Figure 1:
As shown in figure 1, the message signal to be transmitted is provided by the source. Then
this signal is modulated by the modulator block and is transmitted. Modulation is process by
which some characteristics of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
message signal. While the signal travels through the channel, the signal gets corrupted by
noise. Then this signal is demodulated at the receiver section and the message signal is
recovered. There are generally two types of communication techniques, analog
communication and digital communication. In both the communication types there involves
different types of modulation techniques. The different modulation techniques are discussed
below.
Syntax
Amplitude modulation
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs)
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs,ini_phase)
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs,ini_phase,carramp)
y = ammod(x,Fc,Fs) uses the message signal x to modulate a carrier signal with frequency Fc (Hz) using
amplitude modulation. The carrier signal and x have sample frequency Fs (Hz). The modulated signal has zero
initial phase and zero carrier amplitude, so the result is suppressed-carrier modulation.
Note: The x, Fc, and Fs input arguments must satisfy Fs > 2(Fc + BW), where BW is the bandwidth of the modulating signal x.
This form of modulation scheme is generated by using a product modulator that simply
multiplies the message signal m(t) with the carrier signal c(t) using a product modulator. The
modulated signal is given by
S(t)=Acm(t) sin(2fct)
The message signal m(t) is completely recovered by first multiplying S(t) with a locally
generated sinusoidal wave and then low pass filtering the product. The locally generated
sinusoidal wave is coherent or synchronized, in both frequency and phase, with the carrier
wave c(t) used in product modulator to generate S(t). In Figure 3, DSB-SC AM scheme along
with the message and the carrier wave is shown.
applied to the control voltage of the VCO, and the output signal, FM(t), is a constant
amplitude sinusoidal carrier wave whose frequency is ideally a linear function of its control
voltage. When there is no message or the message signal is zero, the carrier wave is at its
center frequency, fc . When a message signal exists, the instantaneous frequency of the
output signal varies above and below the center frequency and is expressed by
fi(t)=fc + KVCO*m(t)
where, KVCO is the voltage-to-frequency gain of the VCO expressed in units of Hz/V, and the
quantity, KVCO*m(t), is the instantaneous frequency deviation. The instantaneous phase of
the output signal is equal to 2 multiplied by the integral of the instantaneous frequency as
shown below,
t
where the initial condition of the phase is assumed to be zero for simplicity. Hence, the FM
output signal, FM(t), is given by the following equation
( 2 f m t)
K VCO A m
sin
(2 f c t )+ f
m
FM ( t ) =A c cos
Finally we get,
(2 f m t )
( 2 f c t ) + sin
FM ( t )=A c cos
Here we have assumed that m(t)= C
f
The quantity = f m
os (2 f m t ) .
frequency deviation of the FM signal from the center frequency and is directly proportional
to the amplitude of the message signal and the gain of the VCO. This quantity, f, is called
the maximum instantaneous frequency deviation. Depending on value of , there are two
types of frequency modulation, narrow band FM and wide band FM. The simulated result for
frequency modulation is shown in figure (5) and in figure (6) shows the magnitude spectrum
of a narrow band FM.
Syntax
Frequency modulation
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,freqdev)
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,freqdev,ini_phase)
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,freqdev) modulates the message signal x using frequency modulation.
The carrier signal has frequency Fc (Hz) and sampling rate Fs (Hz), where Fs must be at
least 2*Fc. The freqdev argument is the frequency deviation constant (Hz) of the modulated
signal.
y = fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,freqdev,ini_phase) specifies the initial phase of the modulated signal, in
radians
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,freqdev)
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,freqdev,ini_phase)
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,freqdev) demodulates the modulating signal z from the carrier signal using
frequency demodulation. The carrier signal has frequency Fc (Hz) and sampling rate Fs (Hz), where Fs must be at
least 2*Fc. The freqdev argument is the frequency deviation (Hz) of the modulated signal y.
z = fmdemod(y,Fc,Fs,freqdev,ini_phase) specifies the initial phase of the modulated signal, in
radians.
C.
i.
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
PCM is a method of converting an analog into digital signals. Information in an analog form
cannot be processed by digital computers so it's necessary to convert them into digital form.
PCM is a term which was formed during the development of digital audio transmission
standards. Digital data can be transported robustly over long distances unlike the analog
data and can be interleaved with other digital data so various combinations of transmission
channels can be used. In the text which follows this term will apply to encoding technique
which means digitalization of analog information in general. As shown in the figure bellow a
PCM system comprises of sampler, quantizer and encoder. A low pass filter is used before
sampler to band limit the signal. For example if the bits for PCM modulation is 3, then the
quantization levels is 23=8, which is 8 steps. If the bits are for PCM is 4, then the
quantization level is 24=16, which is 16 steps. The increasing of bits of PCM modulation will
prevent the signal from distortion, but the bandwidth will also increase due to the increasing
of the capacity of data. The simulated result of pulse code modulated scheme is shown in
figure (8).
e [ n ] =m [ n ]mq [ n1 ] (1)
e q= sgn ( e [ n ] ) (2)
mq [ n ] =mq [ n1 ] +e q [ n ] (3)
Where, e[n] is the error signal representing the difference between present sample m[n] of
the input signal and the latest approximation
mq [n1]
to it,
e q [n]
is the quantized
version of the e[n], and sgn(.)is the signum function. Finally, the quantizer output
is coded to produce the delta modulated signal.
The quantizer output is applied to an accumulator, producing the result
n
i=1
i=1
mq [ n ] = sgn ( e [ i ] )= eq [i]
The simulated result of delta modulated scheme is shown in figure (10).
mq [n]
iii.
Pass band Modulation Schemes.
There are three basic ways of modulating a sine wave carrier for binary digital modulation,
they are called binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK), binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK)
and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Modulation also leads to the possibility of frequency
multiplexing. In a frequency-multiplexed system, individual signals are transmitted over
adjacent, non overlapping frequency bands. They are therefore transmitted in parallel and
simultaneously in time. If we operate at higher carrier frequencies, more bandwidth is
available for frequency-multiplexing more signals.
a. Amplitude Shift keying (ASK)
A binary amplitude-shift keying (BASK) signal can be defined by
s(t) = A m(t) cos 2fct,
0<t<T
where,
A is a constant, m(t) = 1 or 0, fc is the carrier frequency, and T is the bit duration. It has a
power P = A2/2, so that A=
S(t)=
2 E /T
2 P
s i ( t )=
2 E /T sin ( 2 f c t ) , 0 t T
0 elsewhere
In phase shift keying (PSK), the phase of a carrier is changed according to the
modulating waveform which is a digital signal. In BPSK, the transmitted signal is a
sinusoid of fixed amplitude. It has one fixed phase when the data is at one level and
when the data is at the other level, phase is different by 180 degree. A Binary Phase
Shift Keying (BPSK) signal can be defined as
S i ( t )=
Thus the input bit 1 is mapped to S1(t) and 0 is mapped to S2(t). Eb and Tb are bit energy and
time duration of 1 bit respectively. The simulated result of BPSK modulated scheme is shown
in figure (13).
d. Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
This modulation scheme is very important for developing concepts of two dimensional I-Q
modulations as well as for its practical relevance. In a sense, QPSK is an expanded version
from binary PSK where in a symbol consists of two bits and two orthonormal basis functions
are used. A group of two bits is often called a dibit. So, four dibits are possible. Each
symbol carries same energy. The simulated result of QPSK modulated scheme is shown in
figure (14).
Let, E: Energy per Symbol and T: Symbol Duration = 2. T b, where Tb: duration of 1 bit. Then,
a general expression for QPSK modulated signal, without any pulse shaping, is:
S i ( t )=
( 2 i1 )
2E
cos 2 f c t+
, 0 t T , i=1,2,3,4
T
4
y = pskmod(x,M)
y = pskmod(x,M,ini_phase)
y = pskmod(x,M,ini_phase,symbol_order)
y = pskmod(x,M) outputs the complex envelope y of the modulation of the message signal x using phase
shift keying modulation. M is the alphabet size and must be an integer power of 2. The message signal must consist
of integers between 0 and M-1. The initial phase of the modulation is zero. If x is a matrix with multiple rows and
columns, the function processes the columns independently.
y = pskmod(x,M,ini_phase) specifies the initial phase of the modulation in radians.
y = pskmod(x,M,ini_phase,symbol_order) specifies how the function assigns binary words to
corresponding integers. Ifsymbol_order is set to 'bin' (default), the function uses a natural binary-coded
ordering. If symbol_order is set to 'gray', it uses a Gray constellation ordering.
z = pskdemod(y,M)
z = pskdemod(y,M,ini_phase)
z = pskdemod(y,M,ini_phase,symbol_order)
z = pskdemod(y,M) demodulates the complex envelope y of a PSK modulated signal. M is the
alphabet size and must be an integer power of 2. The initial phase of the modulation is zero. If y is a
matrix with multiple rows and columns, the function processes the columns independently.
z = pskdemod(y,M,ini_phase) specifies the initial phase of the modulation in radians.
z = pskdemod(y,M,ini_phase,symbol_order) specifies how the function assigns
binary words to corresponding integers. If symbol_order is set to 'bin' (default), the function uses
a natural binary-coded ordering. If symbol_order is set to 'gray', it uses a Gray-coded ordering.
References
[1] http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk_r13/help/ toolbox/commblks/ref/simref7.html#611864
[2] http://www.mathworks.in/help/comm/ref/
[3] Teaching Digital and Analog Modulation to Undergradute Information Technology
Students Using Matlab and Simulink, M. Boulmalf, Y. Semmar, A. Lakas, and K. Shuaib,
[4] Communication System, Simon Haykin, 4th Edition, Wiley India Publication.