I.
INTRODUCTION
S3
n1
Vin
b
S2
S1
n1
DP2
S4
Lf
Llk
Vgs
S1
S1
S4
S2
Vb'b
DS1 DS3
OPERATION PRINCIPLE
S3
Vin / n
Vin
'
Cf
1:
Rload
DS2 DS4
Vab
Circulating
Current
Ip
t0 t1
t 2 t3 t 4 t 5 t 6
MODE 1 [t0~t1]:
Before t0, S1 is on state, the primary current is reset to
zero and the output diodes are in freewheeling stage. At t0, S2
turns on with the ZCS condition due to the presence of the
leakage inductor Llk of the main transformer. The input
voltage Vin is totally added across the leakage inductor Llk and
the primary current Ip begins to increase linearly through the
switches S1 and S2 until it reaches the reflected output current
Iout/n. The secondary winding of the auxiliary transformer is
shorted-circuit by the auxiliary diodes DP1 and the switch S1.
The output rectifier diodes DS1~DS4 are freewheeling during
this mode. The equivalent circuit, as reflected to the primary
side, is shown in Fig.4 (a). The primary current ip(t) and the
current iS1(t) through S1 respectively are:
(1)
i p (t ) = (Vin / Llk ) (t t0 )
iS 1 (t ) = i p (t )(1 + 1/ n1 )
(2)
MODE 2 [t1~t2]:
At t1, the primary current Ip reaches the reflected output
current Iout/n. The power is delivered to the load through the
switches S1, S2, the main transformer and the secondary
rectifier diodes DS1 and DS4. And the diodes DS2 and DS3
turn off with ZCS condition. The primary current ip(t)
increases as the increase of the reflected output current Iout.
The diode DP1 is still in on state and the reflected current of
the auxiliary transformer flows through S1, which increases
the conduction losses of S1. The equivalent circuit of this
mode is shown in Fig.4 (b).
(3)
i p (t ) = I p (t1 ) + (Vin nVout )(t t1 ) /( Llk + n 2 L f )
iS 1 (t ) = i p (t )(1 + 1/ n1 )
vC 4 (t ) = Vin vC1 (t )
Cequ
And
MODE 5 [t4~t5]:
At t4, the primary current decreases to zero due to the
auxiliary transformer and it remains zero during this mode.
The output rectifier diodes D1~D4 are freewheeling during
this mode. The switch S2 turns off with ZCS operation.
MODE 6 [t5~t6]:
A new switching cycle starts with the similar mode 1
operation.
DP1
S3
S1
n1
Vin
b
DP2
S2
Lf
DS1 DS3
b'
Cf
Rload
Cf
Rload
1:
DS2 DS4
S4
(Mode 1) [t0~t1]
S3
DP1
S1
n1
Vin
Llk
n1
DP2
S2
Lf
DS1 DS3
b'
1:
DS2 DS4
S4
(Mode 2) [t1~t2]
S3
DP1
n1
DP2
C1
S1
n1
Vin
S2
Llk
n1
(6)
Where
(8)
MODE 4 [t3~t4]:
At t3, S4 turns on with ZVS since the anti-parallel diode
of S4 is in conduction state. And the primary current
freewheels through the switch S2 and the diode D4. The input
voltage is applied across the secondary winding of the
auxiliary transformer and is reflected to the primary side. The
equivalent circuit is illustrated in Fig.4 (d).
i p (t ) = I p (t3 ) (Vin / n1 Llk ) (t t3 ) (9)
(4)
MODE 3 [t2~t3]:
At t2, S1 turns off with ZVS due to its parasitic capacitor
C1. And a resonant circuit occurs with the equivalent
capacitor Cequ, the leakage inductor Llk, the output filter
inductor Lf. The Cequ is composed of the parasitic capacitors
C1, C4 and the auxiliary transformer. The equivalent circuit,
as reflected to the primary side, is shown in Fig.4 (c). Since
this time interval is very short and the reflected output filter
inductor n2Lf is very large, the primary current ip(t) is
considered nearly constant during this mode. Thus the
voltage across the parasitic capacitor of S1 increases in an
approximately linear way. The voltage across the parasitic
capacitor of S4 decreases correspondingly. This mode
finishes when the voltage across the parasitic capacitor of S1
reaches the input voltage Vin and the anti-parallel diode of S4
begins to conduct.
(5)
vC1 (t ) = I p (t2 )(t t2 ) / Cequ
n
= 2C 1
1 + n1
C = C1 = C4
S4
Llk
Lf
DS1 DS3
b'
Cf
1:
C4
(7)
(Mode 3) [t2~t3]
DS2 DS4
Rload
III.
DP1
S3
S1
Lf
n1
Vin
n1
DP2
S2
DS1 DS3
Llk
b'
Cf
1:
D4
S4
Rload
DS2 DS4
(Mode 4) [t3~t4]
DP1
S3
S1
n1
Vin
Llk
n1
DP2
S2
D2
Lf
DS1 DS3
b'
Cf
1:
Rload
DS 2 DS 4
S4
(Mode 5) [t4~t5]
DP1
S3
n1
Vin
b
S2
S1
n1
DP2
Llk
Lf
DS1 DS3
b'
Cf
1:
Rload
DS2 DS4
S4
(Mode 6) [t5~t6]
Fig.3 Equivalent circuits for each operating mode
Vin
Llk
Iout /n
Vin
n2Lf
Llk
nVout
(a)
Vin
Cequ Llk
(b)
n2Lf
Vin/n1
Llk
Iout /n
nVout
(c)
(d)
Fig.4 Simplified equivalent circuit for the modes: (a) mode 1, (b) mode 2,
(c) mode 3, (d) mode 4.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
IV.
TABLE
PARAMETERS AND COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROTOTYPE
Parameter
Value
Vin(input voltage)
200V
Vo(output voltage)
210V
Pout(output power)
1kW
fs (Switching frequency)
50kHz
Lf(output filter inductance)
0.4mH
Cf(output capacitance)
940uF
Turns ratio of the main transformer (n)
1:1.4
Turns of the auxiliary transformer (n1)
5
S1-S4
IXFK48N50
DS1-DS4
RHRP30120
DP1 and DP2
RHRP8120
Fig.5 shows the Saber simulation results with the
parameters listed in Table at 100W light load. Fig.6
demonstrates the Saber simulation results with the
parameters listed in Tableat 1kW full load. As can be seen,
the simulation results are consistent with the analysis in the
previous sections. As can be seen, an equivalent DC source is
inserted across the leakage inductor to reset the primary
current during the freewheeling period, which makes the
output current has little impact on the ZCS range. The
circulating current is reset quickly. Therefore, the conduction
losses reduce greatly. The primary current of the main
transformer has some rings, which is induced by the leakage
inductor and the parasitic capacitors of the rectifier diodes in
the secondary side.
Fig.5 Simulation waveforms at 100W load: (a) ZVS for switch S1; (b)
ZCS for switch S3; (c) primary-side voltage and current of the main
transformer and the voltage of the auxiliary transformer
Fig.6 Simulation waveforms at 1kW load: (a) ZVS for switch S1; (b)
ZCS for switch S3; (c) primary-side voltage and current of the main
transformer and the voltage of the auxiliary transformer
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
V.
CONCLUSION