UNIT 3: SHRINKS AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

Sigmund Freud

UNIT

3:

SHRINKS

AND

PSYCHOANALYSIS

A) WARMING UP:
1) Do you have any friends or relatives who go to the therapist?
2) Everybody should receive therapy at least once in their lives. What do
you think about this statement?
3) In contries like the U.S. or Argentina, going to a psychologist or
psychoanalyst is very common. What do you think about this?

B) ORAL DISCOURSE: COMMENTING ON THE INFORMATION IN A

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
CAN DOs:
1) Recognize significant points, in newspapers or articles, on
familiarsubjects (especially, in an article informing about topics related to
psychologists and psychoanalysis).
2)

Recognize the line of argument in the treatment of an issue in a

newspaper article.

3)

Identify the main conclusions in clearly signalled argumentative texts.

4)

Comment on the information read in such an article

a) Listen to the conversation between Brenda and Gretchen:

CONVERSATION: SHRINKS AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

Brenda and Gretchen are having an informal conversation over the coffee

Brenda: You know what?

Gretchen: What?
B: Im flying to Buenos Aires next week in search of a psychoanalyst.
G: My! You dont need to go that far for that. Dont we have enough shrinks in this
country?
B: Well, as a matter of fact, we dont. Ive read an article on the internet that says
that Argentina has 145 psychologists per 100,000 residents, which makes it by far
n 1 in the world. Denmark is in second place with 85, and the US has ONLY 31!!
G: Well that may only mean that everyone is CRAZY in Argentina
B: Yeah, in the article it says that a very prominent analyst there has diagnosed
that Argentina suffers symptoms of bipolar disorder. Isnt that amazing?
G: Amazing?! I would say its dangerous!! How on Earth do you want to go to such
a place??
B: Ooooh! Because I feel a very powerful attraction for shrinks, especially if they
have a Latin origin They are so attractive and irresistible!!!
G: My goodness, Brenda. When looking for a shrink, you should consider if they
are good professionals, NOT if they are attractive!!
B: Oh, no!! I dont need a shrink I need a boy-friend. And I want that boyfriend
to be an Argentinean shrink!!! Imagine all the passion of a Latin lover combined
with that of tango and the irresistible charm of a highly intellectual psychoanalyst!!!
Its the perfect cocktail for a man!
G: Well, well it seems someone is daydreaming hereI wouldnt be so nave if I
were you. What are you gonna do?Post an ad on the Buenos Aires Herald or
whatever its called, saying that youre looking for a super-hunk who happens to be
a psychoanalyst and dances tango well??? Please, Brenda, come down to this
world!!!
B: Dont underestimate me, dear friend. Im a woman of resources. You would be
surprised to see how I always manage to get what I really, REALLY want in life
G: Well then, if you put it like that, I can only wish you good luck But please,
watch out for any bipolar that might cross your pathId like you to come back
safe and sound

B: Who knows may be I never come back Id love to spend the rest of my life
in a house facing the banks of the Ro de la Plata the silver river of my wildest
dreams
G: Fine then I just want to say that Ill miss you and that I would really appreciate
it if during one of your wild silver meditations- you remember that you have this
friend here in Maryland and send her some smoke signals every once in a while
B: I sure will!! Dont worry! You will be the first one to know about my Argentinean
conquest!!

b) Now discuss the following with your tutor or classmates in the

forum/virtual class:
1. What is a shrink? Why do you think they are called like this?
2. Why does Brenda want to go to Argentina?
3. Why is she looking for a psychologist?
4. How would she like her boyfriend to be?
5. How would you describe Brendas personality? Do you like her? Would
you like to have a friend like her? What about a daughter like her?
C) MULTI-TASKING ACTIVITIES
PSYCHOANALYSIS: READ, SUMMARIZE, DISCUSS/COMMENT ON, LISTEN,
STUDY and WRITE
Step 1. a) The article Brenda talks about in the conversation above can be read at
the following website (Wall Street Journal). READ the article and SUMMARIZE it in
only one paragraph:
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125563769653488249.html
SUMMARY:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b) ORAL PRODUCTION: DISCUSS and COMMENT on the information you read
in the article with your classmates and Tutor, in person or in the forum/ virtual
class. Say whether you consider it important to have as many psychologists in
your country as in Argentina. Justify your opinion.

Step 2. READ the following newspaper report and LISTEN to its spoken version to
make sure you know how to pronounce and give the correct intonation to it.

PSYCHOANALYSIS AND THE DEATH INSTINCT

During the past sixty years, psycho-analysts and psychotherapists of
every school have become increasingly preoccupied with aggression; but it
cannot be said that the results of their inquiries and speculations are entirely
happy, in spite of the great importance of their contribution to our thinking on
the subject. Some have accepted the idea that man is not naturally aggressive,
but only becomes so as the result of frustration. Others have postulated an
innate aggressive impulse, but have supposed that this is in origin
destructively directed against the self. It is widely accepted that the infant
is potentially aggressive from the moment of birth, and psychoanalysts
with special experience in treating small children claim that even infants
inevitably entertain destructive fantasies of terrifying intensity.
These fantasies, it is admitted, arise partly from innate aggressiveness.
Even psychoanalysts recognize that there are inborn temperamental
differences between babies, so that one may be more placid, greedier, or more
active than another. However, the principal concern of psychoanalysis is with
nurture rather than with nature; so that it is not surprising that analysts
attribute even more importance to a hostile or unfavourable environment as
the source of infantile aggression than they do to innate factors.
Environmental frustration is, of course, inevitable, for no human baby can be
granted, although he may expect, a mother who fulfils his every need
without delay. Psychoanalysts are well aware of this; but since they are
engaged in discovering in what ways their patients earliest needs have not
been met, and since the consequence of parental failure to fulfil infantile
requirements is generally frustrated rage, psychoanalysts are apt to take too
negative a view of aggression, and to neglect the more positive aspects. In
general, there is a tendency amongst psychoanalysts to treat aggression as
pathological; and to suppose that, although there may be some inborn
disposition towards aggressiveness, men ought to be able to rid themselves

of it by securing a perfect environment for their children.

A. Storr, Human Aggression

Step 3. DO the following exercises and STUDY the grammar explanations

when necessary
1) Choose the correct alternative, according to the text, from the ones listed
bellow:
1. During the past 60 years, psychoanalysts
a) have become more aggressive.
b) have thought more about aggression.
c) have become increasingly preoccupied with themselves.

2. The results of their inquiries are

a) not completely satisfactory.
b) very unhappy.
c) entirely speculative.

3. Some psychoanalysts have supposed that mans aggressive impulse

is
a) directed against his environment.
b) directed against his psychoanalyst.
c) directed against himself.

4. Experts claim that even small children

a) are widely aggressive.
b) are always aggressive.
c) are potentially aggressive.

5. Destructive childhood fantasies arise partly from

a) innate terror.
b) innate aggressiveness.
c) intense experiences.

6. The principal concern of psychoanalysts is

a) with nature.
b) with hostile environments.
c) with nurture.

7. Environmental frustration is inevitable because

a) no baby can be given a perfect environment.
b) every baby lives in a perfect environment.
c) the babys environment is aggressive.

8. The consequence of parental failure is

a) always aggression and rage.
b) normally anger and frustration.
c) sometimes frustration.

9. Psyhcoanalysts are apt to

a) neglect the negative aspects of aggression.
b) neglect their childrens aggression.
c) neglect the positive aspects of aggression.

10. Psyhcoanalysts believe that

a) men should provide a perfect environment for their children.

b) men should rid themselves of their children.
c) men should be able to show their aggressiveness.

2) Re-order the following elements to make meaningful sentences:

a) accepted / idea / man / that / the / have / some / not / naturally / is /
aggressive.
b) partly / arise / fantasies / from / these / innate/ aggressiveness.
c) mother / a / fulfils / his / who / need / every / without/ delay.
d) earliest / patients / needs / their / not / have / been / met.
e) apt / psychoanalysts / are / too / take / to / negative / aggression /
view / of / a.
f) amongst / tendency / psychoanalysts / is / a / there / aggression / as /
to / treat / pathological.
g) perfect / a / their / environment / children / for / cant / parents / secure.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

3) MAKE A LIST, WRITE AND SUMMARIZE

a) Make a list describing the different sections we may find in a newspaper
article or report.
b) Can you identify the line of argument and the main conclusions of the
text on psychoanalysis?
c) Summarize the passage using your own words (max. 120 words):

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: Present Perfect / Past Simple

icono ordenador

The Present Perfect refers to an indefinite time or event that is previous to the
moment of speaking but which is in some way connected to the present. The
Simple Past, however, refers to an event that occurred in the past and which is
disconnected from the present time of speaking.
E.g.:

Today I have spoken with my sister (present perfect)

Yesterday I spoke with my sister (simple past)

-Adverbs/adverbial phrases used with Simple Past: e.g.: last week, at two
oclock, two weeks ago (definite time).
-Adverbs/adverbial phrases used with Present Perfect: e.g.: yet, lately, up to
now (indefinite time)
Examples:
PAST SIMPLE
I watched a very scary Halloween movie last week.
I went out yesterday and I came back home at five oclock in the
morning.
PRESENT PERFECT
I have not eaten an icecream yet this summer
Have you seen Sarah lately?

Notice how the present perfect in the first paragraph of Psychoalysis and the
Death Instinct is used to indicate unfinished or indefinite time: have become

increasingly preoccupied, have accepted, and have postulated.

4) Rewrite the following sentences, putting the verb in brackets in either

the present perfect or the past simple, as appropriate:
a) Recently, I (read)

a lot of books about psychoanalysis.

b) She (be)
to the doctor three times this month; I dont
know whats wrong with her.
c) Sixty years ago, psychoanalysts (be)
with aggression.
d) My parents (be)

less preoccupied

living in Japan for seven years.

e) At eight oclock, a friend of mine (telephone)

me out for dinner.
f) (You)(book)
g) I (begin)

and asked

your plane tickets already?

taking English lessons three years ago.

h) Im expecting a letter but the postman (not)(come)

i) I (not) (see)
She is studying in Ireland.

yet.

my youngest daughter for three months.

5) Complete the following sentences using the word in brackets as a noun,

an adverb, or an adjective, as shown in the example below:
E.g.: (aggression).
a) The passage discusses the problem of aggression.
b) Man is not naturally aggressive.
c) When he is frustrated, he behaves aggressively.
1.

(suggestive)

a) Some of the scenes in the film were

b) He tried to make a
c) She spoke so

.
.

that he didnt know what to think.

2. (destructive)
a) Wars are always very
.
b) The fans acted
at the football match.
c) The
caused by the earthquake was enormous.

3. (construction)
a) The
of this building is not very strong.
b) His remarks about the problem were highly

c) They behaved ____________ after the accident by taking the

injured to the hospital.
4. (repressive)
a) The
b) He is a very

of free speech is a crime.

leader, so he is unpopular.

c) He punishes his children

rooms.

by locking them in their

5. (impressive)
a) Her first
b) His words are very
c) She spoke so

of the country was that it was beautiful.

but they dont mean anything.
that everyone believed her.

6) PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: In the text we find the expression in spite

of: preposition + noun + preposition. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate
prepositions from this list in of, on of, or in to to form other
expressions.
a) We can meet

front

your office at lunch time.

b) She seemed to be the verge

fainting when they announced the
accident her eldest son had suffered.
c) The meeting was held
matters.
d) The architect is
originally.
e)

order

favour

We were right
down.

f) The flowers were sent

the middle
behalf

g) Much blood has been spilt

h) I am greatly

need

discuss

some

important

rebuilding the church just as it was

the desert when our car broke
her friends.
the name____justice.

a long vacation.

i)

The composer said he had written the song

j)

Bill studied a chapter of physics

memory

addition

his wife.

maths.

k) The president lost the election___account____ his economic policy.

l) The teacher explained her decision
the students.

anticipation ____the complaints of

D) TACKLING VOCABULARY
BUILD UP YOUR OWN GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR UNIT 3: Look up the
following words in a monolingual (English-English) dictionary, as well as any
other words you find difficult to understand in the text:
a) greedy (adj)

f) rage (n)

b) neglect (v)

g) failure (n)

c) concern (n)

h) rid (v)

d) inquiry (n)

i) increasingly (adv)

e) grant (v)

j) nurture (n

1) Find the opposite or near opposite of the following words in the text
Psycholanalysis and the death instinct:
a) less and less

_____________________

b) reject

_____________________

c) constructively

_____________________

d) completely

_____________________

e) deny

_____________________

f)

lazy

_____________________

g) success

_____________________

h) take care of

_____________________

2) Find the words in the text that mean the following:

a) violent or threatening behaviour
b) to a large extent
c) frightening
d) come into existence
e) desirous, wanting more
f)

most important

g) satisfy
h) disposition
3) Complete these sentences with the verbs listed below in the appropriate
tense:
accept
admit

claim
fulfill

expect
direct

suppose
recognize

a) I am
him to arrive any minute; he said he
would be here half and hour ago.
b) I dont think she is the most beautiful woman I have ever seen, but I
that she is very pretty
c) He
that he was the millionaires long-lost son, but
nobody believed him.
d) Even though her job as a nurse is hard, she says that it
desire to help other people.

her

e)

As they were over two hours late, we

to dinner.

f)

I
your views about nuclear weapons, but I disagree with your
comments about English politics.

g) He

that they werent coming

his anger against her, because he said she was res-

ponsible for the accident.

h) Many people in England dont
European Union.

the importance of the

NOTE that accept and admit can be used as synonyms, but that they also have
different connotations, which make them applicable to different contexts: both can
mean aceptar and admitir in Spanish, but admit is to accept something is as it
is publicly, while accept is a successive process of inner acknowledgment:
compare he did not want to admit what he had done to He did not want to accept
the truth, where it is a more internal process, referring to the acceptance to
yourself. Admit is more the process of showing it socially, like confessing
something to others. In this case they are interchangeable.

4) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate noun taken

from those listed below:

school

origin

environment

intensity

aggression

delay

inquiries
tendency

a) In summer, the
dont protect your skin.

concern
failure

of the sun can be dangerous if you

b) He found that the best

room at the top of the house.
c)

for him to write was the quiet

I dont like Camuss writing; the books of the Existentialist _________

are always so depressing.

d) The police began their

committed.

a short time after the crime was

e) The
of this painting is unknown, but it is thought to
have come from 16th century from Italy.
f)

One of the Governments biggest problems is the

of young
people against the elderly, as the number of attacks is growing.

g) He is normally a very nice man, but he has a

he has been drinking.
h) His first
pay his rent.

to argue when

when he receives his salary every month is to

i)

She always tries to succeed in everything that she does; she just cant
accept
.

j)

We should get to the airport in time to catch the plane, if there is no

on the way.

5) Some of the words in that same text have more than one meaning. Try
and match each word with its alternative meaning:
a) school

1. something pleasurable or enjoyable

b) accept

2. amuse or divert.

c) direct

3. amount of money given for a special project.

d) treat

4. join at an appointed place and time.

e) entertain

5. identify something as familiar.

f)

6. place of education for children.

recognize

g) grant

7. receive willingly.

h) meet

8. control or supervise.

6) Now complete these sentences using the words above in the appropriate
form:
a) Hes a very important man; he
in the world.
b) For a

, we decided to go and have tea at the Ritz.

c) When I saw him, I didnt

in his year abroad.
d) She
America.

one of the biggest banks

him; he had changed so much

us for hours with funny stories about her travels in

e) We wanted to do a production of this play, but we couldnt get a

from the Government to pay for it.
f)

She said that she couldnt

too expensive.

his gift because it was much

g) We decided to send our child to the local

would make friends in the area.
h) We arranged to

, so that she

outside the cinema at half past ten.

7) Solve the crossword using the clues below.

DOWN
2.
4.
5.
6.
10.
14.

energetic.
violent, quarrelsome or threatening behaviour.
come into existence.
give medical care, consider.
surroundings, influence.
anticipate confidently, think something will happen.

ACROSS

1.
3.
5.
7.
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
17.

give, allow.
most important.
agree with.
accept, admit as true.
assert.
desirous, wanting more than is necessary.
dispose, discard.
to a large extent.
purpose, worry.
completely.
amuse, think about,consider.
grant or allow a thing to be true.

E) NOW, HOWS YOUR SPELLING?

1) The letter combinations -ti- / -ci- pronounced / / can be easily
confused, as we see in the words potentially and special. Fill in the blank
spaces with either -ti- or -ci- to complete these words:
poten
al
spe
al
so
al
essen
al
an
ent
ini
al
torren
al
pre
ous
offi
al
musi
an

par
al
suspi
on
effi
ent
circumstan
al
politi
an
gra
ous
influen
al
artifi
al
confiden
al
deli
ous

Notice that the words rage and general are written with a <g> and
pronounced /d /. In English, words only take a <j> /d / in front of a, o, or u.
There is also a funny mnemonic rhyme that says: No English word can end in j;
this is a rule you must obey.

2) Include either <g> or <j> in the blank spaces to complete these words:

eorge

olly

udge

in
_ar

iant
E

ypt

en

entlemen
re oice

di

erman
reven e

ames
in ect
ma ic

ine

ener

est

re

ug
sug est
ima ine

oy

y
ect

acket
tra edy
ca e

ockey

oke

F) AND HOWS YOUR FORMATION OF WORDS?

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding the suffix -ness.
E.g.: aggressive, aggressiveness

1) Change the following adjectives into abstract nouns by adding -ness or

-ity.

ADJ
rapid
happy
useful
respectable
banal
selfish
mean
elastic

NOUN

ADJ
universal
equal
sad
scarce
red
dense
hilarious
shy

NOUN

ADJ
clever

NOUN

ADJ
able

NOUN

2) Nouns and adjectives can be changed into verbs with the suffix -ify or -ize.
E.g.: terror - terrify, modern - modernize.
Add either the suffix -ify or -ize and make the necessary changes to turn
the following adjectives or nouns into verbs:

N / ADJ

VERB

N / ADJ

popular

clear

symbol

standard

beauty

legal

justice

example

horror

mobile

magnitude

quality

economy

satisfactory

familiar

unity

pure

modern

false

national

class

general

industrial

special

VERB

G) USING ENGLISH APPROPRIATELY AND PUTTING IT INTO MOTION

Review the use of the modal verb should in your grammar book.
The sentence ...men ought to be able could be substituted by ...men should

be able.

1) Review the modal verbs and then choose the statement that is the closest
in meaning to the main sentence:
1. She ought to do it.
a) She is going to do it.
b) She hasnt done it.
c) It would be better if she did it.

2. He should have done it.

a) He did it.
b) He didnt do it.
c) He wanted to do it.

3. She must have done it.

a) She didnt do it.
b) She was going to do it.
c) We think she did it.

4. He has to do it.
a) He is going to do it.
b) He was meant to do it.
c) He is obliged to do it.

5. He oughtnt to have done

it.
a) It would have been better if he hadnt done it.
b) He didnt want to do it.

c) He wasnt going to do it.

6. She doesnt have to do it.

a) She doesnt want to do it.

b) She is not obliged to do it.

c) She wasnt going to do it.

GRAMMAR CAPSULE: It as subject

smbolo ordenador

The pronoun it can refer to a process, a situation, a fact or an extraposed subject.

It can also be non-referring, its presence only being justified by the need, in
English, for an overt syntactic subject.
Anticipatory it:
Consider the following examples, in which the extraposed subject is realized by a
non-finite clause (i) and a finite clause (ii):
i.
ii.

It was very romantic for me to go to Paris with my boyfriend

ii. It was not so clear that he wanted to marry her

In these examples, it is called anticipatory it.

Prop it
Prop it is an empty subject used in expressions of time, distance and atmospheric
conditions:
Examples:
Its cold in here. We should go to another place.
It is 1300 kilometers from Madrid to Paris.
It in cleft sentences
The cleft sentence construction is used in English to front and assign focus to an
element we want to emphasize for some communicative reason. When clefting a
clause, we split it in two parts and front the one we want to highlight, giving it
thematic prominence
Examples:
Mary bought a present for her sister in that shop yesterday.
It was Mary who bought a present for her sister in that shop yesterday.
It was for her sister that Mary bought a present in that shop yesterday.
It was in that shop that Mary bought a present for her sister yesterday.
It was yesterday that Mary bought a present for her sister in that shop.
The element that comes after the verb to be receives prominence and therefore it
represents the new information.

In the text Psychoanalysis and the Death Instint we see examples of

anticipatory it:
E.g.: . . . it cannot be said that . . .
It is widely accepted that . . .
It is admitted that. . .

2) Change the following sentences as in the example below, to make

them Anticipatory it sentences in which the extraposed subject is
realized by a non-finite clause:
E.g.: To work as a nurse was most gratifying.
It was most gratifying to work as a nurse
a) To drive a sports car is dangerous.
b) To do business with a friend is considered most unwise.
c) To have snow in April is quite unusual.
d) To eat fruit and vegetables is healthy.
e) To stay up all night waiting for them to arrive seemed unnecessary.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

3) PREPOSITIONS: Some words always take a certain preposition. E.g.:

experience in, source of, tendency to. Match the following list of words with
the adequate preposition: at, to, of, about.
contrary
worried

doubtful
angry

good
superior

excited
quick

ashamed
speak

think
contrary

laugh

afraid

jealous

4) Notice the order in which adjectives appear in these noun phrases in

the text: innate aggressive impulse, inborn temperamental differences.
Although the order may change according to usage, the usual order of
adjectives before nouns is:
value, size, age-temperature, shape, colour, origin, material.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Now, include the adjectives in brackets in the correct place in relation to

these nouns:
a)

rose (lovely, red).

b) day (sunny, clear).

c) blouse (silk, grey).
d) painting (Italian, big, colourful).
e) chair (fine, wooden, Dutch).
f) dog (defenceless, old, poor).
g) city (modern, attractive).
h) conference (political, boring, long).
i)

pen (old, useless).

j) house (tidy, clean).

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

h)
i)
j)
5) Notice the use of the article in this passage; fill in the blank spaces with
a, an, the, or (no article) to complete these sentences.

a) They say that

b)

dog is

mans best friend.

postman came early in

morning.

c) This cake is made of _____________ flour, _____________ eggs,

milk, and
sugar.
d)
e)

show will start in

few minutes.

government will probably increase

taxation next year.

f) This is one of

best restaurants in

g) They drank too much

h)

town.

other night.

doctor told him to stop

i)

When I get to
Fountain.

j)

Shut ____________ door before ____________ cat comes into

house and makes everything dirty.

k) What

Rome, I will go to see

smoking.
Trevi

ridiculous story. I dont believe ______thing he says.

You can check the answers to all exercises and tasks in the KEY TO
EXERCISES AND TASKS at the end of the book.

TIME TO RELAX: Now, lets relax, sit down, and watch some
interesting videos in connection with the topics of this unit:

Dick and Woody Allen on psychoanalysis:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss8fYIKlRdo
The Ramones: Psycho Therapy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mol3mpRzjYY&feature=related
Dennis Millers rant of psychotherapy (comedian):
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zF5G3tP2J7Q&p=84DED3F36445D097&playnext=1&index=25
Feng Shui Color Therapy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Emj_YWIrac&feature=related
Social Psychology Experiment:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a71h6LZKXTc

Self-Evaluation Unit 3
Do the following exercises and then check your answers in the KEY TO
EXERCISES AND TASKS at the end of the book.

1. Choose the opposite or near opposite of the following words.

a) rid

1) active

b) success

2) generous

c) lazy

3) arise

d) greedy

4) get

e) grant

5) deny
6) failure
7) concerned

2. Choose the correct option to complete the meaning of the

following sentences.
1. He (have) a hard life, but he is always smiling.
a) has had
b) had had
c) will have

d) is going to have

2. While my roommate was talking on the phone, her children (start) fighting and
(break) the mirror
a) started/ have broken
c) have started/had broken

b) started/broke
d) were starting/ were breaking

3. San Francisco (change) a lot since we first (come) to live here

a) has changed/ have come
b) is changing/ were coming
c) has changed/ came
d) changed/ came

4. You (spend) a lot of time resting since you (get) that new job.
a) spent/got
b) have spent/ have got
c) are spending/got
d) have spent/got
5. When I (be) in college, we (not study) Spanish as a second language
a) was/ hadnt studied
b) was/ didnt study
c) have been/ didnt study
d) was/ were not studying

3. Choose the correct option for each sentence.

1. His first _________ of my parents was fair enough.
a) impress
b) impression
c) impress

d) impressive

2. The manager is ____________ two more workers.

a) in favour to hire
b) on favor to hire
c) in favor of hiring
d) on favor of to hire
3. All that ___________ overwhelms them.
a) cleverity
b) cleverify
c) cleverize

d) cleverness

4.
a) Death penalty is a crime is widely accepted in Europe.
b) That death penalty it is a crime is widely accepted in Europe.
c) It is widely accepted that death penalty is a crime in Europe.
d) It is widely accepted in Europe that death penalty is a crime.
5.
a) She is wearing a wonderful leather jacket vintage red.
b) She is wearing a wonderful vintage red leather jacket.
c) She is wearing a red wonderful vintage leather jacket.
d) She is wearing a vintage red wonderful leather jacket.

4. Choose the correct option to complete the following

sentences.
1. You had several typos in your article; you ____________ it more thoroughly.
a) should have reviewed
b) ought to have review
c) must have reviewed
d) have to reviewed
2) Hes ashamed ____ himself.
a) of
b) to

c) about

3) I dont have a lot of experience _________ fixing cars.

d) at

a) on

b) at

c) in

d) over

4) _____ government will probably raise _______taxes in the next semester.

a) The/ the
b) The/
c) / the
d) /
5) He got me out of ________bed because he thought there was _________
burglar in the house.
a) the/a
b) / a

c) a/

d) / the

TRANSLATION AND COMPOSITION 1

(Units 1-3)

Do exercises 1 and 2, and then hand them in or send them to your Tutor for
correction:

1) Translate the following sentences into English

a. Si hubiera sabido que este tema te preocupaba tanto no habra
dicho tantas tonteras.

b. Las relaciones extra-matrimoniales son a menudo usadas como

argumento en contra de la pareja en los procesos de divorcio.

c.

Volar con algunas compaas de bajo coste es muy econmico

para el bolsillo hoy en da, a pesar de que el aumento de estos
vuelos es nocivo para el medio ambiente.

d. Freud postulaba que el impulso sexual refrenado es el origen de

todas las enfermedades psicolgicas del hombre.

e. Los gobiernos del primer mundo deberan mostrar un gran

respecto por las organizaciones humanitarias.
f.

Acabo de leer un artculo que tiene que ver con la rabia

acumulada en el nio que no es debidamente atendido por sus
padres.

2) Composition
What is your opinion about psychoanalysis? Would you lend yourself to
psychoanalytic treatment? Do you know anyone who has been treated by
a psychoanalist? Write an essay of about 150 words on this topic.