Sanskrit Tutorials

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AboutSanskrit
VerblessSentencesinSanskrit!
NumbersinSanskrit
Vibhakti
SimilaritiesbetweenSanskritandProgrammingLanguages
FeaturesofSanskritthatmakeitanextraordinarylanguage
TheefficiencyofSanskrit:Lesswordsmoremeaning!
NopunctuationinSanskrit?
NounFormClassification(/shabdaruup)
SanskritWordlist
2012
,19
VerblessSentencesinSanskrit!

which means.. A stupid person must be avoided. He is like a two
leggedanimalinfrontoftheeyes.
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HowisSanskritLanguage?
Comparing the Sanskrit and the English versions,
thedifferenceisconspicuous.Only5wordsintheSanskritversionbutsomanyintheEnglishversion.We
also explained in the last article that this enormous shortening has been possible due to the notion of
vibhakti. (Have a look at the last article to understand the mechanism of this shortening.) But we didnt
explain in full, the power that this innovative concept of vibhakti wields. In this article, we will look at the
http://sanskritlang.blogspot.in/
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magicthatispossibleinalanguagewhosesentencestructureisbasedonthisnotion.And,nottomention,
thisnotionofvibhaktiliesattheheartofSanskritGrammar.Wewillalsoinvestigatehowthevibhaktisenable
onetocomposeverblesssentencesinSanskrit,whichisnotpossibleinEnglish!Letsgetintotranslating
somehardcoreSanskrit.
Letstakeupatypicalword,say
,asanexample.Givenbelowisatablethatliststhissameword
but
withsomemodifications.Herewehave24differentformsoftheword
|Eachoftheseformsiscalleda
vibhaktiof
|
It'sthebestlanguage
0(0%)
It'sOK
0(0%)
It'snotgood
0(0%)
It'sdifficult
0(0%)
Votessofar:0
Pollclosed
FollowbyEmail
Emailaddress...
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RememberthistablefromschoolSanskrit?Itisafterallnotasannoyingasmanyfeelinthe
school.Infact,itisverypowerful!Letsdiscoveritspower.
NowletsgetbacktoourQ&Aformat.
Q) Yes! I do remember these horrible tables from school. They used to forcefeed these into our
brains.Iremember,wewereexpectedtomemorizearound30suchtablesandhadtovomitoutone
Friends
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oftheminthefinalexams.
A)Youareright.ThewaythesearetaughtintheschoolcourseofSanskritishopeless.Memorizingthese
tables without comprehending their power is like memorizing Thermodynamic tables of Specific Heats
withoutcomprehendingtheLawsofThermodynamics.Inthisarticle,weshallfocusontheconceptsbehind
theseratherthanmemorizingthem.Nowsmile!
Q)Hmmm
concepts?Sowhatarethey?
A)Asmentionedinthelastarticle,ingeneral,awordinSanskritrepresentsproperty(s).
SanskritForums
http://agniveer.com/learnsanskrit
month1/
2012(22)
October(22)
VerblessSentencesin
Sanskrit!
SimpledaytodayWords
VocativeCase/
(sambodhana
vibhak...
Agni,oneofthe33devasmentionedinVedas.
Devasrefertoterrestrialthingsofhigh
excellence.Hereisalistofallthedevas.8
Vasus(Earth,Water,Fire,Air,Sky,Moon,Sun,
Stars/Planets)thatformcomponentsofuniverse
wherewelive,10LifeForcesinourbody
(Prana,Apana,Vyana,Udana,Samaana,Naga,
Kurma,Kukala,Devadatta)and1Soulcalled
Rudra,12Adityaormonthsofyear,1Vidyutor
Electromagneticforcethatisoftremendoususe
tous.1Yajnaorconstantnobleselflessdeeds
donebyhumans.
Here,
represents(thepropertyof)beingofgreatexcellenceorbeingheavenly.But,inspokenlanguage,
wealwaysrefertoobjectsandnotproperties.(Theobjectbeingreferredtoneednotexistintherealworld.
Itissufficientifitexistsinthespeakersimagination.)Soweneedawaytoforcetheword
,torepresent
LocativeCase/
(saptamii
vibhakti)...
GenitiveCase/
(ShaShThii
vibhakti)...
AblativeCase/
(paJNchamii
vibhakt...
DativeCase/
(chaturthii
vibhakti...
InstrumentalCase/
(tRRitiiyavibh...
AccusativeCase/
(dvitiiyaavibh...
NominativeCase/
(prathamaa
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anobjectratherthanaproperty.That way of forcing a word(which represents a property) to represent an

objectiscalledvibhakti.Letusnowsettleontheagreementthat(x|y)wouldstandforthevibhaktiformof
inthexthrowandythcolumnofthetable.So,(6|3)=
and(1|1)=
|
Hereareourrules.
Rule1 | A vibhaktiform of a word always denotes an object having the property that the respective word
represents.So,wheneverinasentenceyoucomeacross,say,
or
or
,
itmeansthatanobject
havingthepropertyofbeingofgreatexcellenceexists.
Rule2|Eachvibhaktiforminthetablecarries3piecesofinfowithitselfviz.
1.thenumberofobjects(whethersingular,dualorplural?)
2.thenumberofthevibhakti(whetheritisthefirstvibhaktiorthirdoreighth?)
3.thegenderoftheobject(whetheritisamaleobjectorfemaleorneutral?)
So,(6|3)=
carriestheinfothattherearemorethan2masculineobjectsofsixthvibhakti,havingthe
propertyofbeingofgreatexcellence.
Rule3|Everysentencehasanactioninvolvedinit.(Thisisageneralruleapplicabletoanylanguage.)
Rule4 | Objects having the same vibhakti point to the same object. (We have already seen an awesome
applicationofthisruleinthelastarticle.)
Havingnoticedthese4rules,nowletsunderstandthemeaningofeachvibhaktiintheformoftheextended
tablebelow.
(prathamaa
vibhak...
NounFormsOrCases
(/shabdarupa)
VerbFormsPractice
Sentences
/
vidhailiN^lakaara
(OptativeMood...
/
aajhaayaa.nloTlakaara
(Imperative...
/laN^lakaara(Past
Tense)
/lRRiTlakaara
(FutureTense)
/laTlakaara
(PresentTense)
VerbForms(/
tiN^antapada):
ActiveVoice(
/
kartRRIvaachya)
SanskritGrammarTutorial
DevnagariSCRIPT
SanskritTexts&
Scriptures
6 6 6 3 1
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Explainingvibhaktis.Thetextinblueexplainswhatitmeanswhenawordinasentenceappearsinthe
vibhaktinumberofthatrow.
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Explainingvibhaktisagain,butthistimewithadifferentexample!
Now,letstakeupsomesamplesentencesandtrytotranslatethem.Heretheyare.
1.
2.
3.
LetmealsogiveyoutheclosestEnglishwordscorrespondingtoeachofthewordsinvolved.
=(thepropertyof)havingredeyes
=(thepropertybywhichone)mustbefeared
=(thepropertyof)directinginaparticulardirection/way
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=(thepropertyof)beingstupid
=aggression,hoslility
=(thepropertyof)advancingtowardssomething
=(thepropertyof)goinginaregulatedmanner
=not(Note:Thisworddoesnotrepresentapropertynordovibhaktiformsofitexist.Such
wordsarecalled)
=(thepropertyof)goingtowardssomethingbutonlyinmind
Q)Beforestartingtotranslate,canyougivemegeneralguidelinesfortranslatingthem.
A)Sure!
1.ThefirstthingyoumustdowhiletranslatinganySanskritsentenceistoidentifywhetheranywordsin
thesentenceexistintheirvibhaktiformsornot.Thosewordswhichexistinavibhaktiformrepresent
objects,byRule1!(Neednotbephysicalobjects.Theymaybeabstractobjectsintheimaginationof
thespeaker!)
2.Forthewordsthatexistinavibhaktiform,identifythe3piecesofinfomentionedinRule2
3.Rule3assuresusthatthereisboundtobesomeactioninvolvedinthesentence!Identifythataction
and guess the relation of each word with that action using the blue text of the extended vibhakti
tablespastedabove.Whennoactionisexplicitlymentioned,thenitistheactionofexisting of the
objectdenotedbythewordsofthefirstvibhakti.
4.ApplyRule4,ifapplicable.
Andlo,youhavethetranslation.
TranslatingSentence1
(1|1)(1|1)
1.ApplyingRule1.Fromabove,
=(thepropertyof)havingredeyes,butsincethesentence
contains
andnot
,byRule1,weconcludethat
=anobject/personhavingred
eyes.Similarly,
doesnotrepresentapropertyratheritdenotesanobject/personwhomustbe
feared.
2.ApplyingRule2.Wetrytoidentifythegrammaticalinfocarriedbythesewords.Boththewordsareof
theform(1|1)ofthe
table.Sotheinfotheycarryisthateachof
and
denotesinglemasculineobjectsoffirstvibhakti.
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3.ApplyingRule3.Wetrytoidentifytheactioninvolvedinthesentence.Sincetheactionisnotexplicitly
mentioned,itistheactionofexistingofobjectsdenotedbythewordsofthefirstvibhaktiviz.
and
|.Andfromthevibhaktitableabove,both
and
performthataction.(Seethe
topmostbluelineinthe
table.)Hence,theobjectsdenotedby
and
exist.This
existenceitselfistheaction.
4.ApplyingRule4.Boththewordshavethesamevibhaktiviz.firstvibhakti,hencetheydenotethe
sameobject.So,
and
arethesameobjectsandnotdifferentobjects.
So,thesentencemeansthatthepersonwhohasredeyesandthepersonwhomustbefearedareoneand
thesame.SothesentencetranslatestoOnewhohasredeyesmustbefeared.Noticethedifferencein
length.Englishversionhas8wordswhiletheSanskritversionhasonly2!
(1|1)(6|3)(4|1)
1.Rule1says,sinceallthewordsappearinavibhaktiform,eachworddenotesanobject.
=somethingthatdirects=advice,instructions
=someonewhoisstupid
=hostility(seenasanobject)
2.Rule2instructsustoidentifythe3piecesofinfo,viz.
denotesasinglemasculineobjectinfirstvibhakti(1|1)
denotesmorethan2masculineobjectsofsixthvibhakti(6|3)
denotessinglemasculineobjectoffourthvibhakti(4|1)
3.Rule3asksustoinfertherelationofeachobjectwiththeactionbylookingatthebluetextinthe
vibhaktitable.Theactionisexisting,fromRule3.
=(1|1)impliesthatadviceisperformingtheactionofexisting,thatis,adviceexists,which
meanssomeadviceisbeinggivenbysomeone.
=(6|3)impliesthatbelongstothe
personsbeingrefereedto.=(4|1)
impliesthattheaction(ofexisting/givingofadvice)helps/intensifies|
4.Rule4notapplicable.
HencethesentencetranslatestoGivingadviceintensifiesthehostilityofstupidpeople.
(3|1)(1|1)(nil)(3|1)
1.Rule1says,sinceallthewords,except,appearinavibhaktiform,theydenoteanobject.
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=achariot
=journeyortravel
=not
=animaginarychariotinmind
2.Rule2instructsustoidentifythe3piecesofinfo,viz.
denotesasinglemasculineobjectinthirdvibhakti(3|1)
denotesasinglefeminineobjectoffirstvibhakti(1|1)
doesnotdenotesanyobject
denotesasinglemasculineobjectofthirdvibhakti(3|1)
3.Rule3asksustoinfertherelationofeachobjectwiththeactionbylookingatthebluetextinthe
vibhaktitable.Theactionisexisting,fromRule3.
=(3|1)impliesthatthechariotisinstrumentalinperformingtheaction
=(1|1)impliesthatjourneyexists,thatis,journeyisbeingdone
=(nil)negatesthemeaningofthewordthatcomesafterit
=(3|1)impliesthatthechariotofmindisinstrumentalinperformingtheaction
4.Rule4doesnotgiveanynewinfo.
Hence,thesentencetranslatestoJourneyisdonebya(real)chariot,notbyachariotofmind.
Q) I really enjoyed! But there is some feeling of uncertainty lingering in my mind. In
the sentence,

why did you say that Rule4 does not give any new info ? I
mean,
and
,bothhavethesamevibhaktiviz.thirdvibhakti,hencetheyshouldrepresent
thesameobject,sois,thatmeanstherealchariotandthechariotofmindareoneand
thesame!Isntit?OramIwrong?
A) Here, you are applying the Rule4 to inappropriate words. The word is an . That means, its
vibhaktiforms do not exist. Hence, instead of considering
alone as a single word, one
must consider
as a single word (because itself has no vibhakti!) for applying Rule4. So by
applyingRule4again,weseethat
and
denotethesameobject,whichistruebecauseis
indeednot!
Q)ThereisonemorethingthatIamnotabletoswallow.Inthesentencestakenupbyyousofar,
therehavebeennoverbs!So,aretherereallynoverbsinSanskrit?Ifeellikescreaming,ifthisis
true.
A)Youneednotscream.Youarecorrectinthatthesentencestakenupsofarhavebeenverbless,though
thisdoesnotmeanthatthosesentenceshadnoactionsinvolved.Infact,nosentenceispossiblewithoutan
action.Oursamplesentencesemployedvibhaktistodescribeactions,butactionscanalsobedescribedby
verbsandSanskrithasverbalsystemandinfact,itishighlyelaborated.
Thats it for this article. In the next one, we shall explain the general structure of a Sanskrit sentence,
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revealing how the tremendous amount of Sanskrit literature ranging from Philosophy to Physics, can be
grammaticallybrokendownintomere2012dhAtusandafewlonewords.
PS: The definitions of vibhakti given in the article are very superficial and there are a lot many
aspectstoeachvibhakti.Infact,completearticlescanbewrittenoneachofthe8vibhaktisandstillmay
not be sufficient.The aim here is to get a new learner started with vibaktis. For detailed learning, I would
recommendcheckingoutotherresources.
RohanShane
19,2012
,
Google

2012
,18
SimpledaytodayWords
Sanskritwords
Transliteration
Meaning
dinadarshikaa
Calendar
dooradarshanam
Television
darpanaha
Mirror
dooravaanee
Telephone
dvaaram
Door
paadaraxaa
footwear
aakaashavaanee
Radio
dhvanimudrikaa
Taperecord
sikthavartikaa
Candle
soochanaaghantaa
Callingbell
kankanam
Bangle
kartaree
Scissors
avakarikaa
Dustbin
agnipetikaa
Matchbox
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chatram
Umbrella
karandaha
Smallbox
shayyaa
Bed
bhaavachitram
Photo
karadeepaha
Torch
jalashodhakam
Waterfilter
dhanalekaha,deyakam
Bill,Receipt
taalaha
Lock
aatapaha
Sunlight
chaayaa
Shade
soochikaa
Safetypin
sameekaraha
Iron
paadatraanam
Shoe
goladeepaha
Bulb
dandadeepaha
Tubelight
vyajanam
Fan
yutakam
Shirt
sopanam
Step
pinjaha
Switch
bhittihi
Wall
ganakayantram
Computer
dinapatrikaa
Dailypaper
vaarapatrikaa
Weeklypaper
maasapatrikaa
Monthlypaper
aasandaha
Chair
bhittighatihi
Wallclock
sammaarjanee
Broom
oorukam
Pants
kunchikaa
Key
shirastram
Cap

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lekhanee
Pen
ankanee
Pencil
koshaha
Pocket
svedakaha
Sweater
dhanam
Money
viraamaha
Holiday
yojinee
Stapler
nakhakartaree
Nailcutter
snaanagraham
Bathroom
pronchaha
Towel
dantaphenaha
Toothpaste
phenakam
Soap
koorchaha
Brush
ksurapatram
Blade
pitharaha
Boiler
ushnajalam
Hotwater
sheetajalam
Coldwater
naalaha
Tap
phenakapetikaa
Soapbox
dantakoorchaha
Toothbrush
dantachoornaha
Teethpowder
dronee
Bucket
paakashaalaa
Kitchen
tailam
Oil
navaneetam
Butter
ghratam
Ghee
bhojanapeetham
Diningtable
patraalayaha
Postoffice
masheepaha
Inkpad
moolyaankaha
Stamp
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patrapetekaa
Postbox
antardesheeyapatram
Inlandletter
samapatram
Postcard
patravitaarakaha
Postman
mradumudraa
Seal
RohanShane
18,2012
,
Google

,13
2012
VocativeCase/(sambodhanavibhakti)
VocativeCaseor(sambodhanavibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthewordusedtoaddressorcall
someoneorsomething.
Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareinvocativecase.
O!Boy
hebaala
O!Creeper
helate
O!God
hedeva
Hereboy(/baala),creeper(/lataa)
andGod(
/deva)areinvocativecaseor
(sambodhanavibhakti)
Alltheabovesentencesaddressorcallsomeone.So,thepersonorthingbeingaddressedisinvocativecase.
Note:I(/asmad)andYou(
/yusmad)wordsdonothaveanyvocativecase.
VocativeCase(/sambodhanavibhakti)
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Word
Gender Singular Dual Plural SimilarWords
baala
Boy
/baala
Creeper
/lataa
late
River
/nadii
Fruit
/phalam
baalau baalaaH
late
lataaH
nadii

nadyau nadyaH
phalam
phale phalaani
RohanShane,
13,2012
Google

LocativeCase/(saptamiivibhakti)
LocativeCaseor(saptamiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"where"ofthesentence.Inother
wordslocativecaserepresentsthelocativeinthesentense.
Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareinlocativecase.
/English
/Sanskrit
1.Lotusesareinthelake.
kamalaanikaasaresanti
2.Flowersbloominthecreeper.
puShpaaNilataayaa.nvikasanti
3.Elephantsroamintheforest.
gajaaHaraNyesaJNcharanti
4.Officesareinthecity.
kaaryaalayaaHnagariishubhavanti
5.Childissleepingonthebed.
shishuHshajyaayaa.nshete
Notes
Thewordslake(/
kaasara),creeper(/
lataa),forest(/
araNya),city(/
nagarii),bed(/
shajyaa),land(
/
bhuumi),Mahabharata
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6.Leavesfallontheground.
parNaanibhuumyaa.npatanti
7.TherearemanystoriesinMahabharata.
mahaabhaarateanekakathaaHvidyante
8.Atmaisineverybody.
sarvasminaatmaavidyate
(/mahaabhaarata)
andall(
/sarva)are
expressinglocationof
somethingorsomeone.
Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"wherearethelotuses?",theanswerthatcomesis"lake".So,"lake"is
thelocativeinthesentenceandthenounformisinlocativecaseorsaptamiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence3,ifwe
askthequestion"elephantsroamwhere?",theanswerthatcomesis"forest".
So,answerthatcomesfromthequestion"where"isthelocativeinthesentenseandisalwaysinlocativecase.
Followingsaretheruleswherelocativecaseisused.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthelocationofsomethingorsomeonewillbeinlocativecase.
Sentence1to8followthisrule.
Besidestheaboverulestherearefewmorespecialruleswhereloctivecaseisused.Followingsaretheexamplesof
these.
/English
/Sanskrit
9.Heissittingontheseat.
saHaasandeupavishati
10.Studentsarerunningontheroad.
chchhaatraaHmaargeshudhaavanti
11.Peackoksaredancingonthe
mountain.
mayuuraaHgirishunRRityanti
12.Youngboysareswiminginthe
river.
taruNaaHnadyaa.ntaranti
13.Girlsareplayingintheplayground.
vaalikaaHkriiDaaN^gaNekriDanti
Notes
Expressingthethingon
whichonesitsorstands
etc.
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14.Iwillgointheevening.
aha.nsaaya.nkaalegachchhaami
15.HolidayisonSunday.
viraamaHbhaanuvaasarebhavati
16.Whensunrises,lotusblooms.
suuryeuditepadma.nvikasati
17.Whenmoonrises,lilliesbloom.
chandreuditekumudaanivikasanti
18.Amonganimalshumanbeingsare
thebest.
praaNinaa.n/praaNiShunaraaH
shreShThaaH
19.Dogoodasifdeathisholdingby
hair.
gRRihitaevakesheShumRRityunaa
dharmamaacharet
20.Friendmademesitbyholdingmy
hands.
sakhaamaa.nkaredhRRitvaaupaveshayat
21.Fatherlovesson.
pitaaputresnihyati
22.Youtrustme.
tva.nmayivishvasihi
23.Respectfather.
pitaribhakti.nkuru
Expressingthetimeof
action.
Expressingtheactionof
oneresultingintheaction
ofanother.
Comparisioningroup.
Expressingpartofbody
heldseparately.
Expressingtrust,fondness,
love,anger,worshipetc.,in
someone.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingonwhichsomeoneorsomethingsitsorstandswillbeinlocative
case.
Insentence9ifweaskthequestion"whereisheseating?"or"onwhatisheseating?",theanswerthatcomesison
theseat.So,theword"seat"or(aasand)isinlocativecaseasitisexpressingthethingonwhichsomeoneis
seating.Sentence10to13alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthetimeofactioninresponsetothequestiononverbas"when"willbein
locativecase.
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Insentence14answertothequestion"whenshallIgo?"is"intheevening"or"evening".So,theword"evening"or
(saaya.nkaala)isinlocativecase.Sentence15alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Whentheactionofoneresultsinactionofanother,thethingwhoseactionoccursfirstwillbein
locativecase.
Insentence16lotusbloomswhensunrises.Inotherwordstheactionofsun'srisingresultsintheactionofthelotus
blooming.So,theword"sun"or
(suurya)isinlocativecase.Sentence17alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifacomparisioninagroupisbeingmadethenthewordexpressingthegroupwillbeinlocative
caseoringenitivecase.
Insentence18theword"animal"or(praaNi)isinlocativecase(oralternativelygenitivecase),asitrepresents
thegroupinwhichhumanbeingsarethebest.
GrammaticalRule:Ifapartofbodyisheldseparatelythenthewordexpressingthepartwillbeinlocativecase.
Insentence20myfriendisholdingmyhand(separately)tomakemeseat.So,theword"hand"or(kara)isin
locativecaseasthisisthepartofbodywhichisbeingheldseparately.Sentence19alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifverbsmeaningtrust,fondness,love,anger,worshipetc.,areused,thepersoninwhomsuch
trustorfondnessisshownwillbeinlocativecase.
Insentence21theverb(snihyati)isusedtoexpressfather'sloveinhisson.So,theword"son"or
(putra)
isinlocativecase.Sentence22and23alsofollowthisrule.
LocativeCase(/saptamiivibhakti)
Word
Gender
Singular
Dual
Plural
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SimilarWords
baale
baalayoH
baaleShu
latayoH
Boy
/baala
Creeper
/lataa
lataayaam
lataasu
River
/nadii
nadyoH
nadyaam
nadiiShu
Fruit
/phalam
phale
phalayoH
RohanShane,
13,2012
phaleShu
Google

GenitiveCase/(ShaShThiivibhakti)
GenitiveCaseor(ShaShThiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"whose"ofthesentence.Inother
wordsgenitivecaserepresentsthegenitiveinthesentense.
Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareingenitivecase.
/English
/Sanskrit
1.SonofDasaratha.
dasharathasyaputraH
2.Krishna'sfriend.
kRRiShNasyasakhaa
3.Riseofsun.
suuryasyaudayaH
4.Waterofriver.
nadyaaHjalam
5.Whitenessofmoon.
chandrikaayaadhavalataa
Notes
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6.Heatoffire.
agneHjvaalaa
7.VrihaspatiistheteacherofGods.
devaanaa.nguruHbRRihaspatiH
8.DemonsarethedesciplesofSukracharya.
shukraachaaryasyashiShyaaHasuraaH
9.Women'sjewellary.
naariiNaamaabharaNam
10.Thisismyopinion.
etatmamamatam
11.Ganapatihasfourhands.
gaNapateHchatvaaraHhastaaH
Peronorthingwhose
relationshipwithanotheris
beingexpressed.
Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"whoseson?",theanswerthatcomesis"Dasaratha".So,"Dasaratha"is
thegenitiveinthesentenceandthenounformisingenitivecaseorShaShThivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence4,ifwe
askthequestion"whosewater?",theanswerthatcomesis"river".
So,answerthatcomesfromthequestion"whose"isthegenitiveinthesentenseandisalwaysingenitive
case.Followingsaretheruleswheregenitivecaseisused.
GrammaticalRule:Theworddenotingaperonorthingwhoserelationshipwithanotherisbeingexpressedwillbein
genitivecase.
Insentence1to11thewordsexpressingrelationshiptosomeoneorsomethingareingenitivecase.
Besidestheaboverulestherearefewmorespecialruleswheregenitivecaseisused.Followingsaretheexamplesof
these.
/English
12.AmongPandavasDharmaraja
(Yudhisthira)isbest.
/Sanskrit
paaNDavaanaa.ndharmaraajaH
jyeShThaH
Notes
Comparisioningroup.
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13.Amongtreescoconutisthebest.
vRRikshaaNaa.nnaarikeraHshreShThaH
14.ThereisnocomparisionofArjuna.
arjunasyatulaanaasti
15.BeautyofRama.
raamasyaupamaa
16.Tothesouthoftheschoolhuge
banayantreeisthere.
vidyaalayasyadakshiNaatekaHmahaan
vaTavRRikshaH
17.Infrontoftheteacherstudentsare
standing.
shikshakasyapuraHchchhaatraaH
tiShThanti
18.Childisplayingbehindmother.

maatuHpurastaatshishuHkriiiDati
19.Waterflowsbelowground.
bhuumeHadhastaat/adhaHjala.nbarttate
20.Tothenorthofthevillagehospitalis
there.
graamasyauttaraatchikitsaalayaHasti
Useofwords
(tulaa),
(upamaa)etc.,for
comparision.
Expressinsdirectionor
locationinrelationto
anotherusingwords
(puraH),
(purastaat),
(purataH),
(agrataH),
(pRRiShThataH),
(adhaH),
(adhastaat)etc.
GrammaticalRule:Ifacomparisioninagroupisbeingmadethenthewordexpressingthegroupwillbeingenitive
case(oralternativelyinlocativecase).
Insentence13abovethesentencemeanscoconuttreeisbest"amongthetrees".So,thewordtreesisingenetive
case(oralternativelylocativecase)asitrepresentsthegroupinwhichcoconuttreeisbest.Similarlyinsentence12
theword"pandavas"isingenetivecase.
GrammaticalRule:Ifwords
(tulaa),(upamaa)etc.,expressingcomparisionareusedthenwordexpressing
thepersonorthingbeingcomparedwillbeingenitivecase.
Insentence14theword"Arjuna"isingenitivecaseasthisisbeingcomparedwiththeuseofword
ortulaa.
Sentence15alsofollowsthesamerule.
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GrammaticalRule:Ifthewords
(puraH),
(purastaat),
(purataH),(agrataH),
(pRRiShThataH),(adhaH),(adhastaat)etc.,areusedtoexpressdirectionorlocationofanobjectin
relationtoanother,thewordexpressingtheobjectwillbeingenitivecase.
Insentence16thewordsouthor(dakshiNaat)isusedtoexpresslocationofthebanayantreeinrelationto
theschool.So,thewordschoolisingenitivecase.Similarlyinsentence18thewordbehindor
(purastaat)
expressesthelocationofthechildinrelationtomother.So,thewordmotherisingenitivecase.Sentences16,17,
18,19and20followthisrule.
GenitiveCase(/ShaShThiivibhakti)
Word
Gender Singular
Dual
Plural
SimilarWords
Boy
/baala
baalasya
baalayoH
baalaanaam
Creeper
/lataa
lataayaaH
latayoH
lataanaam
River
/nadii
nadyaaH nadiibhyaam
nadiinaam
phalasya
phalaanaam
Fruit
/phalam
phalayoH
RohanShane,
13,2012
Google

AblativeCase/(paJNchamiivibhakti)
AblativeCaseor(paJNchamiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"fromwhom/what"ofthesentence.
Inotherwordsablativecaserepresentstheablativeinthesentense.
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Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareinablativecase.
/English
/Sanskrit
1.Leaffellfromthetree.
vRRikshaatparNa.n/patra.mapatat
2.Fruitsarefallingfromthetrees.
phalaanitarubhyaHpatanti
3.Hefallfromtherunninghorse.
saHdhaavataHashvaatpatitaH
4.Iamcomingfromtheschool.
aha.nvidyaalayaataagachchhaami
5.Godscomefromheaven.
devataaHsvargaataagachchhanti
Notes
Thewordstree(
/
vRRiksha),tree(/taru)
andhorse(/ashva)
representthesourceof
separation.
Thewordsschool(
/vidyaalaya)andheaven
(
/svarga)represent
thesourceofcomingor
going.
Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"leaffellfromwhat?",theanswerthatcomesis"thetree".So,"tree"is
theablativeinthesentenceandthenounformisinablativecaseorpaJNchamiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence4,if
weaskthequestion"whereamIcomingfrom?",theanswerthatcomesis"school".
So,answertothequestion"fromwhom/what/where"istheablativeinthesentenceandisalwaysinablativecase.
Theverbformisindependentofthenumberor(vachana)ofthesubjectorobject.Followingsaretheruleswhere
ablativecaseisused.
GrammaticalRule:Whenanobjectisseparatedfromanotherthewordexpressingtheobjectfromwhichthe
separationhappenedwillbeinablativecase.
Sentence1,2and3followthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Whensomeoneorsomethingiscomingfromaplacethewordexpressingthesourcewillbein
ablativecase.
Sentence4and5followthisrule.
Besidestheaboverulestherearefewmorespecialruleswhereablativecaseisused.Followingsaretheexamplesof
these.
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/English
/Sanskrit
6.Waterfallisflowingfromthe
mountain.
nirjharaHgireHsravati
7.(River)Gangesflowsfrom
Himalayas.
himavataHgaN^gaatprabhahati
8.Animalfearstiger.
mRRigaHbyaaghraatvibheti
9.Deerfearstiger.
hariNaHvyaaghraattrasyati
10.Elephantsfearlion.
gajaaHsi.nhaattrasyanti
11.Thieffearspolice.

chauraHaarakshakaatvibheti
12.Policeprotectsfromthief.
/
aarakshakaHchauraattraayate/rakshate
13.Goodworkprotectsfromfearof
hell.
saadhita.ntudharmakaarya.ntraayate
narakabhayaat.
14.Soldersprotectcitizensfrom
enemies.
sainikaaHshatrubhyaHnaagarikaanrakshante
15.Heacceptsdefeatfromstudy.
saHadhyanaaatparaajayate.
16.Goodpeopleacceptdefeatfrom
sin.
dhaarmikaHpaapaatparaajayate
17.Heisbaringthecowsfrom
paddy.
saHdhaanebhyaHgaa.nvaarayati
18.Barsfromsinandemploysin
merit.
paapannivaarayaati
19.Krishnaishidingfrommother.
kRRiShNaHmaatuHniliiyate
Notes
Thewordsmountain(/
giri)andHimalayas(
/himavata)representthe
originorsource.
Thewordstiger(/
byaaghraat),lion(
/
si.nha)andpolice(/
aarakshaka)arethe
sourcesoffear.
Thewordsthief(/
chaura),hell(/
narakabhaya)andenemy
(
/shatruu)represent
thingsfromwhich
protected.
Useofword+
(paraa+jayate)toexpress
defeat.
Thewordspaddy(/
dhaana)andsin(/
paapa)arethingsfrom
whichrestrained.
Thewordsmother(
/
maatRRi)andteacher(
/
guru)representsomeone
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20.Studentishidingfromteacher.
chchhaatraHguruHniliiyate
fromwhomhiding.
21.Gauridoesnotreaddueto
lazyness.
gauriiaalasyaatnapaThati
Thewordlazynessor
(aalasya)represents
thecauseofsomething.
22.Fruitiscreatedfromflower.

pueHpaatphalamparajaayate
23.Honeyiscreatedfromlotus.

padmaatmadhuprajaayate
Thewordsflower(
/
pueHpa)andlotus(/
padma)aresourcesof
creation.
24.Goodpeoplehatesin.
dhaarmikaHpapaatjugupsate
25.Heescapesfromreading.
saHpaThanaatviramati.
26.MangoisbetterthanGuava.
aamraphala.ndaaNDimaatshreShTham
27.KalidasaisbetterthanBhabhuti.
kaalidaasaHbhavabhuuteHshreShThaH
28.Lakshamanaiselderto
Satrughna.
lakshamaNaHshatrughnaatpuurvaH
29.BhimaisyoungertoYudhisthira.
bhiimaHyudhiShThiiraatparaH
Useofverbslikehate
(
/jugupsate),
escapes(/viramati)
etc.,expressinghateor
dislike.
Useofsuperlativeor
comparativeadjectiveslike
better(
/shreShTha)
earlier(
/purvaH),later
(/paraH)etc.,to
compare.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheoriginorsourceofsomethingwillbeinablativecase.
InSentence6thewaterfallflowsfromthemountain.Inotherwordsthemountainisthesourceofthewaterfall.So,
theword"mountain"isinablativecase.Sentence7alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthesourceoffearwillbeinablativecase.
Insentence9deerfearsthetiger.Inotherwordstigeristhesourceoffear.So,theword"tiger"isinablativecase.
Sentence10and11alsofollowthisrule.
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GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingorsomeonefromwhichsomethingorsomeoneisprotectedwillbe
inablativecase.
Insentence12policeprotectsfromthief.Thatmeansthiefisthethingfromwhichthepoliceprotects.So,theword
"thief"isinablativecase.Sentence13and14alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthethingfromwhichdefeatisaccepted,unabletotolerateorfaceit,withthe
useofprepositionor
(upasarga)beforetheverb
(paraajayate)willbeinablativecase.Note:Ifdefeatis
acceptedafterfacingitbravely,thenthewordwillbeinaccusativecase.
Insentence15word
(paraajayate)isusedtoexpress"hisdefeatfromstudy".Inotherwordsitalsomeans
"heisnotabletostudy"or"heisafraidofstudies".So,theword"study"isinablativecase.Sentence16alsofollows
thisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingfromwhichsomeoneorsomethingisopposedorrestrainedwillbe
inablativecase.
Insentence17thecowsarebeingrestrainedfrompaddy.So,theword"paddy"isinablativecase.Sentence18also
followsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomeoneorsomethingfromwhichoneishidingfromwillbeinablativecase.
Insentence19Krishnaishidingfrommother.So,theword"mother"isinablativecase.Sentence20alsofollows
thisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthecauseofsomethingwillbeinablativecase.Note:Ifthesubjectisin
femininegender,thenitcanalsobeininstrumentalcase.
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Insentence21lazynessor(aalasya)isthereasonofGaurinotreading.Inotherwordslazynessisthe
reasonof"notreading".So,itisinablativecase.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthesourceofcreationwillbeinablativecase.
Insentence22fruitiscreatedfromflowerorinotherwords"floweristhesourceofcreation"offruit.So,theword
"flower"isinablativecase.Sentence23alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingsomethingtowhichhateordislikeisexpressedwillbeinablativecase.
Sentence24and25followthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Whensuperlativeorcomparativeadjectivessuchlike
(shreShThaH),
(purvaH),
(paraH)etc.,areusedthewordexpressingthethingtowhichthecomparisionisbeingmadewillbeinablativecase.
Insentence26mangoisbetterthanguava.So,guavaisthethingfromwhichmangoisbetter.Hencetheword
"guava"isinablativecase.Similarlyinsentence28word"earlier"or
(purvaH)isusedtomeanthatLakshamana
isearliertoSatrughna.So,theword"Satrughna"isinablativecase.Sentence27and29alsofollowthisrule.
AblativeCase(/paJNchamiivibhakti)
Word
Gender Singular
Boy
/baala
Creeper
/lataa
River
Dual
Plural
baalaat baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
lataayaaH
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
SimilarWords
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/nadii
Fruit
/phalam
nadyaaH
nadiinaam
nadiibhyaH
phalaat phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
RohanShane,
13,2012
Google

DativeCase/
(chaturthiivibhakti)
DativeCaseor
(chaturthiivibhakti)ofnounformrepresentsthe"towhom"or"forwhom"ofthe
sentence.Inotherwordsdativecaserepresentsthedativeinthesentense.
Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareindativecase.
/English
/Sanskrit
1.Givericetothebeggar.
bhikshukaayaHtaNDuula.ndehi
2.Iamgivingprizetohim.
aha.ntasmaipuraskaara.ndadaami
3.Doctorisgivingmedicinetothepatient.
vaidyaHrugNaayaauShadha.n
yachchhati
4.Lettherichgivemoneytopoor.
dhanikaHnirdhanaayadhana.n
yachhatu
5.Thelustfulpersonisgivingmoneytothe
maid.
kaamukaHdaasyaasa.nyachchhate
Notes
Thewords
(bhikshuka),
(yusmad),(rugNa)and
(nirdhana)represent
thepersontowhom
somethingisgiven.
Givingsomethingto
performsomeimoralor
indecentact.Inthiscase
instrumentalcasewillbe
usedandnotdativecase.
Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"givericetowhom?",theanswerthatcomesis"thebeggar".So,"beggar"
isthedativeinthesentenceandthenounformisindativecaseorchaturthiivibhakti.Similarlyinsentence3,ifwe
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askthequestion"doctorgavemedicinetowhom?",theanswerthatcomesis"patient".
So,answerstothequestion"towhom"or"forwhom"etc.,isthedativeinthesentenceandisalwaysindativecase.
Theverbformisindependentofthenumberor(vachana)ofthesubjectorobject.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgivenwillbeindativecase.
Sentence1,2,3and4followthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgiventoperformsomeimoralorindecent
actwillbeininstrumentalcaseandnotindativecase.
Insentence5thelustpersonisgivingmoneytothemaidinreturnofanimmoral.So,theword"maid"isin
instrumentalcaseinsteadofdativecase.
Besidestheaboverulestherearefewspecialruleswheredativecaseisused.Followingsareexamplesofthese.
/English
/Sanskrit
6.Lettheauthorwriteforthepaper.
lekhakaHpatrikaayailekha.nlikhatu
7.Goldisfornecklace.
suvarNahaaraayahaaTakam
8.Wifeshouldbeacceptedformerit/dharma.
dharmaayapatniigrahaNiiyaa
9.Wealthbecomesegoism.
eishcharyamahaN^kaaraayabhavati
10.Poweristotormentothers.
shaktiHparapiDanaayabhavati
11.Letpowerbeforothers'good.
shaktiHparopakaaraayabhavatu
12.Lakshmihatestheknowledgable.
lakshmiiHpaNDitaayaasuuyati
Notes
Thewords(patrikaa),
(suvarNahaara)
and
(dharma)represent
thethingsforwhich
somethingisneeded.
Thewords
(ahaN^kaara),
(parapiDana)and
(paropakaara)representthe
thingintowhichsomething
elsetransforms.
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13.Hehatestheclever.
saHchaturaayaasuuyati
14.Kingisangryontheenemies.
raajaashatruvekRRidhayati
15.GopalaisangryonRama.
gopaalaHraamaayadRRihyati
16.Doyoulikesweets?
?
modaka.ntubhya.nrochatevaa?
17.Girlslikeflowers.
vaalikaaHpuShpebhyaHspRRihayanti
18.Leteveryonelikeknowledge.
sarvednyaayaspRRihayantu
19.Ladieslikeflowers.
puShpaaNitaruNibhyaHrochante
20.Ilikemilk.
mahyaa.ndugdha.nrochate
21.Childlikestoplay.
shishavekriDaarochate
22.Whodoesnotlikesweets.
?
kasmaimodaka.nnasvadate?
23.Salutetoteacher.
guravenamaH
24.SalutetoNarayana.
naaraayaNaayanamaH
25.OfferedtoIndra.
indraayasvaaha
26.Offeredtofire.
agneyabaShaT
27.Letgoodhappentoall.
sarvebhyaHsvasti
Useofwords
(kRRidhyati),
(dRRihyati),
(iirShyati),
(asuuyati)etc.,expressing
hateordislike.
Useofwordslike
(rochate)etc.,expressing
fondnessorlikingfor
something.
Useofwordslike
(namaH),(svasti),
(svaaha),
(ala.n),
(baShaT)etc.
WordMeanings:
namaHsalute,svaaha
offered,baShaToffered,
svastiletgoodhappen.
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28.Lettheguestcomehome.
SanskritTutorials
atithayaHgRRihaaya/gRRiham
aagachchhantu
29.Iwillgotovillage.
aga.ngraamaaya/graamam
gachhaami
30.Shyamaisborrowingonehundredfrom
Rama.
shyaamaHraamaayashata.n
dhaarayati
31.Idonotoweanythingtoanyone.
aha.nkasmaikiJNchitnadhaarayaami
32.(LordVishnu)Hariowesliberationto
worshippers.
hariHbhaktaayamoksha.ndhaarayati
33.Motherisshowingmoontoson.
34.TellGangadattaaboutme.
Wordexpressingthetarget
destinationforactionslike
goingorcomingcanbein
accusativecaseordative
case.
Wordexpressingtheperson
fromwhomsomethingis
borrowed.
maataapuutraayachandra.ndarshayati Thepersonwithwhomthe
subjectrelatessomething

throughhis/heraction.
gaN^gadattaayamatsandesha.n
kathaya
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressiongthepurposeforwhichcertainactionistakenorsomethingisneededwillbe
indativecase.
Sentence6abovemeanstheauthorshouldwriteforthepaper.Inotherwordsthewritingactionisforthe"paper".So,
papertakesthedativecase.Similarlyinsentence7goldisneededforneckless.So,necklessisinthedativecase.
Sentence8alsofollowsthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheobjectintowhichanotherobjecttransformswillbeindativecase.
Insentence9abovewealthturnsortransformsintoegoism.So,"egoism"isindativecasetheobjectintowhich
wealthtransforms.Sentence10and11alsofollowthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingtheperson(orthing)againstwhom(orwhich)angerorhateredisshownwill
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beindativecase.
Insentence12aboveLaxmishowshateredtowardsthe"knowledgable".So,thewordknowledgableisindative
case.Similarlyinsentence14theKingshowsangertowardsenemies.So,thewordenemyisindativecase.
Sentence13and15alsofollowthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Whenverbsmeaning"liking"areused,thewordexpressingthepersontowhomitisamatterof
likingwillbeindativecase.
Insentence17abovegirlslikeflowersorinotherwordsflowersareametteroflikingtothegirls.So,"girl"isin
dativecase.Similarlyinsentence21playisamatteroflikingto"child".So,thechildisindativecase.Sentence16,
18,19,20,and22alsofollowthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Whenthewords(namaH),(svasti),(svaahaa),
(ala.n)and(baShaT)are
usedthewordsexpressingtheobjectoftheirreferencewillbeindativecase.
Insentence23above"teacher"istheobjectofreferenceoftheword(namaH)orsalute.So,thewordteacheror
(guru)isindativecase.Sentence24,25,26and27alsofollowthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Whenverbsmeaninggoingorcomingareusedthewordsexpressingthedestinationwillbeeither
inaccusativecaseordativecase.
Insentence28above"home"isindativecase(oraccusativecase)ashomeisthedestination.Sentence29also
followsthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Whensomethingisborrowedfromothersthepersonfromwhomthethingisborrowedwillbein
dativecase.
Insentence30aboveShyamhasborrowedmoneyfromRama.So,"Rama"isindativecase.Similarlyinsentence32
Hari(LordVishnu)borrowsliberationor(moksha)fromtheworshipper.So,theword(bhakta)orworshipperis
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indativecase.Sentence31alsofollowsthesamerule.
GrammaticalRule:Thepersonwithwhomthesubjectrelatessomethingthroughhisorheractionwillbeindative
case.
Insentence33abovemotherisshowingthemoontoson.Inotherwordsmotherthesubjectinthesentencewithher
actionofshowingisrelatingsonwiththemoon.So,thewordsonor
(putra)isindativecase.
DativeCase(
/chaturthiivibhakti)
Word
Gender Singular
Dual
Plural
SimilarWords
Boy
/baala
baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH
Creeper
/lataa
lataayai
lataabhyaam
lataabhyaH
River
/nadii
nadyai
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhyaH
phalaaya phalaabhyaam phalebhyaH
Fruit
/phalam
RohanShane,
13,2012
Google

InstrumentalCase/
(tRRitiiyavibhakti)
InstrumentalCaseor
(tRRitiiyavibhakti)ofnounformrepresentstheinstrumentalforminasentence.
Theanswerthatcomesfromthequestion"bywhat"or"withwhat"istheinstrumentinthesentense.Theinstrumentis
withwhatthesubjector
(kartaa)isdoingsomething.Theinstrumentisindependentofthenumberandgenderof
thesubjectorobject.
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Studythefollowingsentences.Theseareininstrumentalcase.
/English
/Sanskrit
1.Farmerisploughingwithplough.
kRRiShivalaHhalenakarShati
2.Iamcuttingwithaxe.
aha.nparashunaakhaNDayaami
3.Teacherwroteusingpen.
guravaHlekhanyaaalikhan
4.Youaretouchingwithhand.
tva.nkareNaspRRishasi
5.Snakesbiteswithteeth.
sarpaHdantaiHdashati
6.Guestishappywithfood.
atithayaHbhojanenamodanti
7.Garlandismadeusingflower.
maalaapuShpaiHbhavati
8.Youlivewithknowledge.
tva.nvidyayaajivasi
9.(I)willdecorateGodwithgarland.
maalaabhiHdevamalaN^karomi
Notes
Hereplough(/hala),axe
(
/parashu),pen(
/lekhanii),hand(/kara),
teeth(/danta)andfood
(/bhojana),flower
(
/puShpa),knowledge
(/vidyaa),garland
(/maalaa)arethe
instrumentsforthe
respectiveverbsandarein
instrumentalcase.
Insentence1above,ifweaskthequestion"whatisthefarmerisploughingwith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withthe
plough".So,"plough"istheinstrumentinthesentenceandthenounformisininstrumentslcaseortRRitiiyavibhakti.
Similarlyinsentence4,ifweaskthequestion"whatareyoutouchingwith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withhand".In
caseofsentence6,ifweaskthequestion"whatistheguesthappywith?",theanswerthatcomesis"withfood".So,
handandfoodareininstrunmentalcase.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressing"bywhat"or"withwhat"pertainingtotheverbwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Sentences1and9alsofollowthisrule.
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Besidestheaboverulestherearesomespecialruleswhereinsrtumentalcaseisused.Followingsaretheexamples
ofthese.
/English
/Sanskrit
10.Womenplayedwiththechildren.
striyaHshishubhiHsahaakriDan
11.Teacherwentwiththestudents.
guruHchchhaatraiHsaakamagachchhat
12.SitaroamswithRama.
siitaaraameNasaardha.nviharati
13.Krishnacamewithme.
kRRiShNaHmayaasaakamaagatavaan
14.Gopalwentwithhim.
tenasaaka.ngopaalaHgataH
15.Friendshipwithevilnotworth.
durjanenasamaitriinakarttavyaa
16.Youwillgowithme.
/
/
/
tva.nmayaa
saha/saaka.n/samsa.n/saardsha.n
gamiShyasi
17.Withouteffortknowledgeisnot
achievable.
shrameNavinaavidyaanalabhyate
18.Withoutwaterlifeisimpossible.
jalenaantareNajiivanamasambhavam
19.Whatislifewithoutknowledge.
vidyaa.nvinaajiivanamkim
20.Heisblindwitheyes.
saHakshNaakaaNaH
21.Whatshallmirrordotoonewithout
lochanabhyaavihinasyadarpaNaHki.n
eyes.
kariShyati
22.Heisdeafwithears.
saHkarNaabhyaa.nvadhiraH
Notes
Useofwords(saha),
(saakam),
(saarddha.n)and
(sama.n)
Useofwords
(antareNa)and(vinaa).
Thewordseyes(/
lochana),ears(
/karNa)
andfoot(/paada)are
expressinglamenessof
organorbodypart.
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23.Heislamewithfoot.
saHpaadenakhaJNjaH
24.Ramaisnaughtybynature.
raamaHprakRRityaa/svaabhavenachapalaH
25.Heisrunningspeedily.
saHvegenadhaavati
26.Ramaislivinghappily.
raamaHsukhenatiShThati
27.NamedRama
naamnaaraamaH
28.Thegirlisbeautifulbyface.
vaalikaaakRRityaachaaruH
29.Simplebynature.
svaabhaavenasaralaH
30.Hauntersarenormallypoor.
shavaraaHpraayeNadaridraaH
31.Lettheboygoquickly.
baalaHliilayaa/vegena/tvarayaa
gachchhatu
32.Theycameinonequeue.
ekenakrameNaaagachchhata
33.Iamkshatriya(warrior)bycaste.
aha.njaatyaakshatriya
34.Boysareroamingbytheirwish.
baalakaaHsvechchhayaabhramanti
35.Ramaisyoungertoyoubyone
year.

raamaHtvatvarSheNaabaraH
36.GopalaisyoungertoShyamabya

month.
gopaalaHshyaamaatmaasenaparaH
37.Heiseldertomebyamonth.

saHmatmaasenapuurvaH
Thewordsnature(
/
prakRRiti),nature(/
svaabhava),speedily(
/
vega),happily(
/
sukha),face(
/
aakRRiti),normally(/
praaya),quickly(/
liilayaa),quickly(/
tvarayaa),queue(/
krama),caste(/jaati)
andwish(
/
svechchhaa)are
expressingnatureor
characteristics.
Useofwordselder(
/
puurvaH),younger(/
avaraH)andyounger(/
paraH)tocompareage.
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38.Sagebymattedlock.
jaTaabhiHtaapasaH
39.Brahminbysacredthread?
upavitenavraahmaNa.n
40.Bodyshiversduetocold.
shiitenashariiramkampate
41.Heisheartbrokenduetosadness.
duHkhenasaHbhagnahRRidiyaH
42.Hariisseenthroughmerit.
puNyenadRRiShTaHhariH
43.Heissufferingduetofever.
saHjvareNapiiDitaH
44.Heiscryingduetohunger.
saHkshudhayaakrandati
45.Ihaveneedofstudy.
mamapaaThenaprayojanam
46.Whatistheneedofquarreling?
kalahenakim?
47.Quarrellingiswaste.
vivaadenaalam
48.Donothaveneedinwealth?
?
dhanenaprayojana.nnaasti?
49.Lessbyknowledge.
dnyaanenahiinaH
50.Lessbywealth.
dhanenashuunyaH
51.Heislessbywealth.
//
saHdhanenauunaH/shuunyaH/hiinaH
52.Thetemplewasbuiltinayear.

mandira.nvarSheNanirmita.nabhavat
Useofwordsmattedlock
(/jaTaa),sacredthread
(/upavita)asmark
ofidentification.
Thewordscold(/
shiita),sadness(
/
duHkha),merit(
/
puNya),fever(/jvara)
andhunger(
/
kshudhaa)areexpressing
thecauseorreasonof
something.
Useofwords
(prayojanam),(kim)
and(alam)toexpress
theneedornecessityof
something.
Useofwords
(hiinaH),(shuunyaH)
and(uunaH)toexpress
lackofsomething.
Thewordsyear(
/
varSha)andmonth(/
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53.RamareadSanskritinamonth.
raamaHmaasenasa.nskRRitamapaThat
54.Iboughtthebookwithfivecoins.
aha.npaJNchamudraabhiHpustakam
kriitavaan
55.Heboughtthetoywithtencoins.
maasa)representthetime
takentoachievesome
result.
Thewordsfivecoins
(
/
paJNchamudraa)andten
coins(
/
dashamudraa)are
representingthevalueor
saHdashamudraabhiHkriiDanaka.nkriitavaan costofsomething.
56.Thelustfulpersonisgivingmoney
tothemaid.
kaamukaHdaasyaasa.nyachchhate
Givingsomethingto
performsomeimoralor
indecentact.Inthiscase
instrumentalcasewillbe
usedandnotdativecase.
57.Ramaisgoingonadifferentrout.
raamaHanennamaargeNagachchhati
Thewordpath(
/
maarga)isrepresentingthe
pathfollowed.
GrammaticalRule:Iftheindeclinables(saha),(saakam),
(saarddha.n),
(sama.n)etc.,meaningwith
oralongwith,areusedthenthewordsgovernedbythesewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence7theword(saha)isusedtoexpressthatthewomenplayedwiththechildren.So,theword"children"
isininstrumentalcase.Sentences10and16alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifthewords
(antareNa)or(vinaa)meaningwithoutareusedthewordsgovernedbyit
willbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence17theword"effort"or(shrama)isininstrumentalcaseastheword
(antareNa)isusedto
expressthatwithouteffortknowledgecannotbeachieved.Sentences18and19alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifanywordexpressinglamenessinanyorganorbodypartisusedthenthewordrepresentingthe
organorbodypartwillbeininstrumentalcase.
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Insentence20theword"eyes"or(akshNaa)isininstrumentalcaseasthisistheorganthathasthe
lameness.Sentences21,22and23alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthenatureorcharacteristicsofsomeoneorsomethingwillbeininstrumental
case.
Insentence24theword"nature"representsacharacteristicsofRama.So,theword"nature"or(svaabhava)is
ininstrumentalcase.Similarlyinsentence25theword"speedily"isanattributeorcharacteristicsofhimrunning.
Hencethewordspeedilyor
(vega)isininstrumentalcase.Insentence33alsothewordcasteor(jaati)
representsanattributeaboutme.Sothiswordisininstrumentalcase.Sentences24to34followthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike
(puurvaH),(paraH),(avaraH)etc.,areusedtoexpressacomparisionin
timethenthewordexpressingthesenseoftimewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence35theword"younger"or(paraH)isusedtocomparetimeorage,and"year"or
(varsHa)isthe
wordexpressingthesenseoftime.So,theword"year"isininstrumentalcase.Sentences36and37alsofollowthis
rule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressinganymarkofidentificationofapersonwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence38sageisidentifiedby"mattedlock"or(jaTaa).Inotherwords"mattedlock"istheidentification
symboltoidentifyasage.So,theword"mattedlock"isininstrumentalcase.Sentences39alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthecauseofsomethingwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence40"cold"isthereasonforwhichbodyshivers.So,theword"cold"or(shiita)isininstrumentalcase.
Similarly,insentence41"sadness"isthereasonforhisbrokenheart.Hencetheword
(duHkha)isininstrumental
case.Sentences42,43and44alsofollowthisrule.
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GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike(alam),
(ki.n),(prayojanam)etc.,areusedtoexpressa"senseof
needornecessity"thenthewordrepresentingthethingwhichisneededwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence45"studyiswhatIhaveneedfor".So,thewordstudyor(paaTha)isininstrumentalcase.Similarlyin
sentence47"quarrellingiswaste"alsomeansthereisnoneedornecessityofquarrelling.Hencethewordquarrelling
or(vivaada)isininstrumentalcase.Sentences46and48alsofollowthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifwordslike(hiina),(shuunya),etc.,areusedtomeanlackofsomethingof
something,thenthewordsgovernedbythesewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence49thereisalackof"knowledge"or(dnyaana).Similarlyinsentence50thereisalackof"wealth"or
(dhana).So,theswordsareininstrumentalcase.Sentence51alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Ifthesentencecmeansachievementofsomeresultaftersometimethenthewordexpressingthe
timewillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence52thetemplewasbuiltinayear.Inotherwordstheresultwasachievedinayear.Theword"year"is
expressingthetimeafterwhichtheresultwasachieved.So,theword"year"or
(varSha)isininstrumentalcase.
Sentence53alsofollowsthisrule.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthevalueorcostofsomethingwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence54"fivecoins"expressthecostorvalueofthebook.So,itisininstrumentalcase.Similarlyinsentence
55"tencoins"isthecostofthetoy.So,"tencoins"isininstrumentalcase.
GrammaticalRule:Thewordexpressingthepersontowhomsomethingisgiventoperformsomeimoralorindecent
actwillbeininstrumentalcaseandnotindativecase.
Insentence56thelustpersonisgivingmoneytothemaidinreturnofanimmoral.So,theword"maid"isin
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instrumentalcaseinsteadofdativecase.
GrammaticalRule:Wordexpressingthepaththatisfollowedwillbeininstrumentalcase.
Insentence57theword"rout"or
(maarga)isininstrumentalcaseasitrepresentsthepaththatisbeingfollowed
ortaken.
InstrumentalCase(
/tRRitiiyaavibhakti)
Word
Gender Singular
Dual
Plural
SimilarWords
baalaiH
Boy
/baala
baalena baalaabhyaam
Creeper
/lataa
latayaa
lataabhyaam
lataabhiH
River
/nadii
nadyaa
nadiibhyaam
nadiibhiH
phalena phalaabhyaam
phalaiH
Fruit
/phalam
RohanShane,
13,2012
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Gender Singular Dual Plural SimilarWords

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baalaaya baalaabhyaam baalebhyaH

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