Flight Research

Flight performance P2
Using the Power Setting Table, for the single engine aeroplane, determine the
manifold pressure and fuel flow (lbs/hr) with full throttle and cruise lean mixture in
the following conditions:; Given:; OAT: 13?C; Pressure altitude: 8000 ft; RPM: 2300
ANS: 22.4 IN hg and 69,3 lbs/hr ...

Solution
Question conditions, 8000ft, OAT + 13? C
8000ft, ISA is -1?C, so temperature condition is 'ISA +14?C'
We need to interpolate between ISA and ISA +20?C

From the table, 8000ft:

ISA ...... Fuel flow 71.1PPH, Man Press 22.4
ISA+20?. Fuel flow 68.5PPH, Man Press 22.4
Interpolating ... (71.1-68.5)x(14/20) = 1.82
So fuel flow = 71.1 - 1.82 = 69.28 PPH
Also, refer to CAP 697 Section 2 page 1 .... fuel density 6 lb per US gallon (unless
otherwise specified)

19)
TODA=RWY(TORA)+Clearway. So TODA=3000+2000=5000m.But the answer is
4500m.

There is some certification rule which says that the clearway used can't exceed 50%
of the TORA. If TORA is 3000m and 50% of that is 1500m this means you can't use
more than 1500m of the clearway. TODA is 3000 + 1500 = 4500m.

39)
SFC is the mass of fuel used to develop X amount of thrust.
The lower the SFC number the more efficient the engine at producing the thrust and
therefore you will burn less fuel to travel one nm.
To solve the problem simply use ratios.
0.035/0.06 x 14 = 8.17kg/nm

Flight performance P3

10)
The pressure altitude you need (ref 1013) is 8500 + (10 x 30) = 8800ft
Then, if you correct for temperature .... 4ft x 4.5 x 18 = 324 ft .... and the
temperature is ISA -18C ... so our altimeter will under read - so we need to ADD this
correction .... so actually, a Pressure Altitude of 9100ft would be a better answer ...
But the given answer is 8800ft

11)
First, needs a digram. My diagram looks like this (it may not make sense in words:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Dotted line at bottom representing 1023hPa pressure level.

Hill on top the dotted line, a little mark on top of hill representing airfield.
Dotted line part way up the hill representing 1013hPa pressure level.
Line somewhere well aboe the hill representing 7500 feet.

Ok, now for the calculations - distance between bottom of hill (1023 level) and top is
1500ft (draw an arrow representing this).
Distance (height) between 1013 pressure level and FL75 is 7500ft.
Height difference between 1023 and 1013 pressure levels is 300feet.
Therefore, you can infer that top of hill is 1200ft above 1013 level.

Final step - height of FL75 above top of hill should be fairly clear from the diagram 6300feet.
As temperatures are ISA no correction is needed, so that should be the answer

13)
Enter chart the first time at TOC OAT (FL110, ISA=-7?C, so ISA -10?C = -17?C),
Then enter a second time to correct for Airfield elevation (OAT -1?C)
Base scale left side -17?C, vertically up to 11000ft, across to the fuel line, read the
scale = 9.5 US gall
Base scale left side -1?C, vertically up to 3000ft, across to the fuel line, read the
scale = 3 US gall
Fuel for climb Airfield (3000ft) to 11000ft = (9.5 - 3) = 6.5 US gall

14)
The solution graph has been done using ISA -10° instead of just OAT -10°,
as stated in the question. With this wording, it comes out to be about 27NM.
. Wrong temperature used for the CRUISE (TOD)
So, enter base scale LEFT SIDE at -10C, go vertically up to 11000ft, across to the
distance line, then down to read the scale - which gives a distance of 29 NM
Repeat for the aerodrome, which I think is correct on the graphic - distance of 7.5
NM
SO, distance for descent 11000ft to aerodrome at 3000ft (29 - 7.5) = 21.5 NM (so
closest answer still 20 NM)

17)
OK, read the quetion CAREFULLY.....an aircraft fuel burn in MASS/hour will not vary
with SG.....but a fuel burn in VOLUME/hour will vary with SG
So:
220l/hr @ SG 0.8 = 176kg/hr
176kg/hr @ SG 0.75 = 235l/hr

Q2) The fuel burn off is 200 kg/h with a relative fuel density of 0,8. If the relative
density is 0,75, the fuel burn will be
Ans:
200kg/hr remains 200kg/hr

18)
Calculate the MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FUEL at both T/O and LANDING:
MAX FUEL AT T/O = 64 400 - 35 500 - 14 500 = 14 400 kg
MAX FUEL AT LANDING 56 200 - 35 500 - 14 500 = 6 200 kg
BUT, if you land at MAX LANDING MASS - fuel 6 200kg, what fuel did you TAKE OFF
with .... (6 200 + TRIP FUEL) = 6 200 + 4 900 = 11 100 kg
So, MAXIMUM FUEL at T/O = 11 100 kg

29)
Contingency .....
At Take-off your minimum fuel will be the sum of:
TRIP + CONTINGENCY + ALTERNATE + FINAL RESERVE
Contingency is there in case things don't go as planned .... the wind may be
stronger ... you may not get the FL you planned on .... perhaps there was a change
of runway which meant extra track miles ... HOWEVER, if all goes exactly to plan,
you will not use contingency, hence the 'PLANNED' landing mass at DESTINATION
will include (CONTINGENCY + ALTERNATE + FINAL RESERVE), and 'PLANNED' landing
mass at alternate will include (CONTINGENCY + FINAL RESERVE).
Nautical Air Miles = Still Air Distance .... when there is NO wind, NAM will be the
same as NGM.
For this question we can just use the formula:
NAM = NGM x (TAS/GS) .... (a version of this is given in CAP697 Section 4 page 16
para 5.2.d)

Flight performance P4
2)
PET calculations answer the question ... 'is it quicker to go on, or turn around and go
home??' ... you may need to know because of an aeroplane emergency
(fire/engine ... ) or even a passenger emergency/illness. For PET calculations you
always use the formula ....
Distance to PET = (D x H) / (O + H)
The PSR calculation answers the question ... 'do I have enough fuel to turn around
and get home??' ... this will be part of your planning process if you are flying in to
an isolated airfield ... for PSR calculations the only formula you use is:
Time to PSR = (E x H) / (O + H)
These are 3 or 4 point questions in the Exam ... so be careful, and don't rush!

4)
Distance to PET = (D x H) / (O + H)

5)
Think about the OUTBOUND and HOMEBOUND groundspeeds
O = 500+50 = 550kts
H = 500-50 = 450kts
Dist to PET = DH/(O+H) = (875x450)/(550+450) = 394kts
Time to PET = distance/speed = 394/550 = 43mins

6)
Distance to PET = (D x H) / (O + H)

7)
Point of Safe Return (PSR) and Point of Equal Time (PET) formula.
Time to the PSR = (E x H)/(O + H) where E = safe endurance

Distance to the PET = (D x H)/(O + H) where D = Sector distance

For this PSR question, use the PSR formula to find the "TIME TO PSR", then use the
DISTANCE/SPEED/TIME rule to find the distance to the PSR.
(DISTANCE = SPEED x TIME)
Don't 'mix' the formula.....for a PSR question you must not use the PET formula.

22)