TRAY FUNDAMENTALS
II
Jet Flood
t - - - - Weeping
Liquid
Moderate
Weeping
Heavy
Weeping
Chock
Flood
Weeping
Backup
Flood
Entrainment
II
TRAY ARRANGEMENT
Tray style and parts are designed in accordance with accepted industry standards to cover all necessities
of various processes .
1- Tray Floor
2- Seal Pan
3- Manway
4- Outlet Weir
5- Downcomer Upper Section
6- Downcomer Lower Section
7- Support Ring
8- Support Bar
Downcomer
Width
Tray spacing
Downcomer
Area
Elevation View
Top View
Sloped
Downcomer
Inlet Weir
,.
TAN E
MIST RY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
II
PRODUCTS INTRODUCTION
Sieve Tray
Consists of tray panels area uniformly punched with holes
hence is the cheapest mass transfer device because of
simplicity and cost-effectiveness.
Sieve tray usually provides about I 0% open area with 13 mm
holes diameter and when low turndown is required. This tray
is the most economical choice.
Features
Simple and low cost
Narrow operation flexibility over a range of 2: I turndown ratio
Tried and tested performance
Features
More resistance against fouling services
Moderate operation flexibility about 3 : I
turndown ratio
Lower entrainment and pressure drop
Higher Capacity as tray spacing can be reduced
especially in existing columns it allows to
increase the number of trays
High efficiency is attainable over wide range
of operational conditions
excellent mechanical strength
leakage is low
lsi
II
Penta Valve TM
RE
(Std BDH Valve)
CG
(Std Cage Valve)
R0-2
(Std 31eg Valve)
R0-3
(High efficiency 31eg Valve)
CARTRIDGE TRAYS
Features:
Maximized active area
Swept-back Downcomers
Sloped Downcomers
Micro Valves
Jet Tabs
Clear Liquid Separators
Results:
Increased Tray Efficiency
Increased Capacity
Advantages:
More trays in t he same space
reflux ratio
Lower pressure drop
Ill. Lo w e r
'
TAN E
MIST RY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
161
II
R0-1
(Std 31eg Valve)
DESIGN TOOLS
MECHANICAL CONCEPTS
& FABRICATION TECHNIQUES
=--=
._,
,_,
~-
~
~
.......
~
II
INSTALLATION LAYOUT
Tray panels join together and to the supports with a suitable quick fastening method which should
not be loosened by vibration.
Selecting the assembly method depends on tray operation conditions and clients standard mandate.
Normally tray panels are assembled through following methods:
Clamping
Through bolted
Through bolted tray panel connection results in more
rigid structure and ensures mechanical integrity,
especially in case of considerable vibration.
The parts which are designed for load bearing such
as upper section of downcomer or major beam need
to be through bolted to supports.
Lip joint
II
Accessories
Replacement hardware to match trays is supplied by PENTANE as well as other major manufacturers.
PENTANE maintain a large inventory of standard tray hardware such as Valves, Clamps and Fasteners
in common materials grades of stainless steel for emergency supply.
For maintenance purposes, comprehensive services are provided to help clients to decrease costs and
shutdowns/overhaul schedule.
II
Random Packing
Structured Packing
Liquid Distributor
Collector/Chimney Tray
Support Grid
Hold down Grid I Bed Limiter
Column Packing
Features
Low pressure drop
Operation flexibility
Capacity enhancement
Availability of materials with high resistance against
corrosive services
II
HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The optimum efficiency and loading point are evaluated by using reliable design models, for selected
random or structured packing the bed heights are determined from HETP (height equivalent theoretical
plate) and the column diameter is determined from capacity and pressure drop.
PENTANE packed bed hydraulic design software not only consists of tried and tested correlations for
HETP, pressure drop, Flooding, liquid hold up and etc but also contains a sufficient data bank of various
experienced cases to check the design output.
PACKING EFFICIENCY
System Base
~----------------~--------~HE~
Vapor Rate
Generalized pressure drop correlation (GPDC) is a common method for estimating pressure drop
and maximum capacity of most generic random packings.
Pressure drop estimated by using this model are accurate to within 20% for most random packing styles.
Pressure drop for structured packing is calculated by related GPDC for rough estimation or by correlations
and experimental data for more accurate evaluation.
............
0.30
'
..........
0.25
.., 0.20
"l
....u
500 Pa/m
!'-..r-....
r--~
--
........ ~
0.15
1--
0.10
200 Pafm
101) Pa lm
0.05
1-
""'
~
1121
II
0.01
""- --
...........
............
...............
t:---t:::::::r-.. 1'---
::::--
50 Pafm
0.00
.........
1--..
0.1
r- ' r--- . . .
1
Flow Parame"-'-te"-!r,-.:.X:.:......--=========================~
RANDOM PACKING
This type of packing includes discrete pieces of specific geometrical shapes which are dumped into the tower and
permitted to fill in a random manner; design of packed bed w ith random packings is performed based on desired
separation efficiency and capacity margins. As a general rule, the higher capacity is achievable with larger packing
size although provides lower separation efficiency. Thus an engineering judgment for optimum capacity, efficiency
and cost should be done.
PENTANE manufacture a comprehensive range of traditional generation ("Generic") random packings compatible
with accepted industry standards for which considerable performance data is readily available.
Also PENTANE supply unique third generation ("Proprietary") random packings which are developed to meet the
current performance demands
Equivalent Size
Thickness
Bulk Density
Quantity
Surface Area
[mm]
[ inch]
[mm]
[kgJml ]
# 25
I"
0.5
400
50000
220
# 40
I y, "
0.5
246
14500
130
# 50
2"
0.8
320
6500
11 0
[pieces/m
[m 2 /m3 ]
Nominal Size
Equivalent Size
Bulk Density
[kg/m
Quantity
Surface Area
[mm]
[inch]
# 25
I"
570
42000
186
# 40
I y, "
520
11900
126
[pieces/m
[m 2 /m 3 ]
II
Nominal Size
Equivalent Size
Thickness
Bulk Density
Q uantity
Surface Area
[mm]
[i nch]
[mm]
[kgfml]
[pieces/ m1 ]
[m1Jml]
# 16
5/8"
0.3
560
196000
360
#25
I"
0.6
438
45000
215
#40
I '/2"
0.6
208
15000
135
#50
2"
0.8
213
6600
105
Thickness
Bulk Density
Quantity
Surface Area
[mm]
[mm]
[kg/m1 ]
[pieces/m1 ]
[m1 /m1 ]
# 25
I"
0.3
252
170000
226
#40
I !12"
0.35
180
34500
145
#50
2"
0.35
136
13500
100
Nominal Size
I
1141 '
TANE
MISTRY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
STRUCTURED PACKING
PENTA-PAK"PS" SERIES
II
1
-
PS-SOOM l
PS-250M l
PS-1 25M l
Q)
~ 0.1
....
0
0..
0.01
0
0 .02
0.04
0.08
0.06
0. 1
4.5~------------------------------------------------------~
4 -+-- - - - - - -
3 .5 -+------------
Relative Capacity
Relative HETP
...
'
TAN E
MIST RY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
1161
II
Penta-Pak
Corrugation Angle
Relative HETP
PS-12SMI
li S
4S'
2.0S
PS-12SM2
li S
60'
4.0S
PS-16SMI
16S
4S'
I.S
PS- 16SM2
16S
60'
2.3S
PS- 175M I
17S
4S'
1.2S
PS-I 75M2
175
60'
1.8S
PS-22SM I
22S
4S'
1.1
PS-22SM2
22S
60'
1.6S
PS-2SOM I
2SO
45'
PS-2SOM2
250
60'
PS-2SOMH
2SO
45'
PS-300M I
300
4S'
0.9
PS-300M2
300
60'
1.2
PS-SOOM I
500
45'
0.7
PS-SOOM2
60'
0.9
PG-500M2
soo
soo
60'
0.8
PS-7SOM I
750
45'
0.6
PG-7SOMI
750
4S'
0.33
1.55
~ Pressure
Capacity Efficiency
Drop
M1
High
Low
High
MH
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
M2
Low
High
Low
8oo r--,---r--;--.,_. ,_ , ,
700
600
ii:'
~ 500 1---l---+---+-+---lf-~--f-1
~ 500
<l
<l
0.,
~.,
"'
~
"'
~ 400 t---;---+---+-1--l't--+-i-+--;
~ 300 1---l---+---+-+--tf-----.ll----1
~400
1/ /
100
Liquid Rate
~ 300
200
0.12
1/!I
~ 500 1---lf----+---+---11-+-I,...--JH
<l
i 'v
(/
I v~ /
~400 1---;r--+---r-+~-;~~
~.,
"'
~
~~
0
0.00 0.02
0.12
0.12
117(
II
Packing
Feed
Support Grid
Liquid Re-distributor
Bed Limiter
Packing
Support Grid
Reboiler
Vapor
Vap or Distributor
1181
II
LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
To acquire the maximum efficiency in packed column, liquid should be distributed uniformly over the packed
bed. Therefore, Liquid Distributors are used above each bed of packing.
Good practice designed distributors have following specifications:
Uniform liquid distribution
Model TD-111
IType
l D iameter
> 1000 mm
j lrrigation Rate
0.8 - 30 m3/ h /m 2
--------------------------------~
Holes Position
Model TD-112
IType
IDiameter
!Irrigation Rate
0.8 - 30 m
IResistance to Fo uling I Medium
ITurndown
3
/
h /m2
--------------------------------~
Ratio
Holes Position
II
PD-122
PD-121
Type
Diameter
300 - 1000 mm
Liquid Range
2.5 - 75 m 3/ h /m 2
60 - I 00 drip points I m2
Optional Features
Model DD-13 I
Type
Diameter
> 300 mm
Liquid Range
Resistance to Fouling Low
Turndown Ratio
I'
TANE
MISTRY
INDUSTRI ES Co,
1201
--------------------------~
2:1
Holes Position
Optional Feature s
Model DD-132
Type
Diameter
>1000 mm
Irrigation Rate
0.8 - 30 m3/ h /m 2
Holes Position
Square pattern punched in the trough si de which is covered with drip tubes
(Multiple levels & series of holes can be punched to achieve high turndown ratio)
Optional Features
Model AD-141
Type
Diameter
> 400 mm
Liquid Range
Resistance to Fouling Low (can be used only for clean services)
1
Turndown Ratio
2: I
Holes Position
Feature
Suitable for Low irrigation rate and limited height space services
Model VC-21 I
I
1221 '
TANE
MISTRY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
Type
Vane C o llector
Diameter
> 800 mm
Service
Suitable for vacuum services because of low pressure drop (high vapo r & low liquid loads)
Open Area
50-80%
Features
Model CC-221
Model DD-132
Model CC-222
Model CC-223
Type
Diameter
All diameters
Service
Suitable for large columns total or partial liquid draw-off as seal welded
Open Area
25-40%
Type
Diameter
All diameters
Service
Suitable for large columns total or partial liquid draw-off as seal welded- Usable for vapor distribution I
Open Area
25-40%
Type
Diameter
> 1000 mm
Service
Suitable for large columns total or partial liquid draw-off specially where thermo expansion is a concern
Open Area
25-40%
l23l
II
SUPPORT GRID
Packings are installed on support grids which are designed to provide sufficient strength to support
packed beds under normal operating conditions without creating any capacity restriction in the column.
Criteria for selecting a support grid include :
Type of packing (random or structured)
Maximum design load
Model SG-31 I
IType
IDiameter
All diameters
Service
Model SG-321
1241
II
IType
! Diameter
All diame t e rs
! service
Hold down grid for random packing is used because vapor load has potential for moving the top packing media.
When top packing layers have potential of upward displacement in the structured packing, Hold Down Grid/
Bed Limiter is recommended.
Where the upward displacement of structured packing is not a concern, the distributor over the packed bed can
also be used as bed limiter.
Model HG-41 I
! Type
! Diameter
! Service
Features
Model HG-421
IType
! Diameter
All diamete rs
Service
Features
II
In any processes where gas and liquid come into contact, the gas will entrain some tiny liquid droplets.
These mists can result in process inefficiency, product loss, and serious equipment damage.
To solve the problem, vapor-liquid separator devices are used in Oil & Gas industries either to protect
downstream equipment which is sensitive to liquid droplets (compressor, etc) or to lower product loss and
pollution emission .
Mist Eliminators provide huge surface area per little volume to separate liquid mist without creating
limitation against vapor flow.
Two main categories of separator drum internals which are provided in PENTANE are as below:
Penta-Mesh Mist Eliminator (PM series)
Penta-Vane Mist Eliminator (PV series)
Design of each separator drum internals has its own complexity and specifications which requires
ex tensive knowledge of vapor-liquid physical properties, separation efficiency, eliminated droplets size,
capacity, etc. To have a comprehensive understanding of separation process, each separator has to be
considered as a new design case with unique requirement.
Gas Outlet
Gas Outlet
t
I
I II
Gas
Outlet
tt
Feed
Inlet
Feed
Inlet
J!!+
'
-
Type I
Liquid Outlet
Type 2
Feed Inlet
Type 3
Gas Outlet
,._
Liquid Outlet
Liquid Outlet
Type 4
Type 5
1r
Device
Application
Penta- Mesh
Penta-Mesh
Penta-Vane
Penta-Mesh
Penta-Vane
It is worth to mention that the application range of Mesh pad and Vane pack are different; Mesh pad is
suitable where higher removal efficiency in low/moderate gas flow is needed, while vane pack is more
suitable where moderate removal efficiency in high gas flow is required. Two stage mist eliminator (mesh
pad and vane pack) is an advanced solution to achieve higher efficiency in high capacity loads.
1281
II
SEPARATION MECHANISM
Submicron droplrts
flow uou.nd wire.
Sn>eral c.llptw'N droplets
/
Droplttssbikt wire
tt
and adhrro.
lng" drops...
c~esceforming
..:.
'
0
Droplet Elimination by Vane Pack
Penta-Mesh
Penta-Mesh TM Type
Material
Wire Diameter
Mesh Density
[mm]
[kg!m3]
[m2/m3]
Efficiency
Surface Area
Void Fraction I
PM-145
Metal
Moderate
0.28
144
255
0.98
PM-195
Metal
High
0.28
192
360
0.97
PM-145
___,_
PM-195
-'/
1750
//
1500
~
...""
"'...::!
750
"'...
500
"'"'
ll..
1250
'/
1000
..v:,-'
250
r-
..,'/"'
10
11
12
Penta-Mesh TM Capacity
05
Vs= Q I Af (mls)
3
)
TANE
MIST RY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
301
~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PENTANE Mist Eliminator home based software not only calculates hydraulic and efficiency but also designs
mechanical aspects and generates detail drawings automatically which reduce the human errors and increase
the speed of design considerably.
The characteristics of Penta MeshT M are as follow:
Straightforward installation in vessels
Flexibility in size especially when equipment sizes are set before
Superior performance with low pressure drop
PENTA-VANE
.------Vane Pitch
Penta -Vane Type
----.II
[mm]
PY-020
PY-025
20
Maximum Capacity
-,I
Factor [m/s]
25
0.27
0.27
Removal
Range [ ... m]
IS
20
Proper sizing of a vane pack mist eliminator includes the best vane face area layout which results in maximum
safe gas velocity through narrow passages that is followed by the best efficiency of droplet removal.
Typical removal efficiency for common vane mist eliminators is 99% of 30 micron droplets.
Feed inlet devices including half open pipe/ baffle and vane
distributor would be added to the separator drum inlet
nozzle, depending on configurations and process specifications
to gain one or more of following advantages:
Minimum liquid droplet entrance to the mist eliminator
Lower vapor velocity
Lower re-entrainment
Smaller nozzle size
Based on the magnitude of gas momentum, 3 options are
available:
In high pv2, vane inlet device is mandatory
In moderate pv2 , inlet baffle or half open pipe is used
In low pv2, no inlet device is r ecommended
II
One of the key parameters previously mentioned for both mesh pad and vane pack efficiency is uniformity
of gas velocity profile in both inlet/outlet nozzles and through the vessel. CFD analysis enables us to judge
about flow distribution quality to prevent unexpected high liquid carry over.
Effects of vane inlet devices on uniformity of fluid velocity, are shown in graphical models:
a=::
~=
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15
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ue
l~
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.....
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:=:
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~~
-~
~=5
......00
. ,,...Of
l.
,.....,
,.....,
,.,...,
-.......
,i::::::......--
~=
I
1321 '
TANE
MISTRY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
J_,
~~~
l SI....
~=
::::::~
:t=:
f ....
::::!'
..,..,,:
.......
111. . .1
u ....,
,,...,
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.
.
.
--.
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i
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~\
--------------~----I
'
-----------~----------~---
INTRODUCTION
PENTANE design and manufacture a wide range of reactor internals for media retention. Amongst these
innovative products, there is a line of internals used in down-flow or up-flow reactors to retain the often-costly
media and to provide a collection area for the process flow across the entire vessel diameter or length.
This section provides the information of the key design and specification of PENTANE reactor Internals
including:
Liquid-Vapor Distributor
Quench Mixer
Screen Support Grid
Inlet Diffusers & Outlet Collector/Basket
Transfer/Quench Pipes
Because of their strength, durability and flow characteristics, support grid and distributor of tray systems are
widely used in hydrotreaters, desulfurisers, hydrocrackers, molecular sieves, sand filters, gas sweeteners
and other absorption systems.
\ ! I
\ I/
/~
. I \
I i \
'
\ II
/'\
I . I. .\
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I
1341 '
TANE
MISTRY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
LIQUID-VAPOR DISTRIBUTOR
QUENCH MIXER
In order to make good contact between phases in hydroprocessing reactors, quench mixer is required.
This device ensures applicable contact between quench vapor and liquid in catalytic beds.
The result of using this device is efficient transfer phenomena with uniform composition profiles in the bed
below.
Support grids are designed to provide sufficient strength to support catalytic beds under normal operating
conditions while at the same time without creating any capacity restriction in the column.
A suitable support grid selection depends on the type of catalyst as well as maximum design load.
Our Screen Support Grids are designed as very tiny catalysts can retain on the Screen and do not drop from the
slots. This equipment has better open area as can translate fluid directly into superior process efficiency.
...
'
TAN E
MIST RY
INDUSTRI ES Co.
1361
II
PENTANE ADVANTAGE
In addition to our high-quality products, PENTANE offer a range of services and technical expertise
to his customer
Engineering Services
Effective design and responsive services are the main duties of PENTANE. It is not the case whether small
diameter or large, new construction, revamp or replacement, we will provide reliable solutions to our customer's
requirements at an economical condition.
CFD Simulation
Based on the customer request, we provide CFD consultation for some industrial processes in order
to design equipment based on CFD simulation instead of built and test approach.
Moreover, we use CFD modeling for de-bottlenecking and process optimization purposes.
II
Installation Supervision
Specialist Site Supervision is the commonly requested
support service. Generally the installation or modification
of vessel internals is carried out as part of an overall
shutdown program and it is normally convenient to
appoint a single contractor to carry out all site work.
In the such situations, the Installation Supervisor provided
by us would typically function as follows:
To verify that installation procedure is compatible with
the design and proper functioning of vessel internals
Planning to ensure that adequate preparation is made
for smooth installation compatible with the shutdown
schedule
Generally support the installation contractor with
techniques and procedures to suit site conditions
Assistance in overcoming any installation problems
Final inspection of installed equipment