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PartIKinematics:Strain
Thefollowingsectionsdealwithstrainusingmatrices.This
sectionisnotcoveredinthecurrentversionofEAS421butis
providedhereforthosewhoareinterested(especiallythosewho
havetakenMath120andwanttoseehowelegantlylinear
algebracanbeusedtodescribestrain)

A)Finitestrainin2dimensions
1)Deformationmatrix
0)Definition
Sofarwehavemettwomethodsforrepresentationoffinitestrain
in2D.ThesearetheMohrcircleandthestrainellipse.Wenow
introduceathirdrepresentation,thatisactuallythebasisforall
thetheoryofthestrainellipseandtheMohrcircle.Thisisa2x2
matrixof4numbersknownasthedeformationgradienttensor,
ormoresimplyasthedeformationmatrixandcommonly
representedwithaboldF.
Wecandrawaunitsquare,andsetupsomeaxessothatit
isattheoriginofagraph.Thesquarewillhavetwo
diagonallyoppositecornersatcoordinates(1,0)and(0,1).

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Afterdeformationthesquarewillbeaparallelogram.The
coordinatesofthetwodiagonallyoppositecornersareused
tofillthedeformationmatrix,alsoknownasthe
deformationgradienttensor.
0)Usingthedeformationmatrixtosimulatestrain
Wedefinematrixmultiplicationasfollows:

Avectorisjustaonecolumnmatrix.Ifavectorisusedto
representthecoordinatesofapointinspace,thenmatrix
multiplicationmaybeusedtotransformthatpointtoanew
location.

Diagramofmatrixtransformation
Step2
ThiscanalsobewrittenFx0=x
Asanexperiment,drawasimplediagramofafossilongraph
paper.Notethecoordinatesofselectedpointsontheoutlineof
thefossil,andtransformthemusingthematrix:

Whattypeofstrainistheresult?
0)Somespecialcases

Thematrixthatdoesnothing
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Amatrixthatdescribesasimpledilation
Arotationclockwiseabouttheorigin
Apurestrainwithstrainaxesparalleltoxandy
Ageneralpurestrain
Asimpleshearparalleltox
0)Buildingthedeformationmatrixfromthestrainellipse
ForstrainellipsewithprincipalstretchesS1,S3.isinitial
clockwiseangleofS1fromxaxis'isclockwiseangleofS1
fromxaxisafterdeformation.
a=S3sin'sin+S1cos'cos
b=S3sin'cosS1cos'sin
c=S3cos'sinS1sin'cos
d=S3cos'cos+S1sin'sin
0)Convertingthedeformationmatrixbacktoastrainellipse
It'salsopossibletofindfeaturesofthestrainellipse,giventhe
deformationmatrix.Forexample,usingthesamematrix

Thedilationisgivenby
1+=adbc
Ifyouhaveworkedwithmatricesbeforeyoumayrecognizead
bcasthedeterminantofthematrix.
Therotationalcomponentofdeformationisgivenby
tan=(bc)/(a+d)
Theorientationsofthestrainaxesaregivenby
tan2'=2(ac+bd)/(a2+b2c2d2)whered=angleofastrainaxis
clockwisefromaxisxafterdeformation.
Theprincipalstrainsaregivenbythetwosolutionstothe
following
=0.5{a2+b2+c2+d2+[(a2+b2+c2+d2)24(adbc)2]}
0)Othermatricesthatrelatetostrain
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Sometimes(especiallywhenwedealwithinfinitesimalstrain)we
willhaveneedoftwoothermatrices.
ThedisplacementgradienttensorJisrelatedtothe
deformationmatrix,verysimply:
J=(F)=
WhenapointxismultipliedbyJ,theresultisavectordescribing
thedisplacementofx(ieitschangeinlocation).
Jx0=xx0
Avariantofthedisplacementgradienttensorisknownasthe
straintensor,whichrepresentsthenonrotationalpartofthe
deformation.Recallthatapurestrain(norotationofthestrain
axes)isrepresentedbyasymmetricmatrix.Wecandesigna
symmetricmatrixthatcomesclosetorepresentingthestrain
componentofdisplacement,byaveragingthetwoasymmetric
termsbandc.ThisgivesamatrixcalledthestraintensorE

B)
C)Restoringorientedstructuresindeformedrocks

2)Ifthedeformationmatrixhasbeendetermined
F=
Calculatethereciprocaldeformationmatrix:

Actually,becauseonlythedistortionmattersforrotation,it's
possibletoignorethedilation.Ifweassumethedilationabcd=1
thenthesimplifiedreciprocalmatrixbecomes
Multiplyeachvectorbythismatrixtorestoreittoanoriginal
orientation.
3)Examples
HereareexamplesfromtheMegumaGroupofNSshowingthe
reorientationofpaleocurrents
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Easternshore
Southshore

D)

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