Enrofloxacin

It is a fluoroquinone antibiotic known for its bactericidal activity. It has

a wide range of activity against various bacterial pathogens. This antibiotic
mainly affects gram-negative organisms including most species and strains
of P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, Proteus,
Campylobacter, Shigella, Aeromonas, Haemophilus, Yersinia, Serratia and
Vibrio species. Other organisms susceptible are the gram-positive
Staphylococci (including penicillinase producing and methicillin-resistant
strains) and variably susceptible in some strains of Streptococci (Plumb,
2008).
It has a significant post-antibiotic effect against gram- and gram +
bacteria which usually lasts 4-8 hr after exposure. However, this antibiotic
had shown no effectivity against anaerobic bacteria and weak activity
against facultative anaerobes such as Streptococci (Boothe, 2015).
It inhibits bacterial topoisomerases, including DNA-gyrase and
topoisomerase IV which involves in coiling and uncoiling of and unravelling of
bacterial DNA, respectively as chromosomes separate during
replication/synthesis. Inhibition of these enzymes prevents supercoiling and
replication of the bacterial DNA. This antibiotic is a good bactericidal agent
because it is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial
replication (Boothe, 2015).
This antibiotic is used with caution in animals suffering from
dehydration and hepatic and renal insufficiency. For susceptible infections, 520 mg/kg per day PO, may be given in dogs once or twice daily (q12h).
Treatment may usually continue for at least 2-3 days beyond cessation of
clinical signs and may last to a maximum of 30 days (Plumb, 2008).
In cases like pyometra, this antibiotic may help in treating the
secondary bacterial infection. It has a good activity against E.coli, P.
aeruginosa, Proteus, Staphylococci however it has a variable or weak activity
against Streptococci. These organisms are the common bacterial isolates
found in cases of pyometra in dogs.
Ref
Boothe, D. M. (2015, November). Quinolones, including Fluoroquinolones. Retrieved March 24,
2016, from
http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/pharmacology/antibacterial_agents/quinolones_including
_fluoroquinolones.html
Plumb, D. C. (2008). Plumbs Veterinary Drug Handbook. 6th ed. Blackwell
Publishing Professional. pp. (
Atropine
It is a known alkaloid derived from Atropa belladonna aka deadly
nightshade. It is an antimuscarinic agent which competitively binds to
muscarinic receptors thus preventing Ach and other cholinergic stimulants
from binding to those sites (Clarke, 2014).

It is used primarily as a preanesthetic drug to reduce respiratory tract

secretions. Its pharmacologic effects are dose dependent. At low doses,
mainly secretions such as salivation and bronchial secretions are inhibited, at
moderate doses pupils dilate and heart rate increases, and at high doses, GI
and urinary tract motility decrease and gastric secretions are inhibited at
very high doses (Plumb, 2008).
An effect of atropine in the urinary tract involves relaxation of the smooth
muscle which results in retention of the urine due to decrease in the tonicity
of the smooth muscles. This effect may be helpful in decreasing the
frequency of urination accompanied during cases of cystitis (Riviere, 2009)
As a pre-anesthetic drug for dogs, atropine may be given at a dose of
0.022-0.44 mg/kg IM or SC and 0.074 mg/kg IV (Plumb, 2008).
This anticholinergic drug are used as part of anesthetic protocol during
the surgical treatment of pyometra and it is given at 0.045 mg/kg IM or SC to
check the salivation and AV block induced by xylazine (Kushwaha, 2003).
Ref
Plumb
Riviere & Papich
Clarke
Kushwaha, R. B., Shankar, U., Kumar, P., & Kumar, M. (2003, March 1). Pyometra in canines:
An Appraisal. Retrieved March 25, 2016, from
http://www.poulvet.com/dog/articles/pyometra_article.php
Zolazepam-tiletamine
This drug is a combination of tiletamine a dissociative anesthetic agent and
zolazepam a benzodiazepine agent known for its sedative and muscle relaxation
effects. This drug combination is usually indicated for restraint and minor
procedures of short duration which require mild to moderate analgesia in dogs.
(Plumb, 2008). Duration of the anesthetic effect of this drug combination is dosedependent, this drug administer at 4mg/kg IM with an anticholinergic drug such as
atropine may provide an effective sedation with an onset of action within minutes or
up to 10 minutes. Zolazepam-tiletamine administered IV at 6.6 mg/kg IV may have
an anesthetic effect which lasts up to 1 hour (Clarke, 2014).
Used of this drug combination is contraindicated in animals with pancreatic
disease, or severe cardiac or pulmonary disease. Also animals with renal
insufficiency may show prolonged duration of anesthesia thus reducing its dosage is
necessary as well as in geriatric and debilitated animals (Plumb, 2008).
In cases of pyometra which requires surgical treatment, dogs may receive 9.913.2 mg/kg IM and if supplemetal doses are necessary, doses lessthan the intial
dose and total dosage not exceeding 26.4 mg/kg may be given. Atropine 0.04
mg/kg should also be given prior to this drugto control hypersalivation (Plumb,
2008).
Ref
Clarke
Plumb