1. describe precautions to be taken before welding operation.

general safety

welding operation should be conducted within the "PERMIT TO WORK"system

operartor should be competent and familiar with the equipment to be used and
equipment should be inspected before using.
harmful fumes may be produced and oxygen depleted during operation so special care
should be taken before doing welding in enclosed space.
an assistance should be continuous attendance
personal protective equipment
clean and approved PPE should be worn by operator
welding helmet
suitable eyeshield
lather appron &gloves
special welding safety shoes

precautions against fire

before any operation begins,inspections and tests should be carried out to ensure that
there are no combustable solid,liquid and gases at or any adjacent compartment.
all surfaces to be welded should be free of oil.greese and any combustable material.
all opening through which spark might fall should be colsed
cargo tanks,fuel tanks,pipelines or other compartment which contain flammable
substance should be crtified of being free of flammable substance by competent
person.
all operation should be properely supervised and fire watch should be maintaine din
working compartment as well as adjacent compartment.
suitable fire extinguisher should be kept ready

electric welding equipment

power source should have a dc current to minimize electric shock

the "go and return "system in which two cable should be used.return cable being
separately earthed to ship structure.
non conducting safety foot wear should be worn
oxygen and acetylene cylinder should be vertically posiyioned.oxygen pressure
should be always sufficiant to prevent acetylne entering into oxygen line.
prevent interchange of hose and change faulty hose.

2.how are fire classified

Fires are classified by the types of fuel they burn.

Class A
Class A Fires consist of ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, trash or anything else
that leaves an ash.
Class B
Class B Fires are fueled by flammable or combustible liquids, which include oil, gasoline,
and other similar materials.
Class C
it consist of flammable gases include methane,eathane and similar gases
Class D
Class D Fires are combustible metal fires. Magnesium and Titanium are the most common
types of metal fires.

Class E
Energized Electrical Fires are known as Class C fires. Always de-energize the circuit then use
a non-conductive extinguishing agent.
Class K
Class K Fires are fires that involve cooking oils, grease or animal fat.

3.state the working pressure and testing pressure of co2 portable extinguisher
testing pressure=35 bar
working pressure=60 bar
4.if bilge level is rising in the engine room what action will you take
Emergency bilge suction
In case of engine room flooding the engine room bilges will come up due to the sea water
entering the engine room. If they are not pumped out, then there is a danger of black out
condition.
The rising level of the bilges would first damage the shaft generator and if still no actions are
taken the all the pumps in bottom platform will stop functioning. To avoid this situation the
engine room watch keeper will need to pump out the bilges immediately and this is
called EMERGENCY BILGE SUCTION.
A brief overview is given below for the suction

PROCEDURE FOR EMERGENCY BILGE SUCTIOn

1.

Connect the Emergency Bilge suction to the pumps having more capacity than
any other sea water pumps like Main sea water pump or Ballast pumps
2.
The emergency bilge suction pump has no suction filters fitted before and after
the valve
3.
4.

5.

Emergency bilge suction is used only at the time of engine room flooding
The suction pipe below the valve is fitted above the tank top, not above the bilge
well because during suction it have more chances of choking when the suction is
above the bilge well due cotton waste and other unwanted materials.
Open the spindle of the valve that is extended above the floor plate

6.

The drain out of the valve is done frequently and make sure that the wheel of the
valve can be turned with free hand not with wheel spanner

7.

Normally the discharge of water from the engine room at the time of flooding
directly leads to overboard not through oil water separator. Hence in such a situation
inform to the port authorities

8.

Emergency bilge suction valve is a SDNR (Screw down non return valve ) it is
painted in red colour

5.state the safety feature provided in soda acid fire extinguisher.

The soda acid extinguisher has a container which holds the sodium bicarbonate solution. A
small glass bottle (phial) below the plunger (see the diagram) contains sulphuric acid. This
glass bottle is covered by a safety glass and a cap is present on the top of it. Now, when we
want to extinguish a fire, we just srike the plunger hard enough, so that the glass bottle
breaks, releasing sulphuric acid which mixes with baking soda. The chemical reaction that
takes place produces carbon dioxide gas under pressure. The CO2 gas forces itself out
through the internal pipe of the nozzle. As the percentage of carbon dioxide in air increases,
the air supply is reduced and thus the fire is extinguished.
6.describe the operation of a 136 liter foam (chemical) extinguisher.
7.what are thge fire hazards in machinary space?
8.what is the periodic maintenance of the co2 total flooding syastem?

9.if nyou are only senior engineer present on board ship in a port,and the night watchkeeping
engineer reports,that the engineroom is getting flooded .action?
Course Of Action for Engine Room Flooding
Vessel Is In Port:
1. Inform Chief Engineer & Duty Officer on the bridge (cargo control room), sound the
General Emergency Alarm.
2. Make sure the power requirement is met by starting & synchronizing additional generator.
3. After getting approval & with the presence of Chief Engineer, open the "Emergency Bilge
Suction" valve.
4. Try to locate and isolate the leakage.
5. Follow Chief Engineer's instructions.
10.safety features on the engine room overhead crane.
The most important safety feature of the crane is the electromagnetic fail safe
brakes which do not allow the crane to fall with the load even when there is failure of
power.
2)

Emergency stop is provided in the remote so that the operator can stop the

crane at any time.

3)

The motor is fitted with distance limit switch in both transverse and longitudinal

direction so that the travel of the trolley and hence crane should not overshoot the
racks end.
4)

Mechanical stoppers are provided for both directions in case the electrical

distance limit trips fail.

5)

The up and down travel of the hook is also attaches with automatic stopper to

avoid overloading of the motor.

6)

The motor is fitted with thermal protection trip. When the motor windings get

overheated, trip will activate saving the motor winding from burning.
7)

Load limit switch is also fitted which will trip the motor if the load to be lifted is

above the crane capacity.

8)

Its the responsibility of senior officers to operate the crane and to make sure

all the personnel involve in any lifting operation are at a safe distance during
operation of the crane.
9)

Additional tools like i-bolts, shackle, wire sling, belts etc. used for lifting must be

checked before use.

10) It should be noted that no one walks or stand below the crane when it is in the
loaded condition.
11.describe co2 flooding system for engine room and cargo holds.
CO2 flooding system or central bank CO2 system is one of the common fixed fire fighting system
installed on most of the ships. It releases carbon dioxide (CO2) in bulk quantity to a protected
space (such as engine room, cargo hold, purifier room, pump room, etc.) under fire. Smothering
action of CO2 extinguishes the fire thereby preventing spreading of fire to other parts of the ship.
It consist of several CO2 cylinders located in a separate room, called CO2 room. These bottles
contain CO2 in liquid state. When the fire in a protected space goes out of control or in a situation
when the fire is not able to extinguish by local fire fighting media, CO2 flooding system comes
into picture. CO2 from the bottles directed via common manifold, main valve and distribution pipe
lines to nozzles through which it is released to the protected space for fire extinction. Due to
safety reasons, the CO2 flooding system is manually released from a release cabinet located
outside the protected space.

CO2 flooding system consist of main CO2 bottles, common manifold, master valve or distribution
valve and distribution pipe lines with nozzles
Main CO2 bottles contain carbon dioxide in liquid state with a pressure of 56 bar at 20 degree
Celsius. Pressure of CO2 at 25 and 30 degree Celsius are 64 bar and 71 bar respectively. So it is
important to keep the temperature of CO2 bottles low for limiting the pressure inside bottles. CO2
from the main bottle is released by a CO2 release cabinet as shown in the figure. As soon as
the release cabinet door is opened, a micro switch is activated. The micro switch will ensure the
activation of CO2 warning alarms and ventilation shut off. CO2 release cabinet or release box
consist of two pilot CO2 cylinders or bottles containing CO2 gas inside. The pressure of CO2
inside these pilot bottles is same as that of main CO2 bottles. Only quantity of gas is different.
For releasing CO2 to the protected space, one of the pilot bottle valve is opened. Now CO2
reaches two valves marked 1 and 2. First valve 1 is to be opened. Then CO2 passes through a
non return valve and opens pneumatically operated master valve. Now master valve is opened.
Next, open valve 2 in the release cabinet, which supply CO2 to main CO2 bottle head assembly
through a non return valve and time delay unit. Function of the time delay unit is explained
below. Head assembly consist of a pressure operated cylinder valve. This pressure operated
cylinder valve prevents CO2 from bottle coming to the common manifold. As CO2 reaches the
head assembly from pilot bottle, pneumatic actuator in the head moves and opens the pressure
operated cylinder valve. Then CO2 from main bottle escapes to the common manifold via non
return valve as shown. Each of the main CO2 cylinder have a head assembly and non return
valve. The pilot CO2 line is connected to all these heads. All the CO2 from the main bottles now
release to common manifold. Since the master valve is already open before, CO2 from manifold
is released to the protected space through distribution pipe lines and nozzles.

As you can see in the diagram, there are two CO2 release cabinets. One is local release cabinet
and is located in the CO2 room itself. One more remote release cabinet is used, which is located
in a remote place such as fire control station. This facilitates operation of CO2 flooding system
from a remote place other than CO2 room. Both release cabinets are connected in parallel and
non return valves fitted in the lines prevent back flow of CO2. Also two pilot CO2 bottles are
placed in the release cabinet. Only one is sufficient for the operation of both master valve and
CO2 bottle head assembly.
CO2 flooding system explained here protects only a single space. There are systems which can
protect multiple spaces such as engine room and pump room together. In that case separate
release cabinets will be there for engine room and pump room. Main CO2 bottles are shared for
engine room and pump room according to the volume of the spaces.
12. where is the breathing appartus stored?

The number of EEBDs onboard is dependent upon Flag State regulations. The location of
this equipment is to be clearly shown on the Fire Control Plan. Consideration should be given
for placing such devices along the escape routes within the machinery spaces or at the foot of
each escape ladder within the space. In addition, control spaces and work shops located
within the machinery spaces should also be considered for the possible location of such
devices.

13. list the equipment stored in the ship's fire locker.

fire fighting equipment stored inside\
14.state the purpose of an isolating valve in the fire line.

A valve will be fitted so that if part of the fire main is damaged it can be isolated from the supply.
That way the rest of the main is still usable and can be used for firefighting
15.state the various type of portable fire extuinguisher available on board ship

Type of Portable Fire Extinguishers

Based on the above mentioned classification, portable fire extinguishers are
classified and used according to the type of fire.
There are five main types of fire extinguishers used on ships:
1. Soda Acid Extinguisher
2. Water Extinguisher
3. Foam Extinguisher Chemical and Mechanical
4. Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
5. Dry Powder Extinguisher
according to IMO weight of portable fire extinguisher need not be more bthan 23 kg,
16.whwn the portablew fire extinguisher recharged and how many charges are carrie s as
aspare?
For portable fire extinguishers of the same type, capable of being recharged on
board, the spare charges should be provided as follows: (1) 100% for the first ten
portable fire extinguishers and 50% for the remaining portable fire extinguishers
but not more than 60; and (2) For portable fire extinguishers that cannot be
recharged by the crew, additional portable fire extinguishers of the same
quantity, type, capacity and number as determined in (1) above should be
provided in lieu of spare charges.

17. what is the bursting pressure of a portable soda acid extinguisher?

18.how are chemicals stored on vessels?
19.what precaution are taken for storing paintsa nd oil on boartd?
20.give the details of soda acid extinguisher viz. charging procedure,vent hole
diameter .and position
21.what is the purpose of dampers,detuners and moment compensator?

22.what is the material of fire hoses?

high-tensile polyester yarn on the outside and the rubber lining, the material is extremely
tough and durable.
23.state the chemical reaction in a portable chemical foam fire extinguisher.
25.what are the markings on the outside of extinguisher body?
Portable fire extinguishers are labeled so users can quickly identify the classes of fire on which the
extinguisher will be effective. The marking system combines pictographs of both recommended and
unacceptable extinguisher types on a single identification label. Following are examples of typical
labels.

For example, an extinguisher that is rated 4A:20B:C indicates the following:

1.
2.

3.

The A rating is a water equivalency rating. Each A is equivalent to 1.25 gallons of water. 4A
= 5 gallons of water.
The B:C rating is equivalent to the amount of square footage the extinguisher can cover,
related to the degree of training and experience of the operator. 20 B:C = 20 square feet of
coverage.
C indicates it is suitable for use on electrically energized equipment.

The outside of an extinguisher body must be clearly marked with: (a) a mark
showing the level of the liquid when the extinguisher is filled to its working
capacity; and (b) a statement setting out all of the following: (i) the name of the
maker or vendor of the extinguisher; (ii) the capacity of the extinguisher; (iii) the
pressure under which the extinguisher was tested; (iv) the instructions for
operating the extinguisher; (v) he year in which the extinguisher was
manufactured; and 9TSchedule 29T Fire extinguishers 10 Marine Order 15
(Construction fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction) 2009 MO15
modcomp MO2-130612Z.docx (c) a colour code in accordance with ISO
7165:2009, or another standard acceptable to the Manager, Ship Inspection and
Registration, indicating the extinguishing medium.
The outside of an extinguisher body must be clearly and permanently marked
with a statement setting out all of the following: (a) the name of the maker or
vendor of the extinguisher; (b) instructions for operating the extinguisher; (c) the
mass of the extinguisher when empty and the mass when filled to its working
capacity; (d) the year in which the extinguisher was manufactured; (e) the
standard to which the extinguisher is constructed; (f) a colour code in
accordance with ISO 7165:2009, or another standard acceptable to the Manager,
Ship Inspection and Registration, indicating the extinguishing medium.

26.explain the principle of working of an explosimeter.

An explosimeter is a device used to detect the amount of combustible gases present in a sample
of the given atmosphere. This gives the reading in terms of percentage of the LFL (lower
flammable limit).
Resistance proportional to heat" is the working principle.
The equipment consists of a Wheatstone bridge in which one of the resistances is variable. The
circuit is shown below:

It consists of four resistances in which one varies according to the amount of the gas present. A
hand pump is used to draw the gas or the atmosphere containing the gas inside the device. A
filter and flash back arrestor is used to filter the gas and also acts as a flame arrestor.
The device is switched on. As the hand pump is operated to suck a sample of gas from the cargo
tank, simultaneously the filament gets heated. Any combustibles in the sample will land on the
filament in the sample chamber. The combustibles will burn as the filament is already hot causing
an increase in resistance which disturbs the Wheatstone bridge. The reading can be read from
the indicator. The instrument gives the reading in percentage of the Lower Flammable Limit or
Lower Explosive Limit which is 1%.
This type of gas meter can only be used if the gas content is very low (i.e.) this instrument should
not be used if the atmosphere contains:

H/C + inert gas then the gas will not burn as there is no oxygen
H/C + oxy-acetylene then the burning will be too violent
H/C + oxy-hydrogen Same as above
Lead petroleum vapors Lead oxide deposits on the filament cause a
reduction in sensitivity

27.how is soot blowing carried out in a boiler and what is it purpose?

28.why are chemicals are not stored in a boiler flat?

29.what preparations are taken in handeling chemical?

Handle Chemicals With Extra Care: Extra precautions should be taken where the cleaning
involves use of any chemicals. The chemicals should be handled as per Material safety data
sheet (MSDS). First aid kit and medicines should be kept ready for immediate use. It is
important that crew members should know which chemical to be used for different tank
cleaning. For e.g. A fuel tank cleaning will require a stronger cleaning agent but for cleaning
bilge tank in the engine room, only OWS friendly chemicals to be used.

1. All hazardous and toxic chemicals (acids, alkalines, some salts, and
organics) must be identified. Material information sheets must be acquired
and specific warning sign must be shown for potentially dangerous
chemicals.
2. In transport and transfer of chemicals, proper handling precautions provided
by manufacturer must be observed. All containers for storage should be
chemical resistant, leak free, and with good caps of stoppers.
3. Gloves and goggles should be used while handling chemical of toxic nature.
It is preferred that at least two persons should be present at all time while
working with chemicals.
4. Heating flammable solvent may cause fire. Such work must be carried out
in a well-ventilation fume-cupboard.
5. When you body is contact with the chemical, flush your body with plenty of
fresh water and report the accident to the laboratory technician.
6. Waste products and disposals must be discharged with proper
neutralization. If the material to be disposed is extremely toxic or poisonous,
the material should be kept in closed container and sent to appropriate
agency for proper disposal.

30.how would you store paints on board?what are the fire precautions taken to ensure
safety?
Store room A store room can be used to store unopened paint. In the store room
you may not keep opened paint or mix paint and in any other way handle it in
the room.
Requirements for storerooms:
mechanical ventilation(min 6 air changes per hour)
explosion proofing

fixed firefighting equipment instaled

there must be free access to the deck

31.why is water sprinkler system provided o paint locker?

paint room generelly contain flammable substance.not least paint itself,in addition to
turpentine,paint thinners,cleaning oils and similer accelerants.the majority of paint
lockers tend to have steel doorways and are ususally protected by sprinkler water system.
the main cause of fire could be linked to an electrical fault in th eregion of the blkhead
light.alternatively ,the cause is likely to be from sponteneous combustion where cotton
waste or oil rags have been discarded and become wet.
a paint room fire must be seen as an extremely hazardous environment due to toxics
given off by burning paint.