INDEX

LIST OF TABLES

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

iv

SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 WATER TREATMENT

1.2 OBJECTS OF TREATMENT

1.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

1.4 LOCATION OF TREATMENT PLANT

1.5 SOURCE OF WATER

2. QUALITY OF WATER

2.1 WHOLESOME WATER

2.2 IMPURITIES IN WATER

2.3 WATER ANALYSIS

2.3.1 PHYSICAL TESTS

2.3.2 CHEMICAL TESTS

2.3.3 BIOLOGICAL TESTS

10

3. WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

12

3.1 TREATMENT PROCESS

12

3.2 LAYOUT OF TREATMENT PLANT

13

3.3 LABORATORY

14

4. PLAIN SEDIMENTATION

15

4.1 PROCESS

15

4.2 TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION TANKS

16

5. SEDIMENTATION WITH COAGULATION

19

5.1 NECESSITY

19

5.2 PROCESS

19

5.3. COMPARISON OF ALUM AND IRON SALTS FOR USE AS

COAGULANTS

20

5.4. HANDLING AND STORING OF COAGULANTS

20

5.5. DOSAGE OF COAGULANTS

21

5.5.1 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM COAGULANT DOSE

21

5.6. DOSE OF CHEMICALS

23

5.7. FEEDING DEVICES

23

5.8. MIXING DEVICES

23

5.9. FLOCCULATION

24

6. FILTRATION

25

6.1 SAND FOR FILTRATION

25

6.2 GRAVEL FOR FILTER

26

6.3 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTER

26

6.4 CONSTRUCTION OF RAPID SAND FILTER

27

6.5 OPERATION OF FILTER

29

6.6 SURFACE WASH

30

6.7 RESULTS OF RAPID GRAVITY FILTRATION

30

6.8 PRESSURE FILTER

30

6.9 COMPARISON BETWEEN SLOW AND RAPID GRAVITY

FILTERS

31

ii

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