12.

1 Expressing Concentration
The Amount of Solute in the solvent

Dr. Fred Omega Garces

Chemistry 201
Miramar College

Expressing Concentration

January 14

Components of Solution
Mixtures:

Variable components, retains properties of its component.

Homogeneous systems:
Solution -

Solutions

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances Components of solution

Solute -

Substance being dissolve

Solvent -

Substance in which solute is dissolved in.

If solvent is water, then solution is considered aqueous.

Expressing Concentration

January 14

9 Types of Solution
(derived from 3 phases)

Solute

Solvent

gas O2 in

gas N2

gas CO2 in

Liquid H2O

liquid H2O in

Gas Air

Fog

liquid EtOH in

Liquid H2O

Wine

Liquid Hg in

Solid Ag

Dental-filling

Solid NaCl in

Liquid H2O

Brine

Solid Ag in

Solid Au

14 Karat gold

Expressing Concentration

Solution
Air
Carbonated Water

January 14

Solution & Concentration

Concentration - Proportion of substance in mixture
or amount of solute in given amount of solvent.
Most common type: Molarity (M)
Molarity - moles solute / Liter solution
Example: What mass (g) of copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate
(250. g/mol) is needed to make 1.00-L of 0.10M solution?

MWCuSO 4 5H2 O = 249.6

Mass CuSO4 5H2 O =

g
mol

249.6 g
0.10 mol

1L
L
1 mol

Mass CuSO4 5H2 O = 24.96 or 25.0 g

Expressing Concentration

January 14

Expressing Concentration
5 ways of expressing concentrationMolarity (M) Molality* (m) -

moles solute / Liter solution

moles solute / Kg solvent

Conc. by parts (% m)-

(solute [mass] / solution [mass]) * 100

w/v

[mass solute (g) / volume solution (ml)] * 100

v/v

[vol solute (mL) / vol solution (mL)] * 100

mole fraction (A) Normality (N) -

moles solute / Total moles solution

Number of equivalent / Liter solution

Note that molality is the only concentration unit in which denominator

contains only solvent information rather than solution.
It is also a concentration unit together with mole fraction that
are temperature independent.
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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Concentration Relationship !
Molecular Weight

moles

MassSolution

} Solute
}

mass

Molc Wt

moles

mass

Solvent

%m

Density Solution

M*
Equivalence/mol

VolSolution
N

* Volume of solution must be used and not just volume of solvent

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Concentration Relationship !

* Volume of solution must be used and not just volume of solvent

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Calculating molality (m): Example

Example # 1
3.5 g of CoCl2 (129.93 g/mol) is dissolved in water to produce 100-ml
solution. Assume the density of the solution is 0.95g/mL, what is
molal concentration of the solution?

Expressing Concentration

January 14

Calculating molality (m): Example

Example # 1
3.5 g of CoCl2 (129.93 g/mol) is dissolved in water to produce 100-ml
solution. Assume the density of the solution is 0.95 g/mL, what is
concentration the molality of the solution?

mol CoCl2 = 3.5 g CoCl2 mol CoCl2

129.93 g
= 0.0269 mol = 0.027 mol
mass H2O = (100ml 0.95 g) - 3.5 g
1 mL
= 91.5 g
m = 3.5 g CoCl2 mol CoCl2
1
1
129.93 g 0.0915kg
= 0.294 m = 0.29 molal

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Concentration by Parts
Solute (mass or volume) x multiplier
Solution (mass or volume)

% Concentration
w/w =

Wt Solute g 100
Wt Soln
g

% (pph)

w/v =

Wt Solute g 100
Vol Soln
ml

% (pph)

v/v =

Vol Solute ml 100

Vol Soln
ml

% (pph)

ppm & ppb (For dilute solution)

m/m = mass Solute
(ppm) mass Soln
v/v =
(ppb)

11

g 106 g
g

Vol Solute ml 109 g

Vol Soln
ml

ppm
ppb

Expressing Concentration

January 14

Calculating % Concentration: Example

Example # 2
3.5 g of CoCl2 is dissolved in a solvent to form
a 100-ml solution. Assume the density of the
solution is 0.95 g/mL, what is concentration of
the solution in % mass?

%m = 3.5 g CoCl2
x 100
95 g Solution
= 3.7% (m/m)

3.7% m/v CoCl2

Example #3
What is the v/v concentration if
one drop of alcohol (1/20 ml = 0.050
ml) is added to 1.00L? % or ppm
Ans:
%(v/v) = (0.05mL/1000mL)100
= 0.005 % (pph)
ppm (v/v)= (0.05 mL/1000 mL)106
= 50 ppm

Answer

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Shark Sense pp(?):

Making Chem Relevant

Example#4
A shark can smell blood in water
from several miles away. What is
the concentration of 1 drop blood in
1mi3 volume ?
Ans:
ppt= (0.05mL/4.171015ml)109
= 0.000000012ppb
= 0.000012ppt
*Quintillion (1 1018)
= 12 ppquintlllion

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Expressing Normality
Normality:

The number of equivalents of acid or base solute in one litter of solution.

Equivalent:
The number of specie (acid or base) that gives one mole of charge.
Note:

HCl : 1mol HCl = 1eq H+

H2SO4: 1 mol H2SO4 = 2 eq H+
H3PO4: 1 mol H3PO4 = 3 eq H+
Mg+2 : 1 mol Mg+2 = 2 eq charge
NaOH: 1 mol NaOH = 1 eq OH-

Therefore: 5.0 M HCl = 5mol HCl 1eq = 5.0 N HCl

1L
1mol
and
5.0 M H2SO4 = 5mol H2SO4 2eq = 10.0 N H2SO
1L
1mol
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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Interconverting Concentration:
A Calculation Example
Example#5:
A perchloric acid (HClO4 MWt = 100.5 g/mol) solution is 10.0 % m/m.
The density of the solution is 1.060 g/cc. What is the Molarity,
molality, mole fraction and Normality of the solution?

16

10.00 g 9.9510-2 mole

100 g solution 94.34 cc

9.9510-2 mole
0.090 Kg H2O

Molarity = 1.05 M

molality = 1.11 m

Answer

Expressing Concentration

9.9510-2 mole
5.00 mol H2O

= .0195

January 14

Interconverting Concentration:
More Examples
Example#6:
If sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3, MW = 158.11 g/mol)
solution (0.0245 molal) contains 800. ml water, what is the
mole fraction and the mass of the solute for this solution?
Example#7:
What is the % mass and the molality of a

K CO
2

solution which contains exactly 750.5 g of water?

MWK2CO3 138.21 g/mol

K CO = 0.0545
2

MW Na 2S 2O 3 = 158.11 g/mol

1 mol
18.0 g

mol Na 2S 2O 3 = 0.0245

mol

= 44.44 mol H 2O

kg H 2O

K CO = 0.0545 =

0.800 kg H 2O = 0.0196 mol Na 2S 2O 3

massNa 2S 2O 3 = 0.0196 mol Na 2S 2O 3

18

2 2

158.11 g
1 mol

= 3.099 g Na 2S 2O 3

0.0196 mol Na 2S 2O 3
0.0196 mol Na 2S 2O 3 + 44.44 mol H 2O

= 0.000441
= 4.41 10-4

mass H 2O = 750.5 g H 2O

1 mol
18.0 g

mass K CO = 2.4032mol

K CO =
2

% m=

= 41.69 mol H 2O

x
x + 41.69 mol H 2O

0.0545x + 2.27235 = x

= 0.0545

= 138.21 g/mol

mol H 2O = 750.5 g H 2O

1g
1ml

mol fraction Na S O =

MWK CO

m = 0.0245 mol/kg solvent

vol = 800.0 mL H 2O

mol H 2O = 800.0 ml

1 mol

= 332.15 g

2.4032 mol
41.69 mol H 2O + 2.4032 mol
332.15 g
332.15 g + 750.5 g H 2O

0.0545 (x + 41.69 mol H 2O) = x

2.272235 = .9455 x x = 2.4032

138.21 g

= 0.0545

100 = 30.68%

Expressing Concentration

January 14

...and ever more Examples

Example#8:

50.00ml of ethylene glycol ( = 1.114 g/mL; MW = 62.07 g/mol) is added to 1.000-L

water ( = 1.00 g/mL) at 20C. Answer the following questions and assume additive
volumes.
i) What is the density of the mixture
ii) Calculate the % mass of the ethylene glycol in the solution.
iii) Calculate the molarity and molality of ethylene glycol in the solution.
Mass H 2O = 1000 g

vol = 1000 mL H 2O

vol = 50.0 mL ethylene Glycol

1.114 g
50.00 mL
= 55.70 g
mL
D=

D=
19

1050.0 mL

1055.7 g

100 = 5.276 %

mol H 2O, 1000 g 55.56 mol

vol H2O +vol ethylene glycol

= 1.0054 = 1.005

55.70 g

mol glycol, 55.70 g 0.89737 mol

mass H2O + mass ethylene glycol

1055.70 g

%m=

molality =

Molarity =

mL
Expressing Concentration

.89737 mol
1.00kg
.89737 mol
1.050 L

= 0.8974 m
= 0.8546 M
January 14

Misc Problems Answers

Harris 7th ed p18

1. The density of 70.5 wt% aqueous perchloric acid, HClO4, is 1.67 g/mL. 1.20
(a) How many grams of solution are in 1.000 L 1670 g
(b) How many grams of HClO4 are in 1.000L? 1180 g
(c) How many moles of HClO4 in 1.000L? 11.7 mol
2. An aqueous solution containing 20.0% wt% KI has a density of 1.168 g/mL. Find
the molality, mole fraction, and molarity of the KI solution. 1.21 1.51 m
3. The concentration of sugar (glucose, C6H12O6) in human blood ranges from about
80mg/100mL before meal to 120mg/100mL after eating. Find the molarity before
and after eating. 1.22 4.4e-3M, 6.7e-3M
4. It is recommended that drinking water contain 1.6 ppm fluoride (F-) for preventing
of tooth decay. Consider a reservoir with a diameter of 4.50102 m and and
average depth of 10.0 m. (V = r2 h) How many grams of fluoride should be added
to give 1.6 ppm? How many grams of sodium fluoride, NaF contains this much
fluoride? 1.25, 2.5e6 g F-, 5.6e6 g NaF
5. How many mL of 3.00 M H2SO4 are required to react with 4.35 g of solid
containing 23.2 m:m% Ba(NO3)2 if the reaction produces BaSO4 precipitate. 133,

1.29 mL

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Expressing Concentration

January 14

Solution at a Glance
Solutions can be describe by the following:

Solvent

Solute

The component of a
solution present in
the greatest
quantity

The component of
solution present in
the lesser quantity

Solution
A homogeneous mixture
of two or more
substances in which
each substance retains
its chemical identity

Concentration of a
Solution
The amount of solute
in a specific amount
of solution.

Molarity

(M)
moles of solute
Liters of solution
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Expressing Concentration

January 14