Sustentvel.
Relatrio final do projeto UTF/BRA/036, nov.
F avareto, Arilson. 2007. Paradigmas do Desenvolvimento Rural em Questo - Do
Agrrio ao Territorial. So Paulo, Iglu/Fapesp.
G arcia J r . Afrnio & G rynszpan, Mrio. 2002. Veredas da Questo Agrria e
Enigmas do Grande Serto . In: M iceu , Srgio (org.). O Que Ler na Cincia
Social Brasileira. Vol. IV ( 1970/2002). So Paulo/Braslia, Anpocs/Ed. Sumar/Capes.
G raziano da Silva, Jos. 1999. O Novo Rural Brasileiro. Campinas, IE-Unicamp.
______ . 2001. Velhos e Novos Mitos do Rural Brasileiro . Estudos Avanados
- Dossi Desenvolvimento Rural, 15 (43), set.-dez.
K ageyama, ngela fk B frgamasgo, Snia M.P. 1990. A Estrutura da Produo no
Campo em 19 8 0 . Perspectivas, So Paulo, vol. 12 , pp. 55-72.
L amarche, Hugues. 1998. A Agricultura Familiar. Vols. I e II. Campinas, Ed. da
Unicamp.
M edeiros, Leonilde S. 1997. Trabalhadores Rurais, Agricultura Familiar e Orga
nizao Sindical . Revista So Paulo em Perspectiva, 1 1 (2): 65-72, abr.-jun.
N avarro, Zander. 1996. Poltica, Protesto e Cidadania no Campo - As Lutas
Sociais dos Colonos e dos Trabalhadores Rurais no Rio Grande do Sul. Porto
Alegre, Editora da Universidade.
Schejtman, Alexander &: B erdegu, Julio. 2003. Desarrollo Territorial Rural .
20
P R E F C IO
PREFCIO
2-3
A G R A D E C IM E N T O S
26
AGRADECIMENTOS
Z "J
INT R O D U O
LM QUESTAO
P A R A D IG M A
INTRODUO *
3 1
INTRODUO
INTRODUO
35
INTKODUO
37
PARTE I
O Saco
de
B atatas
1.
Essa uma das teses bsicas do livro de Hussain e Tribe (19 8 3 ), cuja leitura foi fun
damental para a elaborao deste captulo. Permito-me apoiar nesse importante livro
boa parte das idias aqui expostas no s por no ter sido traduzido, mas tambm
42
2.
3.
O SACO
DE BATATAS *
43
4.
Se que ele alguma vez a existiu: MacFarlane (19 8 0 ) sustenta nunca ter havido na
Inglaterra algo prximo a uma sociedade camponesa .
O SACO
DE BATATAS
45
Quando, por que mecanismos e quais as eventuais tendncias contrabalanantes desse destino fatal so questes que s podem ser res
pondidas no quadro de anlises especficas, tpicas, nacionais e mesmo
regionais. Isso to bvio que no possvel admitir que M arx pudesse
ter em mente qualquer tipo de previso quanto ao desaparecimento
iminente do campesinato e mesmo quanto sua inexistncia quando
do comeo da construo do socialismo.
Veremos a seguir as conseqncias polticas do que acaba de ser
exposto. preciso, entretanto deixar claro uma conseqncia terica:
impossvel encontrar na estrutura de O Capital um conceito5 de cam-5
5.
6.
O *CO
DE BATATAS
47
1.2
A C O M U N A C A M P O N E S A OU M IR
O SACO
DE BATATAS *
9.
O SACO DE BATATAS
5 I
1 1 . Em um de seus primeiros trabalhos, Lnin (1966: 8 7-140 ) desenvolve essa questo, cuja
exposio completa ser feita em O Desenvolvimento do Capitalismo na Rssia.
O SACO
DE BATATAS
53
12 . Com relao Alemanha, ver Lnin, 19 6 7 , pp. 17 9 -2 2 8 . Com relao aos Estados
Unidos, ver Lnin, i9 6 0 , pp. 9 -10 8 .
1 3 . importante tambm, nesse sentido, a contribuio de Wilkinson, 19 8 6 , cap. 2.
O S/tCO
DE BATATAS *
55
O SACO
DE BATATAS
57
O S*CO
DE BATATAS
59
1.3
Resum o e concluses
O que isso significa para o tema deste trabalho, isto , para a com
preenso das particularidades da agricultura familiar no capitalismo
contemporneo? Podemos resumir em quatro pontos as concluses
do exposto:
1. O que existe como questo agrria no corpo terico de O Capital
muito distante daquilo que a social-democracia russa e a alem - que
moldaram os paradigmas bsicos pelos quais o tema foi encarado no
marxismo desde ento - elaboraram. De fato, o que prprio lgica
de desenvolvimento de O Capital o problema da renda fundiria - ou
seja, das condies de reproduo do capital ali onde um dos elemen
tos da produo no mercadoria - tema que desempenha um papel
desprezvel nos escritos de Lnin e Kautsky.
1. No s na obra terica de M arx no possvel encontrar um
conceito de campons, como categoria social do capitalismo, mas tam
bm ser v - e provavelmente desembocar numa atitude pouco frtil
para o conhecimento - a tentativa de buscar esse aparato conceituai na
obra dos grandes clssicos marxistas que trataram do tema. Qualquer
tentativa de absolutizar as formas como Lnin, Kautsky ou Engels
trataram a questo camponesa, isto , de imprimir a seus resultados o
estatuto de categorias objetivas da realidade social, no leva em conta
que, no marxismo, dada a funo que a questo da produo familiar
preenche nas lutas polticas de cada poca, o campons no pode ser
seno uma categoria socialmente construda.
3. Essa observao no se aplica a todas as categorias do pensamento
marxista: legtima, sob o ngulo da lgica de O Capital, a atribuio
classe operria, classe capitalista e classe dos proprietrios fundi
rios o estatuto de categorias objetivas da vida social. Nesse sentido
que no possvel encontrar um conceito de campons no pensamento
60
PARADIGMAS DO
CAPITALISMO
AGRRIO
EM QUESTO
1.1
Apresentao
ALEXAN D ER CH AYANO V
Apesar de seu autoritarismo poltico, de seu atraso econmico e de
sua imensa misria social, a Rssia da passagem do sculo X IX para o
sculo X X reunia impressionante quantidade de grandes intelectuais em
todos os campos da cultura, da pintura msica, passando pela literatu
ra e pelas cincias sociais e biolgicas. nesse ambiente que Alexander
Chayanov (18 8 8 -19 3 0 ) destaca-se j em 1 9 1 3 , no s como professor
de um importante instituto de agronomia perto de Moscou, mas pela
relevncia dos trabalhos que ento, muito precocemente, publicara. Ele
o principal expoente de um grupo de economistas agrcolas e enge
nheiros agrnomos que ficou conhecido como a Escola da Organizao
da Produo , por sua permanente tentativa de contribuir para que os
camponeses pudessem melhor gerir os recursos de que dispunham. Na
verdade, esse grupo exprimia o trabalho molecular realizado no interior
do pas por milhares de jovens agrnomos que reuniram seu sentimento
de oposio ao tzarismo a pesquisas extremamente minuciosas sobre a
vida camponesa. Alm de um conhecimento profundo da geografia agr
ria de seu prprio pas, Chayanov era um estudioso dos assuntos ligados
ao desenvolvimento agrcola e sobretudo ao cooperativismo na Frana,
na Sua, na Itlia, na Alemanha e na Blgica. Manteve contato estreito
com importantes intelectuais desses pases, como os clebres economistas
Bortkiewicz e Alfred Weber, em cuja revista (dirigida igualmente por J.
Schumpeter e E. Lederer) publicou estudos sobre a questo agrria russa
e seu famoso trabalho publicado em portugus e que citamos aqui (ver
Bibliografia), em edio de 1 9 8 1 . Alm de suas atividades como eco
nomista agrcola, escreveu obras de crtica de pintura e trs romances.
Destes, o mais famoso (Viagem de meu Irmo Alexis ao Pas da Utopia
Camponesa, 19 76 ) conta a histria de Alexis Kremniov, que, magicamen
te, desperta na Rssia em 19 8 4 contemplando as mudanas trazidas por
67 anos de revoluo. H mesmo quem diga que a data do clebre livro
de Orwell (1 9 8 4 ) foi inspirada no romance de Chayanov. interessante
ressaltar (fato pouco conhecido entre ns) que Chayanov foi vice-ministro do governo Kerensky, derrubado pelos bolcheviques na Revoluo
de Outubro. Isso no o impediu de colaborar ativamente com o novo
regime, na tentativa, quase desesperada, de persuadir os comunistas da
catstrofe que a coletivizao forada provocaria no pas e da contribui
o que o cooperativismo poderia oferecer construo do socialismo.
DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE *
C H A Y A N O V E O ST A LIN ISM O
DIFERENCIAO o u id e n t id a d e
6 6
razo que o prprio Lcnin - cujo sentido prtico era certamente mais
forte que a fidelidade incondicional s teses que ele prprio defendera
durante toda a vida - o convidou para chefiar a seo agrria da Aca
demia de Cincias da URSS, cargo que manteve at 1930, quando foi
expurgado pela perseguio stalinista.
H, portanto, um sentido poltico claro na tentativa de mostrar a
unidade, a identidade - ao invs da obstinada diferenciao leninista - do
campesinato: trata-se de um setor - o que os autores aqui estudados
pretendero demonstrar - que possui substncia social para a funda
mentao, seno de um projeto autnomo, ao menos do desejo de que
na luta pela emancipao social sua posio prpria seja respeitada e
valorizada. Vai, alis, na mesma direo a afirmao de Tepicht - que
tem um sentido sobretudo autocrtico, j que ele participou das tenta
tivas de organizar os camponeses poloneses em cooperativas durante
os anos de 19 50 e foi ainda um dos divulgadores das teses leninistas
(Szurek, 1982) - de que na Polnia [...] o problema que se coloca no
o da eficincia - muito grande - do controle do poder econmico
sobre este setor, mas o do controle que os interessados - produtores e
consumidores de gneros agrcolas - so suscetveis de exercer sobre
este poder (Tepicht, 19 7 3, P- 6).
Tanto a ameaa da coletivizao como sua experincia concreta
formam, portanto o pano de fundo do qual emergem os trabalhos dos
tericos da economia camponesa aqui estudados.
2. preciso reconhecer, entretanto, que os clssicos marxistas da
questo agrria tocaram num ponto essencial sobre cuja resposta no h,
mesmo para os tericos da economia camponesa, unanimidade: quais
as transformaes que sofre o campesinato com sua crescente insero
nas relaes mercantis? Se relativamente fcil mostrar que as previses
apocalpticas sobre seu desaparecimento no se confirmaram, no se
pode, entretanto, falar com tranqilidade de sua manuteno nas socie
dades contemporneas. As mudanas sofridas pela produo familiar
na agricultura de hoje so to profundas que se no se encaminharam
no sentido da diferenciao social, por outro lado no permitiram que
as caractersticas centrais da produo camponesa permanecessem.
DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE
67
68
i.
DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE
3.
pons fornecido por Barlett (1984, p. 151). Na Costa Rica, ela indica claramente
o caso de um campons que, pelos mtodos contbeis tradicionais, seria julgado um
mau administrador de seus recursos e sobre o qual seria presumvel um padro de
vida baixo. Na verdade, o que ela encontrou em campo foi exatamente o contrrio, o
que se explicava pelas categorias chayanovistas que sero expostas logo adiante.
muito interessante o comentrio de Sperotto (1988, p. 50) a respeito.
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DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE
71
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DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE *
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DIFERENCIAO o u id e n t id a d e
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DIFEUENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE
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DIFERENCIAO OU IDENTIDADE
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IO O
8.
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I08
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I 12
da vida social, para usar uma expresso de Karl Polanyi (1980). Alm
da personalizao dos vnculos sociais, isso se traduz na ausncia de
uma contabilidade racional, no envolvimento das operaes produtivas
e do prprio consumo familiar num conjunto de motivaes que s
se explicam pelo tipo de constrangimento que a unidade de produo
individual sofre por sua completa submisso s regras comunitrias
em que est mergulhada. A famlia e a comunidade, de certa forma,
emprestam sentido atividade camponesa. Trabalho e vida no so
duas dimenses cindidas: as crianas, as mulheres, enfim, um organismo
nico produz com base no objetivo de gerar no s os meios de vida,
mas, sobretudo, um modo de vida. A unidade indissolvel da existn
cia est tambm no conjunto de significados vitais que os elementos
bsicos do trabalho incorporam: a terra no um simples fator de
produo, as outras unidades produtivas no so apenas concorrentes
e os comerciantes no so s sanguessugas.
Redfield, Kroeber, Mendras, Wolf, expresses mais relevantes da
literatura sociolgica e antropolgica dedicada ao assunto entre os anos
de 19 30 e 1960, viam nos camponeses grupos sociais de transio
entre sociedades tribais primitivas e o universo urbano. Por mais que
se possa criticar como evolucionista a idia de um continuum ruralurbano, presente sobretudo nos trabalhos de Redfield3, ela aponta para
um trao importante do campesinato, que a existncia de cdigos
sociais especficos determinantes da conduta, mas ao mesmo tempo a
constatao de que - diferentemente de sociedades tribais, por exem
plo - estes cdigos s podem ser compreendidos na maneira como o
campons se insere na sociedade global em que vive.
A antropologia clssica percebeu e debruou-se sobre a diferena
essencial entre sociedades camponesas e tribais. A parcialidade da
sociedade camponesa vem exatamente de que, embora organizada em
torno de cdigos sociais prprios - cuja organizao escapa razo es
tritamente econmica - ela se relaciona com o mundo exterior tambm
atravs dos vnculos econmicos dados pela venda de mercadorias.
3.
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I l 6
4.2
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120
15. Polanyi faz da reciprocidade um dos princpios estruturadores da vida social e material
em sociedades anteriores ao capitalismo. Ele abordou os comportamentos sociais que
no obedecem s leis do mercado sob um ngulo histrico e no a partir de situaes
contemporneas, embora cite exaustivamente Malinowski e Evans-Pritchard. Apesar
disso, suas reflexes sobre a questo da reciprocidade so essenciais: A reciproci
dade implica que os membros de um grupo agem com relao aos membros de um
outro grupo da mesma forma que os membros deste grupo, ou de um terceiro, ou de
um quarto, agem com relao a eles. Ela no envolve nenhuma idia de igualdade,
de justia e no obedece a uma regra soberana. A reciprocidade significa antes e
unicamente que h um fluxo de dupla direo ou circular de bens (...]. Os grupos
provem mutuamente suas necessidades no que se refere aos artigos que entram
nesta relao de reciprocidade (Polanyi, 1 9 7 5 , p. zzo).
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12 4
A BARBA DO C O N D E
talo Calvino resume a grande concluso a que chegou aps dois anos
de pesquisas que deram origem coletnea de
Fbulas Italianas,
por ele
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128
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132
25. (...] o usurrio pode aqui devorar todo o excedente, s deixando os mais neces
srios meios de subsistncia (o montante que mais tarde constituir o salrio) aos
produtores (o que mais tarde reaparece como lucro c renda fundiria), sendo por
isso extremamente absurdo comparar a grandeza desse juro ali onde ele abrange,
com exceo do que cabe ao Estado, a mais-valia toda, com a magnitude da taxa
de juros moderna (Marx, 1986, p. 108).
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I4O
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E stados U nidos:
U m M ito J effersoniano?
No possvel ganhar, hoje, uma fortuna na agricultura (...)
O agricultor no pode esperar ganhar mais do que um equi
valente modesto de seu trabalho como administrador. Ele est
na Europa e tambm em grande parte neste pas, excludo da
participaro nas grandes oportunidades abertas ao talento
comercial especulativo.
Weber, 1979, p. 4 16 .
5.1
Apresentao
145
Material com direitos autorais
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3.
Friedmann uma das autoras que mais aprofundou o debate sobre a natureza social
da agricultura familiar no capitalismo avanado. Se ela fala em produo simples
de mercadorias, o pressuposto o pleno desenvolvimento do mercado, mesmo do
mercado de trabalho, e a inexistncia das obrigaes coletivas que marcam aquilo
que Weber (1979, p. 417) no hesitava em chamar de colonizao semicomunista
caracterstica da ocupao europia pr-moderna.
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QUESTO
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