Cornell Notes

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info.)

Topic: Equilibrium

Name: ___________________________________
Class: _________________ Period: ________
Date: ____________________________

Essential Question:

Questions/Main Ideas:

Notes:

What is the purpose of

writing equilibrium
expressions?
From where do we obtain
the values to solve for the
equilibrium constant, Keq?
When our reaction is
reversed (occurs in the
opposite direction), what
corresponding changes
must we make to Keq?
When our reaction is
multiplied or divided by a
coefficient n, what
corresponding changes
must we make to Keq?
Compare and contrast Kc
and Qc.

The purpose of writing equilibrium expressions is to

describe the concentrations of reactants and products
when the net rate of reaction is zero, meaning that the
rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the
reverse reaction.
We obtain the values to solve for the equilibrium
constant from the reaction equation, aA + bB cC +
dD.
When the reaction is reversed, we must find the
reciprocal of the Keq of the original reaction.

When our reaction is multiplied or divided by a

coefficient n, we must take the factor in which our
original Keq was multiplied by, to be the exponent of
our original Keq, to find the new Keq.

Kc and Qc are both ratios of concentrations that have the

exact same form. However, Kc describes the
concentrations of the reactants and products at
equilibrium, while Qc describes the initial
concentrations of the reactants and products
What can we determine
a) The reaction is at equilibrium.
about the direction of the
b) A net change occurs in the direction of the
net change that is
forward reaction.
occurring in our reaction if
c) A net change occurs in the direction of the reverse
a) Qc = Kc
reaction.
b) Qc < Kc
c) Qc > Kc
What does Le Chateliers

Le Chateliers Principle states that if a system is

Principle state?
When volume is increased
and pressure is decreased,
which way does the
reaction shift?
Does a Bronsted-Lowry
base donate or accept
protons?
What are the differences in
the strengths of the
conjugate acid and its
base? How do conjugate
acids and bases differ?
Define amphiprotic.
Define polyprotic.
What is the definition of
strong acid?
What is the definition of
strong base?

disturbed at equilibrium, it will proceed in a direction

that best minimizes the disturbance to get back to
equilibrium.
The reaction will occur in the direction that produces
the most moles of gas.
A Bronsted-Lowry base accepts protons.
The stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base.
The stronger the base, the weaker its conjugate acid.
Conjugate acids and bases differ by a proton (H+).
Amphiprotic means that a substance is capable of both
donating and accepting protons, meaning that it can act
as an acid and a base.
Polyprotic means an acid that is capable of donating
more than one proton.
A strong acid is an acid that reacts (donates a proton)
quantitatively (all the way, completely) with water.
A strong base is a base that completely dissociates in
aqueous solution to produce cations and OH-. Strong
bases are the hydroxides of group I and II metal ions.

What is percent ionization

equation?
If Ka of cation > Kb of
anion, is the solution
acidic, basic, or neutral?
If Ka of cation = Kb of
anion, is the solution
acidic, basic, or neutral?
What is the common ion
effect?

The solution is acidic.

The solution is basic.

The common ion effect is the suppression of a weak

electrolyte caused by adding more of an ion that is a
product of this ionization.
In which of the following The acetic acid solution dissociates the least in the
situations does the acetic
sodium acetate solution because the acetate ion that is
acid solution dissociate the already present suppresses the acid from dissociating as
least and why?
much as it does in water.

a) Acetic acid is added

to water.
b) Acetic acid is added
to a sodium acetate
solution.
What is a buffer?

A buffer is a solution containing a weak acid and its

conjugate weak base as major species (species with the
highest concentrations in an aqueous solution).
Define buffer capacity.
Buffer capacity is the amount of added H+ or OH- the
buffer can tolerate without exceeding a specified pH
range. Buffers are most effective for pH = pKa 1.
What is the reason that we We perform acid/base titrations to find an unknown
do acid/base titrations?
concentration of an acid or base when we know the
concentrations of one of our reactant solutions.
What is the definition of
The equivalence point is the point in a titration reaction
the equivalence point?
in which the number of moles of titrant added equals
the number of moles of analyte.
What is the halfThe half-equivalence point is that point in a titration
equivalence point?
reaction in which the pH = pKa, or the amount of each
buffer component is equal to the other, or half the
number of moles of acid or base from the unknown are
consumed.
What is an indicator?
An indicator is a substance that changes colour when
the equivalence point in a titration is reached.
What is the solubility of a The solubility of a substance is describing the ability of
substance describing?
a substance (solute) to dissolve in a solvent.
How can we quantitatively We can quantify solubility by calculating Ksp (solubility
measure solubility?
product). Just as an aside, if Ksp < 10-5, then that
substance is insoluble. If 10-5 < Ksp < 10-2, then that
substance is slightly soluble. If Ksp > 10-2, then that
substance is soluble.
Does having a common
Having a common ion in solution with a salt greatly
ion in solution reduce or
reduces the solubility of that salt.
enhance the solubility of a
salt?
What is the difference
Ksp and Qsp have the same form. They are both ratios of
between Ksp and Qsp?
concentrations. However, Qsp uses initial concentrations
and Ksp uses equilibrium concentrations.
What happens when
a) Further dissolution will occur and the species will
a) Qsp < Ksp
remain in ionic dissolved form.
b) Qsp = Ksp
b) The species will remain in ionic dissolved form,

c) Qsp > Ksp

How does pH influence
solubility?
What is the equation used
to relate Kp to Kc?
What is the difference
between a Lewis acid and
a Lewis base?

Summary:

the solution is saturated, meaning that no more

added solute will dissolve.
c) There will be a formation of a precipitate.
Salts containing ions that are conjugate bases are more
soluble in acidic solution, and salts containing ions that
are conjugate acids are more soluble in basic solution.

A Lewis acid is a electron pair acceptor and a Lewis

base is an electron pair donor