DARK DETECTOR SENSOR

Discussion:
LDR is an abbreviation of Light dependent resistor. It is also
known as photoresistor or
photocell.
Its symbol is shown in the

figure:

LDR Sensor is used for the detection of light, internally it has

a resistance which is sensitive to light as shown in the symbol.
It is normally used in light activated switches. For instance,
you have seen the automatic street lights, which go ON when
its night and automatically go OFF when its day time. In those
street lights, LDR sensors are used.

Experimental:

Observation:
When the LDR (Light Depended Resistor) is in light its
resistance is low, and when in dark its resistance goes higher.
When the light level decreases means the LDR is in darks then
LDR goes its maximum threshold resistance, then the circuit
automatically switches on the LED.
Conclusion:
When its dark, the LDR has high resistance. This makes the
voltage at the base of the transistor too low to turn the transistor
ON. Therefore, no current will go from the collector to the emitter
of the transistor. All the current will instead pass through the LDR
and the potentiometer.
When its light, the LDR has low resistance. This makes the
voltage at the base of the transistor higher. High enough to turn
the transistor ON. Because the transistor is turned on, current
flows through the transistor. It flows from the positive battery
terminal, through R1, the LED, and the transistor down to the
negative battery terminal. This makes the LED light up.

WATER SENSOR
Discussion:
This is a water sensor /rain alarm circuit diagram; it can be used on motorcycle,
car or other device that we want to protect from water, rain. This is a simple water
sensor/rain alarm circuit that makes an alarm when water/rain falls on its sensor. This
circuit is based on NE555/LM555 IC and two transistors (Q1&Q2). For transistor Q1BC547 or BC107 and for Q2- 2N825,BC548 or BC168 can be used in the circuit. This
rain detector circuit can be supplied from voltage source of +9V-12V DC. The resistor
470K ohm is a POT/Variable resistor; it is used to adjust the sensitivity of water/rain

sensor. Use a 8 ohm,0.5w-1W speaker to hearing better alarm. Less than 8 ohm
speaker could be harmful for the IC 555.

Procedures:

Experimental:

Observation:
Conclusion:
Relevant Questions:

HEAT SENSOR

Discussion:
This simple heat sensor circuit could senses heat from
various electronics device like computer, amplifier etc. and
generate warning alarm. It could senses heat from environment
also, but here I mention electronics device because it is being
using mostly in electronic device to protect them from overheat.
As it is a heat sensor circuit, here a thermistor is used as
a heat sensor. It is a thermal measurement device and has a
variety of usages including temperature sensor/ heat sensor. The
thermistor used in this circuit is a NTC (Negative Temperature
Coefficient) type thermistor. When temperature increases, its
resistance goes decrease. Therefore, NTC thermistors resistances
are inverse of temperature.
Procedures:
Experimental:

Observation:

Conclusion:
Relevant Questions:

TEMPERATURE SENSOR
Discussion:

This project uses IC LM35 as a sensor for detecting accurate

centigrade temperature. Linearity defines how well over a range
of temperature a sensors output consistently changes. Unlike
thermistor, Linearity of a precision IC Sensors are very good of
0.5C accuracy and has wide temperature range. its output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55 to +150C
temperature range.It draws only 60 A from its supply, it has very
low self-heating, less than 0.1C in still air. LM35 Operates from 4
to 30 volts.
Output of IC is 10mv/degree centigrade for eg if the output
of sensor is 280 mV then temperature is 28 degree C. so by using
a Digital multimeter we can easily calculate the degree
temperature. For trigger point you should set the voltage of pin 2
of
IC
741
by
using
preset
or
potentiometer.
Our aim of this project is not to construct a thermometer but to
activate or deactivate a device at a particular margin
temperature. For simplicity we have used 2 LED for indication of
both low (Green) and high (Red) temperature.

Procedures:

Experimental:

Observation:
The output of IC2 increases in proportion to the temperature
by 10 mV per degree. This varying voltage is feed to a
comparator IC 741 (OP Amplifier). OP Amplifier are among the
most widely used electronic devices today.The op-amp is one type
of differential amplifier. It has two input inverting (-) and noninverting (+) and one output pin. We have used IC741 as noninverting amplifier which means pin 3 is the input and the output
is not reversed. This circuit amplifies the difference between its
input terminals.
Conclusion:
Relevant Questions: