Primary Examination: Past Papers & Sample Mcqs

PRIMARY EXAMINATION
PAST PAPERS
& SAMPLE MCQs
SEPTEMBER 2008
The past papers comprise sample multiple choice questions, essay and short answer written
questions from 1985 to 1/1996 (included for your general information), and the viva topics
from 1995 onwards.
Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions
Page 1
PRIMARY EXAMINATION
SAMPLE
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
The multiple choice questions are type A questions: one best response from five
distracters.
The answers to the questions may be found on the page 5.
Each of the questions consists of an incomplete statement or question followed by 5
suggested completions or answers. For each question select the one completion or
answer which is most appropriate and blacken the circle corresponding (A,B,C,D,E)
opposite the question number on the sample answer sheet provided (page 4).
Page 2
Select the completion or answer which is most appropriate and blacken the circle
corresponding (A,B,C,D,E) opposite the question number on the answer sheet.
1.1 Kupffer cells
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
are found in the spleen

are haemopoietic
form a lining for liver sinusoids
are found in intestinal crypts
have none of the above properties
1.2 The first part of the duodenum

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
runs posteriorly and inferiorly from the pylorus

lies opposite the twelfth thoracic vertebra in the recumbent position
is completely invested by peritoneum
lies anterior to the hilum of the right kidney
in part of its course is in contact with the anterior surface of the inferior vena
cava
1.3 The fifth lumbar nerve

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
is distributed to the skin of the great toe

is distributed to the flexors of the hip
supplies the skin over the buttock via its dorsal ramus
contributes to the obturator nerve via the dorsal division of its ventral ramus
has none of the above properties
1.4 When CO2 diffuses into blood in the systemic capillaries most of it
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
remains in solution as CO2

is converted into carbamino compounds
is converted to bicarbonate ions in the red blood corpuscles
combines with haemoglobin directly
combines with water in the plasma to form carbonic acid
1.5 The principal action of cholecystokinin is

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
to increase the rate of secretion of bile by the liver

to activate the bile salts
to contract the sphincter of Oddi
to inhibit gastric secretion and motility
to make the gall bladder contract
1.6 In the kidney most of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
proximal convoluted tubule

descending limb of loop of Henle
ascending limb of loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
Page 3
Select the completion or answer which is most appropriate and blacken the circle
corresponding (A,B,C,D,E) opposite the question number on the answer sheet.
1.7 Which of the following statements is true of sodium ion and water absorption from the
gut
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
water and sodium are both passively absorbed from the gut lumen
sodium transport is an active process involving a "carrier", while water is
absorbed by diffusion
water transport is an active process and sodium is carried passively during
water re-absorption
both water and sodium are actively transported by a "carrier" mechanism
none of the above is true
1.8 Bony metastases least often originate from carcinoma of

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
breast
prostate
testis
thyroid
kidney
1.9 The effects of exotoxin are the main cause of symptoms in

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.10
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1.11
A.
B.
C.
E.
E.
viral hepatitis
tuberculosis
secondary syphilis
tetanus
subacute bacterial endocarditis
Platinum wire needles are most conveniently sterilised by
heating to a dull red in a Bunsen burner flame
autoclaving
dry heat
intermittent sterilisation
alcohol
The autoclave method of sterilisation
usually raises the temperature to approximately 120oC
is performed under atmospheric pressure
differs in theory from a pressure cooker
utilises dry heat
does none of the above
Page 4
CORRECT RESPONSE
QUESTIONS
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
Page 5
Page 6
Primary Examination - Viva Topics
PRIMARY EXAMINATION
VIVA EXAMINATION
TOPICS
ANATOMY
APRIL 1995
1.
Specimen:.Head, Neck & Torso
- Face/temporal region
- Triangles of the neck
2.
Upper limb - Wrist and hand
3.
Lower limb - Relations of structures
surrounding the ankle joint
4.
X-ray - Chest
5.
Bones - Typical lumbar vertebrae
Radius
Clavicle
Femur
Supplementary topic - Cubital fossa
OCTOBER 1995
1.
Specimen - Head and Neck
Larynx - plastic model and wet specimen
(sagittal section demonstrating lateral aspect
larynx and superficial neck muscles)
2.
Lower limb - Knee joint: wet specimen and
plastic model
3.
Bones Humerus
4/5. X-ray Foot (for both sessions)
6.
Bones Base of Skull
7.
Specimens - Upper limb - wet specimen
demonstrating forearm muscles with tendons
cut at flexor retinaculum (also views structures
at wrist and superficial palmar muscles
8.
Retroperitoneum - view of kidneys and ureters.
Also plastic specimen of kidneys.
APRIL 1996
1.
Extensor aspect of the land including finger
extensor mechanism (dissection)
2.
Muscles of anterior thoracic wall and anatomy of an
intercostal space. (dissection)
3.
Pelvis (Bone)
4.
Cervical spine X-ray
5.
Cervical Spine X-ray
6.
Hip Joint (dissection)
7.
Tibia (bone)
8.
Palmar aspect of hand (dissection)
Supplementary topic - Arch of aorta and its relations
(dissection)
OCTOBER 1996
Group 1
1.
XRay: Plain abdominal XRay
2.
Bone: Lumbar Vertebra
3.
Dissections:
Cubital Fossa
Superficial dissection of muscles of face and facial

nerve
(focussing on facial nerve)
Ankle joint
Group 2
1.
X-Ray: Pelvis
Bone: Articulated carpus - Dissections:
Arch of aorta
Femoral triangle
carotid sheath - including vessels and relations
APRIL 1997
Group 1
1.
X-rays: Elbow
2.
Bones: Articulated foot (Metacarpus)
3.
Specimens
Heart
Acromioclavicular and coraco clavicular joints
Anterior compartment of the thigh (adductor canal)
Sciatic nerve and relationships

Group 2
1.
X-rays: Carpal bones
2.
Bones: Rib
3.
Specimens
Lung
Shoulder joint
Posterior compartment of leg
Axilla (Brachial Plexus)

OCTOBER 1997
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Facial view
2.
Bone: 2nd cervical vertebra
3.
Specimens
Upper limb: volar aspect, forearm and wrist
Lower limb: knee joint
Other: upper abdomen, especially liver

Group 2
1.
X-ray: cervical spine
2.
Bone: mandible
3.
Specimens
Upper limb: extensor aspect, forearm and wrist
Lower limb: ankle joint
Other: upper abdomen, especially liver
APRIL 1998
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Chest
2.
Bone: Pelvis
3.
Specimens: (wet or plastic)
Upper limb - hand (especially palmar aspect of

fingers), including flexor tendons
Lower limb - popliteal fossa
Other - upper airway (especially tongue,

palate, pharynx)
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Skull
2.
Bone: Scapula
3.
Specimens:
Upper limb - hand (especially thumb)
Lower limb - inguinal ligament
Other - larynx
OCTOBER 1998
Group 1
1.
Bone: Femur, especially proximal end
2.
X-ray: Pelvis, especially lumbosacral spine
3.
Upper limb dissection: Shoulder, especially
joint stability
4.
Lower limb dissection: Ankle, especially
anterior aspect
5.
Other dissection: Abdomen, kidney and ureter
6.
Other dissection: Facial nerve
Group 2
1.
Bone: Humerus, especially proximal end
2.
X-ray: Pelvis, especially hip joint and pubis
3.
Upper limb dissection: Cubital fossa
4.
Lower limb dissection: Dorsum of foot
5.
Other dissection: Abdomen, abdominal aorta
especially branches and distribution
6.
Group 3
1.
Bone: Lumbar vertebrae, especially articulation
2.
X-ray: Shoulder joint, especially stability
3.
Upper limb dissection: Volar aspect wrist and
carpel tunnel
4.
Lower limb dissection: Hip joint, especially
blood supply & relations
5.
Other dissection: Abdomen, spleen
6.
APRIL 1999
Group 1
1.
X-Ray: CXR esp. cardiac silhouette
2.
Bones: Pelvis esp inguinal ligaments and
relations
3.
Upper Limb: Elbow joint esp. joint stability
4.
Lower limb: Peroneal compartment of leg
esp. neurovascular
5.
Other: Sensory supply of face
6.
Supplementary: Surface anatomy of carpal
tunnel
Group 2
1.
X-Ray: AXR esp. renal tract
2.
Bones: Pelvis esp. hip joint and associated
ligaments
3.
Upper Limb: Axilla - esp. brachial plexus
Page 7
4.
5.
6.
Lower limb: Anterior compartment of leg esp.

neurovascular
Other: Blood supply of face
Supplementary: Surface anatomy of carpal tunnel
OCTOBER 1999
Last 9th ed
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Carpal bones and scaphoid - pp 137-140
2.
Bone: C2, axis and ligaments - pp 541-542
3.
Upper limb: Venous drainage upper limb (surface) pp 66, 81, 93
4.
Lower limb: Tendons at ankle, especially extensor pp 186-189
5.
Other: Larynx, especially intrinsic muscles - pp 496505
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Foot and midtarsal joint - pp 205-206
2.
Bone: Typical cervical vertebra (C6) - pp 555
3.
Upper limb: Thumb, especially movement - pp 109110, 119
4.
Lower limb: Myotomes and reflexes, leg (surface) pp 25-26
5.
Other: Anterior triangle of neck, especially carotid pp 428, 437-438
Group 3
1.
X-ray: Lateral cervical spine stability - pp 537-539
2.
Bone: Mandible - pp 663-665
3.
Upper limb: Palm hand - pp 107-117
4.
Lower limb: Popliteal fossa - pp 173-176)
5.
Other: Surface markings of lungs & pleura - pp 281,
284
APRIL 2000
Group 1
1.
Knee (X-ray)
i)
General features
ii)
Ligamentous stability including origin and insertion
2.
Radius (bone)
i)
General features
ii)
Extensor tendons at wrist
1.
Upper limb (model)
i)
Mechanics of pronation and supination, including
muscles and nerves involved
4.
Lateral face and neck
i)
Sensory supply of head and neck (photo)
ii)
Sensory supply of external ear
5.
Femoral triangle
i)
boundaries and content - (photo)
Group 2
1.
Face (X-ray)
i)
Identify bones of face
ii)
Discuss infraorbital nerve
2.
Ulna (bone)
i)
General features
3.
Upper limb (model)
i)
Discuss biceps muscle including action and nerve
supply
ii)
Discuss extension of forearm
3.
Thoracic inlet
i)
Describe major structures - (photo)
4.
Knee
i)
Discuss stability of joint - (function model)
Page 8
SEPTEMBER 2000
Group 1
1.
Cervical Spine (X-ray): discuss
flexion/extension and rotation of head
2.
Ulna (bone & functional model): discuss
proximal end and stability
3.
Leg (model)
discuss muscles and nerves
involved in flexion/extension of foot
4.
Axilla (photograph) - discuss median nerve
5.
What are the muscles of mastication
(Discussion)
Group 2
1.
Chest X-ray (X-ray) - discuss non-bony
features including cardiac silhouette
2.
C1 & C2: discuss movement and stability of joint
3.
Leg (model):discuss muscles and nerves
involved in inversion / eversion of foot
4.
Abdomen: ureter and relations
(photograph)
5.
Discuss sensation of ring finger.
(Discussion).
Group 3
1.
Abdomen (X-ray):
i)
position of solid organs
ii)
course of ureters
2.
Thoracic vertebra: stability and movement (bone)
3.
Leg (model)
muscles, nerves and blood
supply of calf
4.
Axilla (photograph) - discuss boundaries and
contents
5.
Face (photograph) - blood supply
APRIL 2001
Group 1
1.
Ankle X-ray: Discuss ligamentous stability and
attachments
2.
Elbow joint model: Discuss bony features and
flexion and extension
3.
Arm model: Discuss flexion of middle finger at
MCP, PIP & DIP joints. Discuss nerve supply
of muscles involved
4.
Heart model - Discuss blood supply
5.
Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin
and distribution of femoral nerve
Group 2
1.
Foot X-ray: Bony landmarks and discuss
stability of arch
2.
Lumbar vertebra: Bony features
3.
Arm model: Muscles and nerves involved in
shoulder movement
4.
Neck model: Muscles, blood supply, nerves
and lymph drainage of tongue
5.
Femoral triangle photograph: Discuss origin
and distribution of femoral artery
AUGUST 2001
Group 1
1.
Lateral face X-ray
Discuss features of the mandible.
2.
Shoulder joint (bone)
Discuss stability especially rotator cuff
3.
Lower limb (model)
4.
5.
Popliteal fossa
Thoracic inlet (photo)
Venous drainage of head and upper limb
Upper limb (discussion)
Peripheral nerves involvement in thumb movement
Group 2
1.
AP face X-ray - Discuss features of zygomatic bone
2.
Shoulder joint (bone) - Discuss involvement and
nerves involved
3.
Lower limb (model) - Posterior compartment of leg
4.
Thoracic inlet (photo) - Arterial supply of head and
upper limb
5.
Face (discussion) - Discuss extraocular muscles
and eye movement
APRIL 2002
Group 1
1.
Ankle X-ray - Discuss ligamentous stability and
attachments.
2.
Elbow joint model - Discuss bony features and
flexion and extension.
3.
Arm model - Discuss flexion of middle finger at
MCP, PIP & DIP joints. Discuss nerve supply of
muscles involved.
4.
Heart model - Discuss blood supply.
5.
Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin and
distribution of femoral nerve.
Group 2
1.
Foot X-ray - Bony landmarks and discuss stability of
arch.
2.
Lumbar vertebra - Bony features.
3.
Arm model - Muscles and nerves involved in
shoulder movement.
4.
Neck model - Muscles, blood supply, nerves and
lymph drainage of tongue.
5.
Femoral triangle photograph - Discuss origin and
distribution of femoral artery.
SEPTEMBER 2002
Group 1
1.
X-ray - cervical spine PEG view
2.
Surface markings of carpal tunnel - Discussion
3.
Bone - clavicle
4.
Model - heart - Blood supply
5.
Photographs - back of right thigh
Group 2
1.
X-ray -cervical spine lateral view
2.
Sensory innervation of foot - Discussion
3.
Bone - pelvis
4.
Model - shoulder joint - Discuss muscle groups
involved in movement of shoulder joint and nerves
involved
5.
Photograph: posterior abdominal wall - Course,
relationships and branches of abdominal aorta
Group 3
1.
X-ray - chest
2.
Sensory innervation of hand - Discussion
3.
Bone - radius
4.
Model - larynx - Cartilages and intrinsic muscles
5.
Photograph: brachial plexus and axilla
Page 9
APRIL 2003
Group 1
1.
X-ray - Chest
2.
Surface markings dorsum wrist Discussion
3.
Bone - Humerus
4.
Model Ankle - Bone landmarks and nerves
5.
Spinal cord/ vertebral column layers passed
through during lumbar puncture - Discussion
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Pelvis - Bony landmarks and course of the
ureters
2.
Model: Heart - Structure and blood supply
3.
Bone: Clavicle
4.
Photo: Thigh - Back of right thigh. Course of
sciatic nerve
5.
Wrist - Anterior wrist. Surface markings
Group 2
1.
X-ray - knee
2.
Describe Venous drainage upper limb Discussion
3.
Bone - Ulna
4.
Photo - post abdominal wall urinary tract
5.
Photo - face sensory innervation
SEPTEMBER 2004
Group 1
1.
Model: Larynx - Structure and comparative adult
and child
2.
X-ray: Carpal bones and scaphoid - Boundaries of
ASB on candidates hand
3.
Bone: Typical rib thoracic vertebrae - Landmarks and
structures within intercostal and space
4.
Discussion: Ankle -Location of saphenous vein and
relations of structures around the ankle
5.
Photo: Axilla - Brachial plexus
SEPTEMBER 2003
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Elbow -Capsular and ligamentous
attachments
2.
Model: Hip joint - Stability and movements
3.
Bone: C1 and C2 - Stability and bony features
4.
Photo: Posterior abdominal wall - Vasculature
5.
Hand vascular supply - Discuss (acceptable
to use candidates hand)
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Ankle - Capsular and ligamentous
stability
2.
Model: Elbow joint - Mechanics of pronation
and supination. Muscles involved and
innervation
3.
Bone: Lumbar vertebrae - Stability and bony
features
4.
Photo: Thoracic inlet - Venous drainage of
head and upper limbs and relations
5.
Hand - Movements of intrinsic hand muscles
and innervation (candidates hand)
Group 2
1.
Model: Heart - Great vessels, branches and role of
ductus arteriosus in newborn
2.
X-ray: Knee - Ligamentous stability
3.
Bone: Skull - Facial bones and infraorbital nerve
4.
Discussion - Dermatomes of upper limb and radial
nerve lesion
5.
Photo: Femoral triangle - Relations and
distribution of femoral nerve
Group 3
1.
Model: Knee - Extension and patella stability
2.
X-ray: Elbow - Bony features, vascular
relationships and order of ossification
3.
Bone: Typical cervical vertebrae - Articulation
4.
Discussion Myotomes of lower limb and lesion of
common peroneal nerve
5.
Photo: Thoracic inlet - Arterial supply to head
Group 3
1.
X-ray: Hand and wrist - identify bones and
ligamentous attachments
2.
Model: Knee joint - (Functional model).
Movements and locking
3.
Bone: Thoracic vertebrae - Stability and bony
features. Rib articulations
4.
Photo: Lateral face and neck - Muscles and
innervation
5.
Ankle and foot - Discuss Sensation: peripheral
nerve and dermatone
APRIL 2005
Group 1
1.
Model: Eye - Movements and CN palsies
2.
X-ray: Cervical spine - Normal anatomical
structures that stabilise
3.
Bone: Femur - Head and neck including blood
supply
4.
Photo: Posterior abdominal wall- Venous drainage
and relations
5.
Discussion - Flexion of middle finger at DIP, PIP
and MCP, tendons and innervation
APRIL 2004
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Abdomen - Landmarks and course of
the abdominal aorta
2.
Model: Shoulder joint - Muscles of the
pectoral girdle: insertion and action
3.
Bone: Radius
4.
Photo: Lateral face - Distribution and
relations of facial nerve
5.
Lower limb: Venous drainage
Group 2
1.
Model: Eye - Eye structure and control of
pupil/reflexes
2.
X-ray: Chest - General description. Pleura and
lung surface markings
3.
Bone: Articulated hand - Carpus bones and
positions/relations of flexor retinaculum
4.
Photo: Neck - Anterior triangle and sternomastoid
relationships
5.
Discussion - Sensation of great toe peripheral and
nerve root. Myotomes for same segment
Page 10
Group 3
1.
Model: Larynx - Mandible.
Movements/TMJ/muscle attachments
2.
X-ray: Ankle XR - Bony landmarks and
ligaments
3.
Bone: Scapula - Muscular
attachments/rotator cuff
4.
Photo: Face - Sensory innervation
5.
Discussion - Movements of thumb and
SEPTEMBER 2005
Group 1
1.
Model: Cubital fossa -Median nerve
relationships and course
2.
X-ray: Abdomen - General description. Bowel
and other soft tissue structures
3.
Bone: 1st rib - Relationships of nerves and
vessels
4.
Photo: Face - Course, distribution and
relationships of facial nerve
5.
Discussion - Knee model - Ligaments and
stability
5.
Discussion - Chest wall-insertion of ICC landmarks
Group 3
1.
X-ray: Knee - Landmarks and capsular
attachments
2.
Bone: Humerus - Common fracture sites and
position of nerves relative to these (SN, radial
grove and supracondylar)
3.
Model: Heart - Coronary arteries and blood supply
of conduction system
4.
Photo: Face - Sensory distribution
5.
Discussion - Lower limb myotomes and femoral
nerve.
SEPTEMBER 2006
Group 1
1.
Bone: Foot - Attachments of the ligaments of the
ankle and factors that contribute to ankle stability
2.
Model: Arm - Forearm flexors. Distal insertions
3.
Photo: Thoracic inlet Arteries
4.
X-ray: Abdo CT - Relations of the spleen
5.
Discussion - The intracranial innervation and the
terminal branches of the facial nerve
Group 2
1.
Model: Femoral triangle - Fem artery
relationships and course
2.
X-ray: AP Face - Bones that form the orbit.
Infra-orbital nerve distribution
3.
Bone: 2 Lumbar vertebrae - Bony features,
articulation and movements
4.
Photo: Neck/thoracic inlet - Relationships of
internal jugular vein
5.
Discussion - Position and distribution of
median nerve distal to the elbow
Group 2
1.
Bone: Foot - Tendon insertions of the muscles of
the posterior and lateral compartments of the lower
leg
2.
Model: Eye - Eye structure and control of papillary
reflexes
3.
Photo: Side of neck - Relations and branches of
carotid arteries
4.
X-ray: Abdo CT - Relations of the liver
5.
Discussion - Describe the flexor retinaculum and
the structures bound by it
Group 3
1.
Model: Heart - Chambers and valves
2.
X-ray: Hand and wrist - Identify bones and
describe ligaments of the carpus and wrist
3.
Bone: Pelvis - Landmarks. Relationships of
greater sciatic notch/sciatic nerve
4.
Photo: Post abdominal wall - Position and
relationships of ureters
5.
Discussion - Posterior compartment of the
leg. Attachments of Achilles tendon
Group 3
1.
Bone: Scapula and Origins, insertions and actions
Humerus of the rotator cuff muscles
2.
Model: Knee - Patella stability and quadriceps
3.
Photo: Post abdo and Abdominal aorta and iliac
arteries pelvic walls
4.
X-ray: AP Face - Boundaries of the orbit and
distribution of the infraorbital nerve
5.
Discussion - Describe the branches of circle of
Willis and areas supplied
APRIL 2006
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Ankle - Stability and ligaments
2.
Bone: Ulna and humerus -Landmarks and
articulation of elbow
3.
Model: Eye - Structures and drainage of
aqueous humour
4.
Photo: Femoral triangle - Position of femoral
artery
5.
Discussion - Spinal column and layers
passed through for LP
MARCH 2007
Group 2
1.
X-ray: PEG view - Landmarks
2.
Bone: Femur and tibia - Articulation and
ligaments knee
3.
Model: Arm - Cubital fossa. Boundaries and
contents
4.
Photo: Back of thigh - Sciatic nerve
Lasts Anatomy 10th Ed

Group 1
1.
X-ray: Abdomen - Landmarks of solid organs and
ureters. Lymphatic drainage of the male genitalia
2.
Bone: Thoracic vertebrae - Bony relations. Factors
contributing to stability. Rib articulations and joints
3.
Model: Heart - Identify chambers. Outline the
blood supply
4.
Photo: Gluteal region - Siatic nerve - relationship
to piriformis, course and distribution in the lower
limb
5.
Discussion: Surface anatomy, dorsum of the hand
and wrist - Extensor retinaculum and the structures
that run under it and Boundaries and contents of
the snuff box
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Chest - Mediastinal contours.
Attachments and openings of the diaphragm
and structures passing through
2.
Bone: Lumbar vertebrae - Bony landmarks
and factors contributing to stability. List the
soft tissue layers passed through for a lumbar
puncture
3.
Model: Forearm - Median nerve, course and
distribution in the forearm
4.
Photo: Neck - Boundaries and contents of the
anterior triangle. Facial vein and venous
drainage of the face
5.
Discussion: Lower limb - Discuss the sensory
innervation of the lower limb, both peripheral
nerves and dermatomes
Group 3
1.
X-ray: Lateral neck - Soft tissue landmarks of
pharynx, larynx and oesophagus.
Relationships of anterior cartilage structures
to cervical levels
2.
Bone: First rib - Muscle attachments and
neurovascular relations. List the layers
passed through for a needle thoracostomy
3.
Model: Ankle - Bony structures.
Neurovascular relations of the medial
malleolus
4.
Photo: Abdomen - Left kidney. Relations and
blood supply
5.
Discussion: Arm - Radial nerve surface
markings, course and branches in the upper
arm
SEPTEMBER 2007
Clinically Oriented Anatomy Moore & Dalley 5th Ed
Group 1
1.
X-ray: CT Head - Describe the visible
intracranial structures. Area and functions
supplied by the middle cerebral artery
2.
Bone: Femur & Acetabulum - Describe the
bony features of the femur. The articulation of
the hip joint and the factors that increase
stability of the hip
3.
Model: Eye - Extraocular muscles and their
innervation
4.
Photo: Thorax - Vascular structures Thoracic aorta and its branches and area of
supply
5.
Discussion - The sensory innervation of the
upper limb, including both dermatomal
distribution and peripheral nerves
Group 2
1.
X-ray: CT Head - Describe the visible
intracranial structures. Trace the ventricular
system of the brain.
2.
Bone: C1 and C2 - Bony features, ligament
attachments and movements.
3.
Model: Ankle - Describe the bony structures.
Attachments of the superior and inferior
Page 11
4.
5.
extensor retinaculum and the structures passing

below them.
Photo: Abdomen - Vascular structures. Abdominal
aorta, branches and supply
Discussion - Describe the structure of the brachial
plexus. The muscle groups supplied by the
terminal branches of the brachial plexus to the
upper limb.
Group 3
1.
X-ray: Lateral C spine - Bony structures and lines
of alignment. Components of the soft tissue
shadow. Location of retropharyngeal space.
2.
Bone: Humerus & Scapula - Describe the bony
feature of the proximal humerus. The capsular
attachments, ligament and movements of the
glenohumeral joint
3.
Model: Ankle - Outline the bony features.
Neurovascular structures that pass over and
around the ankle joint
4.
Photo: Pelvis - Vagina, cervix and uterus.
Peritoneal folds and potential spaces for fluid
collection.
5.
Discussion - The secretion, circulation and
absorption of cerebrospinal fluid
APRIL 2008
Group 1
1.
Bone: Hand - Carpel bones - Flexor retinaculum
2.
Model: Larynx - Muscles of vocalization - Nerve
supply
3.
Photo: Femoral triangle - Boundaries and contents
4.
X-ray: AP Pelvis Bones - Muscle attachments of
movers of the hip
5.
Discussion: Chest Wall - Muscle layers - Course
and relationships of the neurovascular bundle
Group 2
1.
Bone: Foot - Tarsal bones - Relations of the
medial malleolus
2.
Model: Tongue Muscles - Nerve supply
3.
Photo: Posterior Abdominal wall - Major structures
- Ureter course and narrowings
4.
X-ray: AP Pelvis Bones - Ligaments of the hip
joint
5.
Discussion: Cubital fossa - Surface anatomy of
boundariesContents
Group 3
1.
Bone: Mandible - Bony features - TMJ articulations
- Attachments of muscles of mastication
2.
Model: Heart Chambers - Arterial and venous
drainage
3.
Photo: Median nerve - Identify and trace course Structures supplied distally
4.
X-ray: Knee - Muscles and ligaments - Factors
contributing to stability
5.
Discussion: Discuss the blood supply of the gut,
outlining the major arteries
SEPTEMBER 2008
Page 12

McMinns Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams,
Marks Jr, Hutchings (Mosby)
Group 1
1.
X-ray: Elbow - Bony features of the elbow
joint. Extensor muscles of the forearm,
origins, common extensor tendon
2.
Bone: Tibia - Bony features of the proximal
tibia. Meniscal, ligament and capsular
attachments of the tibial plateau
3.
Model: Larynx Features. Muscle groups,
movements and innervation
4.
Photo: Pelvis - Major structures. Bladder and
innervation
5.
Discussion: Describe the arterial circle of
Willis and the areas of the brain supplied
Group 2
1.
X-ray: Abdo CT - Identify the solid and hollow
viscera. Peritoneal folds and potential spaces
for fluid collection
2.
Bone: Tibia and fibula - Proximal tib-fib joint
Relations of the proximal fibula
3.
Model: Heart - Identify major chambers.
Conducting system of the heart
4.
Photo: Neck - Boundaries of anterior and
posterior triangles. External carotid artery,
branches and supply
5.
Discussion: Dermatomes of the upper limb
Peripheral nerve distribution of the forearm
and hand
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
X-Ray: Chest - Mediastinal contours. Surface

anatomy of the heart
Bone: Skull - Bones of the orbit. Fissures
Intraorbital (and extraorbital) path of the
infraorbital nerve
Model: Cubital fossa. Boundaries, contents,
relations of the brachial artery
Photo: Popliteal fossa - Boundaries and
contents. Sciatic nerve, branches and
innervations
Discussion - Describe the structure and
attachments of the diaphragm, its
innervation and contribution to respiration
pp 566-8, 617, tab 5.7, 640-3,
pp 745-8
pp 888-9, 939-42, fig 7.24
Page 13
PATHOLOGY
APRIL 1995
1.
Skin wound healing
2.
Radiation injury
3.
Hypersensitivity
4.
Macrophages
5.
Tetanus
6.
Benign vs malignant neoplasms
7.
Atherosclerosis
8.
Renal calculi
9.
Blood groups
10. Aneurysms
Supplementary topic - Clotting cascade
OCTOBER 1995
1.
The normal cell
2.
Staphylococcal infections
3.
Chemical mediators of acute inflammation
4.
Ascites
5.
Embolism
6.
Thermal burns
7.
Host barriers to infection
8.
Anaemia
APRIL 1996
1.
Metaplasia/dysplasia
2.
Venous thrombosis
3.
Streptococcal infections
4.
Healing of fractures
5.
Role of neutrophils in acute inflammation
6.
Types of necrosis
7.
Pathophysiology of acute pulmonary oedema
8.
Serological changes in hepatitis B infections
OCTOBER 1996
Group 1
1.
Blood groups
2.
Acute pancreatitis
3.
Cells of the immune system
4.
Acute renal failure
5.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Group 2
1.
Transfusions
2.
Chronic pancreatitis
3.
Immunopathogenesis of aquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
4.
Hypertensive renal failure
5.
Asthma
APRIL 1997
Group 1
1.
Systemic embolism Sources - Consequences
2.
Cirrhosis - Basic pathological principles
Pathophysiology of consequences
3.
Restrictive lung diseases
Basic pathological processes
4.
Hemolytic anaemia - Pathological basis
Group 2
1.
Thrombosis - Predisposing factors for formation Outcomes of thrombosis
2.
Hepatitis B
Basic pathological process
Pathological basis of markers
Clinicopathological syndromes
3.
Coad
Basic pathology of emphysema
Pathological classifications
4.
Leukopaenia
Pathological causes and immunological
consequences
OCTOBER 1997
Group 1
1.
Jaundice unconjugated
2.
Neoplasia characteristics of benign tumours
3.
Shock cellular pathology of irreversible shock
4.
Cellular injury tissue necrosis
5.
Environmental patterns of lung injury related to
air pollution
Group 2
1.
Microcytic anaemia
2.
Hyperthyroidism
3.
Shock pathogenesis of septic shock
4.
Cellular injury atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia
5.
Environmental radiation exposure
APRIL 1998
Group 1
1.
Tissue healing (skin)
2.
Asthma
3.
Osteoarthritis
4.
Pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
5.
Cardiogenic shock
Group 2
1.
Blood groups
2.
Chronic inflammation
3.
Type I hypersensitivity
4.
Embolism (pulmonary)
5.
Pancreatitis
OCTOBER 1998
Robbins 5th ed
Group 1
1.
Serum markers in hepatitis - pp 843-8
2.
Healing of fractures - pp 1227-9
3.
Infarction - pp 114-6
4.
Emphysema - pp 683-8
Group 2
1.
Pathogenesis of hepatitis - pp 843-8
2.
Nerve repair - pp 1277-9 and 1285
3.
Jaundice - pp 838-840
4.
Tetanus - pp 338-9
Page 14
Group 3
1.
Abnormalities of immune function in HIV - pp 222-6
2.
Wound repair - pp 85-91
3.
Oedema - pp 53-4 and 93-7
4.
Tuberculosis - pp 324-7
Reserved question for all groups: 5.
Thyroiditis - pp 1125-1128
APRIL 1999
Robbins 5th ed
Group 1
1.
Chemical mediators of inflammation - pp 64-75
2.
Systemic embolism - pp 111-4
3.
Pyelonephritis - pp 967-71
4.
Chronic bronchitis pathogenesis - (Robbins
5th ed, pp 688)
5.
Transfusion reaction Type II hypersensitivity
- pp 182-4
Group 2
1.
Type 1 hypersensitivity - pp 178-182
2.
AMI pathogenesis - pp 529+
3.
Renal calculi consequences - pp 985
4.
Haemolytic anaemia - pp 587-603
5.
Bacterial pneumonia - pp 694+
OCTOBER 1999
Contran 5th ed
Group 1
1. Oedema - pp 932. Atherosclerosis, pathogenesis - pp 479-483
3.
4. Staphylococcal infection - pp 335-337
5. Coagulation system - pp 103-105
Group 2
1. Reversible ischaemia and necrosis - pp 14-17
2.
Jaundice - pp 838-841
3.
4.
Anaerobic bacterial infection - pp 338-340
5.
Role of platelets in coagulation - pp 101-103)
Group 3
1.
Haemorrhagic shock-(Guyton 9th ed, pp 286-291)
2.
Characteristics of benign and malignant
tumours - (Cotran 5th ed, pp 245-252)
3. Immunopathogenesis of HIV disease (Cotran
5th ed, pp 222-225)
4.
Bacterial pneumonia - (Cotran 5th ed, pp 694-698)
5. Pathogenesis of thrombosis - (Cotran 5th ed,
pp 105-108)
APRIL 2000
Robbins 5th ed
Group 1
1.
Pulmonary embolism - pp 679-80
2.
T cells - pp 171-2
3.
Microscopic features of atheroma - pp 476
4.
Streptococcal infections - pp 337-8
5.
Acute tubular necrosis - pp 946-67
Group 2
1.
Pathological factors influencing the process of
wound healing - pp 89-91
2.
Pathogenesis of atopic asthma - pp 690-1
3.
Hepatitis C - pp 846-8
4.
5.
Myocardial infarction - pp 528-40

Obstructive Uropathy - pp 982-4
SEPTEMBER 2000
Robbins 5th Ed/Robbins 6th Ed
Group 1
1.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity - pp 182-184/199-201
2.
Bacterial pneumonia - pp 694-700, 348-352, 717721
3.
Peripheral nerve transection & regeneration - pp
1277-1285,/pp 1274-1275
4.
Analgesic abuse nephropathy - pp 973/pp 978
5.
Infective endocarditis
- pathogenesis pp 550-554/pp 572-576
- clinical consequences
Group 2
1.
T Lymphocytes - pp 171-172/pp 189-190
2.
Pyelonephritis - pp 967-971/pp 972-977
3.
Healing of fractures - pp 1227-1229/pp 1229-1231
4.
Jaundice - pp 838-841/pp 848-852
5.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - pp 625626/pp 640-642
Group 3
1.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity - pp 178-182/pp 197-199
2.
Bacterial Meningitis - pp 1315-1316/pp 1314-1315
3.
Coagulative versus liquefactive necrosis - pp 1617/pp 15-17
4.
Emphysema - pp 683-688/pp 707-711
5.
Pathogenetic sequence of events in septic shock pp 118-121/pp 134-136
(note differences in this topic between 5th & 6th
Editions)
APRIL 2001
Robbins 6th ed
Group 1
1.
Discuss the role of leukocytes in acute inflammation
- pp 55-65
2.
Discuss the HIV virus, and its modes of
transmission - pp 236-247
3.
Discuss acute respiratory distress syndrome - pp
700-703
4.
Discuss Clostridial wound infections - pp 368-369
5.
Name the main constituents of tobacco smoke, and
their effects on health - 408-410
Group 2
1.
Discuss the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis Robbins 6th ed, pp 498-509
2. Describe B-cells and their role in immunity - Robbins
6th ed, pp 190
3. Describe Legionella infections - Robbins 6th ed, 377378
4.
Compare arterial and venous thrombi, including their
effects - Robbins 6th ed, 124-129
5.
Describe blood transfusion reactions - Robbins 6th
ed, pp 200, Guyton 9th ed, pp 458-460
AUGUST 2001
th
Robbins 5 ed
Group 1
1.
Hyperplasia - pp 44-5
2.
Fracture healing - pp 1227-29
3.
Fulminant Hepatitis pathogenesis
- pp 853-55
4.
Varicella Zoster infections - pp 349350
5.
Essential hypertension - pp 468-88
Group 2
1.
Hypertrophy - pp 45-6
2.
OA vs. RA - pp 1247-53
3.
Hepatitis C pathogenesis - pp 846-48
4.
Malaria - pp 362-3
5.
Atherosclerosis - pp 473-81
Group 3
1.
Atrophy / apoptosis - pp 47-8
2.
Avascular necrosis - pp 1229-30
3.
Chronic viral hepatitis
pathogenesis - pp 851-52
4.
Bacterial enteritis - pp 329-30
5.
AMI pathogenesis - 526-28
APRIL 2002
Robbins 6th ed
Group 1
1.
Discuss the differences between
reversible and irreversible cellular
injury following acute ischaemia - pp
7-11
2.
(a) Describe the healing of skin
wounds by secondary intention.
(b) How does this differ from primary
union? - pp 107-9
3.
(a) What chemical mediators are
involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity
reactions?
(b) Describe their actions briefly - pp
196-9
4.
Describe the mechanisms by which
viruses cause cell injury - pp 340-1
5.
Describe the pathogenesis of
atopic asthma - pp 712-5
Group 2
1.
Discuss the factors involved in the
pathogenesis of generalised
oedema - pp 113-6
2.
Describe the role of the
Complement system in host
defence - pp 67-8
3.
Describe how bacteria cause cell
injury - pp 341-4
4.
Describe the effects of actue
systemic infection by
meningococcus - pp 334+
5.
Describe the pathological changes
in the kidney in acute tubular
necrosis - pp 969-71
Page 15
SEPTEMBER 2002
Group 1
Robbins 6th ed
1.
Fracture healing pathological
processes affecting - pp 1229-31
2.
Pulmonary embolism pathogenesis pp 130, 703-4
3.
Hepatitis B pathological consequences
- pp 857-9
4.
Bacterial endocarditis pathogenesis pp 572-6
5.
Renal calculi pathogenesis and
consequences - pp 989-990, 999
Group 2
1.
Wound repair - pp 107-111
2.
The role of endothelial cells in
thrombosis - pp 119-121
3.
Hepatitis C pathogenesis and
consequences - pp 860-1
4.
Bacterial enteritis - pp 355-8
5.
Acute pancreatitis pathogenesis - pp
904-907
Group 3
1.
Describe the reversible cellular changes
occurring in acute ischaemia - pp 5-82.
2.
Actions of common mediators of
inflammation - pp 77-9
3.
Alcoholic hepatitis and its consequences
- pp 869-73
4.
Legionnaires disease - pp 377-8
5.
Cholelithiasis pathogenesis and
APRIL 2003
Robbins 6th ed
Group 1
1.
Haemorrhagic shock - pp 134-7
2.
Peripheral nerve repair - pp 1275
3.
Atypical pneumonia - pp 721
4.
Role of B cells in immune processes - pp
190, 197, 208
5.
Hypertensive heart disease - pp 564-5
Group 2
1.
Oedema - pp 113-6
2.
Healing of fractures - pp 1229-31
3.
Nonbacterial meningitis-pp 1314, 1317-20
4.
Role of complement in immune
processes - pp 199-204
5.
Atherosclerosis - pp 498-509
SEPTEMBER 2003
Coltran 6th Ed
Group 1
1.
Describe cellular changes associated
with reversible ischaemia - pp 15-18
2.
Discuss the role of platelets in
coagulation - pp 120-2
3.
Describe the pathogenesis of acute
pericarditis - pp 587-9
4.
Discuss the HIV virus and its modes of
transmission - pp 236-47
Page 16
Discuss the pathological effects of

smoking on the lung - pp 408-10,
709, 712, 741-2
Group 2
1.
Describe the vascular response to
acute inflammation - pp 52-5
2.
Discuss the pathogenesis of
Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation - pp 129, 640-2
3.
Discuss Type III hypersensitivity
reactions - pp 195-6, 201-4
4.
primary tuberculosis - pp 349-52
5.
Discuss the pathological
consequences of heroin use - pp
412-4
Group 2
1.
What are the biochemical hallmarks of cell injury
- pp 5-6
2.
Mechanism of fibrosis and scar formation - pp
106
3.
Salmonella Enteritis - pp 356
4.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm - pp 525-6
5.
Metastatic calcification - pp 45
Group 3
1.
Describe the cellular changes
associated with irreversible
ischaemia - pp 8-11
2.
Discuss factors that inhibit the
coagulation cascade - pp 119-24
3.
Describe the pathological
consequences of acute myocardial
infarction - pp 129, 554-64
4.
Plasmodium falciparum infection pp 389-91
5.
Discuss the pathological effects of
acute radiation exposure - pp 42430
APRIL 2005
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
Fracture healing - pp 93
2.
Coagulation cascade - pp 127-30
3.
Cirrhosis - pp 882-3
4.
Legionella pneumonia - pp 749-51
5.
Invasion of extracellular matrix - pp 309-12
APRIL 2004
Robbins 6th Ed
Group 1
1.
Wound healing - pp 107-9
2.
Serum markers in hepatitis B - pp 857-9
3.
Streptococcal infections - pp 367-8
4.
ARDS - pp 700-3
5.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Pathogenesis - pp 913-7
Group 2
1.
Thrombosis - pp 124-6
2.
Clostridial wound infections - pp 368-9
3.
Aortic aneurysms pathogenesis - pp
524-8
4.
Asthma Pathologic features - pp
712-6
5.
Acute Pancreatitis - Pathologic
Group 3
1.
Scar formation - pp 110-1
2.
Role of platelets in haemostasis - pp 126-7
3.
Portal hypertension - pp 883-5
4.
Influenza - pp 751-2
5.
Para neoplastic syndrome - pp 333-5
5.
SEPTEMBER 2004
Robbins 6th Ed
Group 1
1.
The initial cellular changes in acute
ischaemia - pp 7
2.
Healing by first intention - pp 107
3.
Gastroenteritis - pp 353-4
4.
Aortic dissection - pp 526-8
5.
Metaplasia - pp 36
Group 3
1.
Features and mechanisms of apoptosis - pp (18)
20-3
2.
Angiogenesis - pp 103-6
3.
Cholera - pp 357
4.
Calcific aortic stenosis - pp 567-8
5.
Discuss steatosis (fatty change) - pp 39
Group 2
1.
Primary wound repair - pp 111-3
2.
3.
Acute pancreatitis - pp 942-4
4.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - pp 381-3
5.
Metastasis - pp 313
SEPTEMBER 2005
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
Ischaemic injury - pp 23
2.
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Immune complex - pp
210-4
3.
Hepatitis A - pp 890-1
4.
Crohns disease - pp 847-9
5.
Osteoarthritis - pp 1304-5
Group 2
1.
Reperfusion injury - pp 24
2.
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Antibody mediated pp 209-10
3.
Hepatitis B - pp 891-4
4.
Ulcerative colitis - pp 849-51
5.
Rheumatoid arthritis - pp 1305-9
Group 3
1.
Apoptosis - pp 26-31
2.
Pathogenesis of septic shock - pp 137-9
3.
Varicella-zoster - pp 368
4.
Ischaemic bowel disease - pp 851-4
5.
Gout - pp 1311-4
APRIL 2006
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
2.
Pathogenesis of type II DM - pp 1194-7
3.
Atopic asthma - pp 724-6
4.
Post streptococcal GN - pp 974-6
5.
Varicella-zoster - pp 368
Page 17
Group 3
1.
Hypertrophy
2.
Oedema formation
3.
Meningitis
4.
Atopic asthma
5.
Aortic dissection
SEPTEMBER 2007
Group 2
1.
Reversible vs. irreversible changes of
ischaemia - pp 19
2.
Pathogenesis of type I DM - pp 1192-4
3.
Emphysema - pp 717-22
4.
Cholera - pp 835-6
5.
Acute tubular necrosis - pp 993-5
Group 3
1.
Vascular changes of inflammation -pp 50-3
2.
Graves disease - pp 1172-3
3.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - pp 605-6
4.
Urolithiasis - pp 1014-5
5.
Salmonella dysentery - pp 835
SEPTEMBER 2006
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
2.
The role of complement in inflammation
- pp 64 (66 Box)
3.
Nephrotic syndrome - pp 978-9
4.
Manifestations of radiation injury
pp 438-41
5.
Sequelae of viral hepatitis - pp 897-902
Group 2
1.
2.
Role of platelets in haemostasis pp 126-7
3.
Acute pancreatitis - pp 942-4
4.
Pernicious anaemia - pp 639-42
5.
Lead poisoning - pp 432-3
Group 3
1.
2.
Coagulation cascade - pp 127-30
3.
Thiamine deficiency - pp 456
4.
Post streptococcal GN - pp 974-6
5.
Hepatitis D infection - pp 895-6
MARCH 2007
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
Hyperplasia
2.
Cutaneous wound healing by first
intention
3.
Herpes simplex
4.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
5.
Alcoholic liver disease
Group 2
1.
Atrophy
2.
Vascular changes of inflammation
3.
Measles
4.
Multiple sclerosis
5.
Cholecystitis
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
Metaplasia pp 10-11
2.
Mypersensitivity Type 1 pp 206-10
3.
Myocardial infarction pp 575-7
4.
Ruptured berry aneurysms pp 1366-7
5.
Von Willebrands Disease pp 655
Group 2
1.
Chronic inflammation pp 78-82
2.
Hypersensitivity Type 4 pp 215-8
3.
Emphysema pp 717-22
4.
Alzheimers disease pp 1386-9
5.
Haemophilia A pp 655
Group 3
1.
Fracture healing pp 1288-9
2.
Atopic asthma pp 724-6
3.
Urolithiasis pp 1014-5
4.
Non-haemorrhagic CVA pp 1363-5
5.
Pathogenesis of septic shock pp 137
APRIL 2008
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.Hypertrophy versus Hyperplasia - pp 6-9
2.
Pathological calcification - pp 41-2
3.
Hepatitis A - pp 890-1
4.
Nephrotic syndrome - pp 978-9
5.
Sickle cell anaemia - pp 628-32
Group 2
1.
2.
Angiogenesis - pp 107-9
3.
Hepatitis C - pp 895-6
4.
Gout - pp 1311-4
5.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - pp
656-8
Group 3
1.
Scar formation - pp 110-1
2.
Embolism - pp 135-7, 742-3
3.
Clostridial infections - pp 393-4
4.
Peptic ulcer disease - pp 816-9
5.
Pre-eclampsia - pp 1106-10
SEPTEMBER 2008
Robbins 7th Ed
Group 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ischaemic Injury - pp 23
Type 2 Antibody mediated hypersensitivity pp
210
Tuberculosis - pp 381-3
Calcific Aortic stenosis - pp 590
Thyrotoxicosis - pp 1166-8
Page 18
Group 2
1.
Role of complement in inflammation- pp 64
(box 65)
2.
Local & systemic influences on wound
healing
- pp 114
3.
Malaria - pp 401-2
4.
Pericarditis - pp 610-2
5.
Pathogenesis of Type I diabetes - pp 11924
Group 3
1.
Cellular changes in inflammation - pp 5360
2.
Type 3 Immune mediated hypersensitivity
- pp 210-5
3.
Candidiasis - pp 397-8
4.
Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis - pp 521-4
5.
Pituitary adenomas - pp 1158-60
Page 19
PHYSIOLOGY
APRIL 1995
1.
Resting membrane potentials
2.
Sensory pathways
3.
Plasma composition
4.
Autoregulation of blood flow
5.
Medical physics of pressure/flow/resistance
6.
The cardiac cycle
7.
Stability of alveoli
8.
Dead space
9.
Renal blood flow
10. Buffers
Supplementary topic
Oxygen haemoglobin saturation curve
OCTOBER 1995
1.
Forces producing movement of substances
across cell membranes
2.
Alveolar gas equation
3.
The stretch reflex
4.
Factors controlling cardiac output
5.
Relationship between muscle fibre length and
tension
6.
Lung volumes
7.
Visual pathway
8.
Renin - angiotensin system
APRIL 1996
1.
Ion flux during an action potential
2.
Control of ventilation
3.
Effect of exercise on the cardiovascular system
4.
The renal mechanism for forming dilute urine
5.
Sequence of events in contraction/relaxation of
skeletal muscle
6.
Capillary fluid exchange
7.
Effect of posture on pulmonary ventilation and
perfusion and therefore the effect of posture on
the V/Q ratio
8.
Nerve fibre types and function
OCTOBER 1996
Group 1
1.
Body fluid compartments
2.
Factors determining blood glucose level
3.
Chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular system
4.
Carbon dioxide transport
5.
Hydrogen ion secretion in the kidney
Group 2
1.
Electrolyte composition of the body fluids
2.
Carbohydrate homeostasis in exercise
3.
Baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system
4.
Oxygen transport
5.
Regulation of potassium secretion by the kidney
APRIL 1997
Group 1
1.
Discuss the phases of the cardiac cycle
2.
Discuss dead space with regard to lung volumes
3.
Discuss how fatty acids are metabolised in the
cell to produce energy
4.
Discuss formation and action of angiotensin
5.
6.
Discuss the changes in acid-base status in an

acute and a chronic respiratory acidosis
Discuss transmission at the neuromuscular
junction)
Group 2
1.
Discuss the conducting system of the heart
2.
Discuss regional differences in ventilation and
blood flow in the lung
3.
Discuss the metabolism of proteins
4.
Discuss the regulation of renin secretion
5.
Discuss the changes in acid-base status in an
acute and a chronic respiratory alkalosis
6.
Discuss the process of skeletal muscle contraction
OCTOBER 1997
Ganong 17th ed
Group 1
1.
Effects of insulin on adipose / muscle / liver
tissue - pp 310
2.
Medullary control of blood pressure - pp 548-49
3.
Compliance of lungs and chest wall - pp 597
4.
Glucose reabsorption by the kidney - pp 652
5.
Gastric motility and emptying - pp 453-55
Group 2
1.
Factors influencing myocardial contractility /
Frank Starling curve - pp 522
2.
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant - pp 598
3.
Actions of glucagon - pp 320
4.
Osmotic diuresis - pp 659
5.
Regulation of gastric secretion - pp 453
APRIL 1998
Ganong 18th ed
Group 1
1.
Describe the respiratory and renal
compensatory mechanisms that occur with a
metabolic acidosis - pp 687
2.
Discuss perfusion-limited diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane - pp 528
3.
Discuss autoregulation as it applies to the
cerebral circulation - pp 575
4.
Describe and discuss the various components
of the jugular pulse - pp 528
5.
Describe the effect of noradrenaline on heart
rate, TPR, CO and arterial BP pp 338
6.
Describe the formation and effects of 1,25
dihydrocholecalciferol -pp 364-6
Group 2
1.
Describe the respiratory and renal
compensatory mechanisms that occur with a
metabolic alkalosis - pp 687
2.
Discuss coronary blood flow - pp 577
3.
Discuss diffusion-limited diffusion across the
alveolocapillary membrane - pp 615
4.
Describe the changes in pressure in the aorta
and left ventricle during the cardiac cycle - pp 527
5.
Describe the effect of adrenaline on heart rate,
TPR, CO and arterial BP - pp 338
Page 20
6.
Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone pp 367-8
4.
5.
OCTOBER 1998
Ganong 16th ed
Group 1
1.
Forces producing movement of substances
across cell membranes - pp 28
2.
Sequence of events in contraction and
relaxation of visceral smooth muscle - pp 72
3.
Pathways involved in medullary control of
blood pressure - pp 548
4.
Effects of exercise on ventilation - pp 625
5.
Describe the fate of filtered glucose in the
kidney - pp 650
Group 2
1.
Transport across cell membranes - pp 22
2.
Action potential and contractile response in
cardiac muscle - pp 69
3.
Capillary fluid exchange - pp 537
4.
Neural control of breathing - pp 615
5.
Regulation of sodium excretion in the kidney pp 663
Group 3
1.
Resting membrane potentials - pp 22
2.
Sequence of events in contraction and
relaxation of skeletal muscle - pp 59
3.
The interactions between the components that
regulate cardiac output and arterial pressure pp 520
4.
The chemical control of breathing - pp 617
5.
Regulation of potassium excretion in the
kidney - pp 665
APRIL 1999
Ganong 17th ed
Group 1
1.
Law of Laplace in relation to blood vessels and
heart - pp 532-3
2.
Feedback control of glucocorticoid secretion pp 344
3.
Visual pathway and effect of lesions - pp 136
4.
Pressure changes in inspiration and expiration
- pp 594
5.
Pacemaker potentials - pp 499-500)
Group 2
1.
Laminar flow Reynolds number - pp 530
2.
Erythropoietin function, sources and
regulation of secretion - pp 422-3
3.
Sensory pathways in Spinal Cord - pp 123
4.
CO2 transport - pp 613-4
5.
Circulation changes in exercise - pp 578-9)
OCTOBER 1999
Group 1
1.
Alveolar gas equation - (West 4th ed, pp 54,
164, Ganong 17th ed, pp 256, 613)
2.
Coronary blood flow - (Ganong 17th ed, pp
565-567)
3.
Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline
(Guyton 9th ed, pp 172, 214, 216, 228, 248,
298, 306, 369, Ganong 17th ed, 551)
Cholinergic synaptic transmission - (Ganong

17th ed, pp 87-89, 204)
Regional differences in ventilation and
perfusion - (West 4th ed, pp 60-61)
Group 2
1.
Haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve
(Ganong 17th ed, pp 608-609, West 4th ed, pp
71-74)
2.
Cerebral blood flow - (Ganong 17th ed, pp 556565)
3.
The regulation of osmolality - (Ganong 17th ed,
pp 220-222, 670)
4.
Action potential ion fluxes - (Ganong 17th ed,
pp 23, 26, 50-51, 30-31)
5.
Alveolar stability - (West 4th ed, pp 89-98, 104)
Group 3
1.
CO2 transport - (West 4th ed, pp 74-76,
Ganong 17th ed, pp 608, 614)
2.
Pulmonary circulation - (West 4th ed, Chapter
4)
3.
Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre (Guyton 9th ed, pp 172, 214, 216, 228, 248, 287,
298, 306, 369, Ganong 17th ed, pp 551)
4.
Noradrenergic synaptic transmission (Ganong 17th ed, pp 89, 91)
5.
Gas transfer across capillary - (West 4th ed, pp
21-30)
APRIL 2000
Group 1
1.
The cardiac cycle - (Ganong 18th ed, Figure
29-3 pp 527, Guyton 9th ed, Figure 9-5,
pp 111)
2.
The ionic basis of conduction in nerves / types
of nerve fibres - (Ganong 18th ed, Table 1-2 pp
7, Table 2-1 pp 57)
3.
The effects of altitude on respiration - (West 5th
ed, pp 136, 54)
4.
Thyroid gland / thyroid hormone - (Ganong 18th
ed, pp 296, Table 18-3, pp 303)
5.
Renal compensation for metabolic acidosis (Ganong 19th ed, pp 686-9, 697-702)
Group 2
1.
Factors controlling cardiac output (Ganong 18th
ed, pp 530, 532, Figures 3-16 pp 75, 29-5 pp
531, Table 29-4 pp 532, Guyton 9th ed, pp 239,
241)
2.
The stretch reflex - (Ganong 18th ed, pp 120)
3.
The effects of exercise on respiration (Ganong
18th ed, pp 622, 625, West 5th ed, pp 134)
4.
Control of plasma glucose - (Ganong 19th ed,
Chapter 19)
5.
Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis (Ganong 19th ed, pp 686-9)
SEPTEMBER 2000
Group 1
1.
Draw a diagram of the action potential of the
sinoatrial node of cardiac muscle. (Ganong
19th ed, Figures 28-1 pp 522 & 28-2 pp 524)
2.
Discuss the regional differences in pulmonary
blood flow - (West 5th ed, Chapter 4 pp 31-42)
3.
4.
5.
Discuss the physiology of the exocrine

pancreas. - (Ganong 19th ed, pp 476, Table
25-1 pp 448, pp 478, pp 465-466)
Discuss the factors involved in calcium
metabolism - (Ganong 19th ed, pp 365-366,
Table 21-1 pp 365, pp 370-371, pp 372-377)
Draw a cross section of the spinal cord
showing location of the ascending sensory
pathways - (Ganong 19th ed, Figure 7-3 pp
131, pp 130-133)
Group 2
1.
Draw a diagram of the action potential
recorded from the ventricle - (Ganong 19th ed,
Figures 28-1 pp 522, 3-15 pp 74 & 3-14 pp 74,
pp 537)
2.
Discuss the control of ventilation - (West 5th
ed, pp 117-126)
3.
Discuss the renal regulation of Na+ and Clexcretion - (Ganong 19th ed, pp 677, Tables
38-6 & 38-7 pp 677, Figure 38-8 pp 678, pp
689-690, Tables 38-5 pp 676, pp 680, Table 20-5
pp 360, Figures 38-24 pp 690 & 20-26 pp 362)
4.
Discuss the physiology of gastric secretion (Ganong 19th ed, pp 470-474, Figure 26-10 pp
472, Figure 26-12 pp 473)
5.
Draw a cross section of the spinal cord
showing location of the motor pathways.
(Ganong 19th ed, pp 195-197, pp 199-204)
Group 3
1.
Describe the neural components involved in
arterial pressure regulation - (Guyton 9th ed pp
211, pp 213)
2.
Discuss the regional differences in pulmonary
ventilation - (West 5th ed, Chapter 7, pp 89-101)
3.
Describe the events during contraction and
relaxation of skeletal muscle, and draw a
diagram showing the length-tension
relationship of skeletal muscle. (Ganong 19th
ed, Table 3-2 pp 65, Figure 3-10 pp 67)
4.
Discuss the physiology of bilirubin metabolism
and bile formation - (Ganong 19th ed, pp 478,
pp 512, pp 480-482, Table 26-8 pp 480)
5.
Discuss the physiology of iron - (Ganong 19th
ed, pp 456-458, Figure 25-8 pp 457)
APRIL 2001
Group 1
1.
Alveolar gas equation - West 5th ed, pp 54,
Ganong 19th ed, pp 268
2.
Coronary blood flow - Ganong 19th ed, pp 591594
3.
Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline
Guyton 9th ed, pp 298, 306, 248, (Fig 20-14),
216, 214, 228, 369, 172
4.
Electrophysiology of the muscularjunction Ganong 19th ed, pp 109-110
5.
Regional differences in ventilation and
perfusion - West 5th ed, pp 59-69
Group 2
1.
CO2 transport - Ganong 19th ed, pp 638-639,
West 5th ed, pp 76-79
2.
Cerebral blood flow - Guyton 9th ed, pp 582-591
3.
Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre
Page 21
4.
6.
Guyton 9th ed, pp 298, 306, 248, (Fig 20-14),

216, 214, 228, 268, 269, 172, 287
Electrophysiology of the nerve action potential
Ganong 19th ed,pp7 (Table 1-2), 54 (Fig 2-12),
55
Compliance of the lung and thoracic cage West 5th ed, pp 91-103
AUGUST 2001
Group 1
1.
Describe the cardiac cycle - Guyton 9th ed, pp 111-112
2.
Discuss the ionic basis of excitation and
conduction in nerves, and the classification of
nerve fibre types - Ganong 19th ed, pp 54-57
3.
Regional differences in pumonary blood flow West 5th ed, pp 31-42
4.
Mineralocorticoid physiology - Ganong 19th ed,
pp 358-362
5.
The physiology of protein synthesis - Ganong
19th ed, pp 22-26
Group 2
1.
Describe the factors controlling cardiac output Ganong 19th ed, pp 545-549
2.
Describe how a stretch reflex occurs - Ganong
19th ed, pp 121-126
3.
Describe the control of ventilation - West 5th
ed, pp 117-126
4.
Glucocorticoid physiology - Ganong 19th ed, pp
352-358
5.
The physiology of intercellular communication Ganong 19th ed, pp 34-44
Group 3
1.
Discuss the neural components of arterial
blood pressure regulation - Guyton 9th ed, pp
211-217, Ganong 19th ed, pp 579-580
2.
Describe the events during contraction and
relaxation of skeletal muscle, and draw a
diagram showing the length-tension
relationship of skeletal muscle - Ganong 19th
ed, pp 64-68
3.
Regional differences in pulmonary ventilation West 5th ed, pp 89-101
4.
The physiology of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone axis - Ganong 19th ed, pp 433-438
5.
The physiology of transport across cell
membranes - Ganong 19th ed, pp 26-33
APRIL 2002
Group 1
1. Action potential of sinoatrial node
Ganong 19th ed, pp 522 (Fig 28-1), 524
(Fig 28-2)
2.
Alveolar gas equation - West 5th ed, pp 54,
164, Ganong 19th ed, pp 256, 613
3.
Renal blood flow regulation - Ganong 19th ed,
pp 670-3, Guyton 9th ed, 317, 325-330
4.
Gastric secretions - Ganong 19th ed, pp 470-4,
472 (Fig 26-10), 473 (Fig 26-12)
5.
Neurophysiology of antidiuretic hormone Ganong 19th ed, pp 230-4, 233 (Table 14.2)
Group 2
Page 22
Action potential of ventricular muscle - Ganong

19th ed, pp 522 (Fig 28-1), 74 (Figs 3-14 & 315), 537
CO2 transport - Ganong 19th ed, pp 614, 608,
West 5th ed, pp 74-6
Regulation of the cerebral blood flow - Ganong
19th ed, pp 582-591
Bilirubin and bile formation - Ganong 19th ed,
pp 478, 512, 480-2, 480 (Table 26-8)
Adrenomedullary hormones - Ganong 19th ed,
pp 95-8, 342-5
Group 2
1.
Discuss the function of cyclic AMP as an
intracellular messenger - Ganong 20th ed, P41-3
2.
Discuss the renal regulation of acid excretion Ganong 20th ed, p694-7
3.
Discuss the physiology of the renin-angiotensin
system - Ganong 20th ed, p439-443
4.
Describe the physiology of conduction along a
nerve cell - Ganong 20th ed, p56-8
5.
Describe carbon dioxide transport and its
dissociation curve - West 6th ed, p67-71
SEPTEMBER 2002
Group 1
1.
Describe the cardiac cycle - Ganong 19th ed, p
541 (Fig 29-3), Guyton 9th ed, p 111 (Fig 9-5)
2.
Regional differences in pulmonary blood flow West 5th ed, pp 31-42
3.
Discuss the regulation of osmolality - Ganong
19th ed, pp 230,232, 33 (Table 14-2), 696
4.
Describe transmission at a cholinergic synapse
- Ganong 19th ed, pp80-1,92-3
5.
Discuss the physiology of the endocrine
pancreas - Ganong 19th ed, Chapter 19
SEPTEMBER 2003
Group 1
1.
Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates Ganong 20th ed, pp 453-6
2.
Neural factors affecting arteriolar tone - Guyton
9th ed, pp 211-8, Ganong 20th ed, pp 585-6
3.
Factors controlling the synthesis and release of
ADH - Ganong 20th ed, pp 233-7, 236 (table
14-2)
4.
Factors controlling cardiac output - Guyton 9th
ed, 239, Ganong 20th ed, pp 77 (fig 3-16),
241, 551 (fig 29-5), 552 (table 29-4), Ganong
18th ed, pp 75
5.
Factors that determine work of breathing West 5th ed, pp 114-6, 115 (fig 7-20), 108-9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Group 2
1.
Describe the factors controlling cardiac output Ganong 19th ed, pp 75 (Fig 3-16), 544-6 (Fig
29-5), Guyton 9th ed, pp 239, 241
2.
The control of ventilation - West 5th ed, pp
117-126
3.
Response to infusion of 1 litre of N Saline Guyton 9th ed, pp 172, 214, 216, 228, 248 (Fig
20-14), 298, 306, 369
4.
Describe transmission at an adrenergic
synapse - Ganong 19th ed, pp80-1,92-5
5.
Discuss the physiology of the thyroid gland Ganong 19th ed, pp 303-13, p 310 (Table 18-3)
Group 3
1.
The neural regulation of arterial blood pressure
- Guyton 9th ed, pp 211, 213
2.
Regional differences in pulmonary ventilation West 5th ed, pp 89-101
3.
Response to isotonic dehydration of 1 litre Guyton 9th ed, pp 172, 214, 216, 228, 248 (Fig
20-14), 287, 298, 306, 369
4.
Describe the contraction of skeletal muscle
after the arrival of a nerve impulse - Ganong
19th ed, pp 64-6
5.
Discuss the physiology of calcium metabolism
- Ganong 19th ed, pp 365-6, 370-7
APRIL 2003
Group 1
1.
Discuss the physiology of transport across cell
membranes - Ganong 20th ed, P27-34
2.
Describe the factors which affect glomerular
filtration rate - Ganong 20th ed, p681-4
3.
Discuss the regulation of insulin secretion Ganong 20th ed, p334-6
4.
Describe the action potential of a pacemaker
cell - Ganong 20th ed, p528-530, 74
5.
Discuss the effect of altitude on respiration West 6th ed, p119-122
Group 2
1.
Digestion and obsorption of proteins and
nucleic acids - Ganong 20th ed, pp 456-8
2.
Hormonal factors affecting arteriolar tone Guyton 9th ed, pp 205-7, Ganong 20th ed,
577-8
3.
Factors controlling the synthesis and release of
renin - Ganong 20th ed, pp 439-43
4.
Cardiac cycle - Ganong 20th ed, pp 545-8, 547
(fig 29-3), Guyton 9th ed, pp 111-2 (fig 9.5),
5.
Relationship of intrapleural pressure and lung
volume and resultant regional differences in
ventilation - West 5th ed, pp 91-9, 92 (fig 7-3),
99 (fig 7-8)
Group 3
1.
Digestion and absorption of lipids - Ganong
20th ed, pp 458-9
2.
Local factors affecting arteriolar tone - Ganong
20th ed, pp 574-7
3.
Factors controlling the synthesis - Ganong
20th ed, pp 344, 362-6,
and release of aldosterone - 364 (table 20-6),
443 (table 24-2)
4.
Factors affecting CVP - Guyton 9th ed, pp 176,
179, 245-8 (figs 20-9, 20-11, 20-12), Ganong
9th ed, pp 613 (table 13-3)
5.
Perfusion and diffusion limited gas exchange West 5th ed, pp21-, 25 (fig 3.3), 30 (fig 3.5)
APRIL 2004
Group 1
1.
Action potential of a pacemaker cell
Ganong, pp 549-51, 78-80
2.
Physiological basis of a stretch reflex Ganong, pp 130-4
3.
Factors that determine pulmonary blood flow
- West, pp 31-44
4.
5.
Cardiovascular responses to acute moderate

haemorrhage - Ganong, pp 640-2
Renal and respiratory response to an acid
load - Ganong, pp 734-9
Group 2
1.
Factors controlling cardiac output - Ganong,
pp 572-6
2.
Nerve cell conduction - Ganong, pp 58-60
3.
Draw and label a lung volume curve
produced by a spirometer at normal and
maximal respiration - West, pp 12-4
4.
Renal regulation of Na + balance - Ganong,
pp 726-7
5.
Factors controlling blood glucose level Ganong, pp 336-43, 348-56
SEPTEMBER 2004
Group 1
1.
Endothelium and the regulation of blood flow
- Ganong, pp 600-3
2.
Control of ventilation - West, pp 117-32
3.
The physiology of noradrenergic
neurotransmission - Ganong, pp 103-6
4.
The physiology of calcium metabolism Ganong, pp 385-98
5.
The factors in the control of renal blood flow Ganong, pp 706-8
Group 2
1.
Circulating hormones and the regulation of
blood pressure and flow (603-4) including
renin-angiotensin (458-63), noradrenaline
(362-3), vasopressin (246-7) - Ganong, pp
603-4, 458-63, 362-3, 246-7
2.
Anatomical and physiological dead space West, pp 17-9
3.
The physiology of cholinergic
neurotransmission - Ganong, pp 101-3
4.
The physiology of adrenomedullary
hormones - Ganong, pp 361-4
5.
The control of osmolality - Ganong, pp 243
Group 3
1.
Baroreceptors and the regulation of blood
pressure - Ganong, pp 606-12
2.
Changes in respiration with exercise - West,
pp 133-6
3.
The physiology of the neuromuscular
function - Ganong, pp 118-21
4.
The physiology of iron metabolism - Ganong,
pp 481-2
5.
The renal regulation of K+ - Ganong, pp 727
APRIL 2005
Group 1
1.
Cardiovascular compensation for shock Ganong 639-42
2.
Control of ventilation - West 121-134
3.
Renal regulation of Na+ balance - Ganong
733-4, 458-63
4.
Neuromuscular excitation-contraction
coupling - Ganong 118-9, 68-72
5.
Thyroid hormones - Ganong 320-335
Page 23
Group 2
1.
Cardiovascular compensation for fluid
overload - Ganong 733-4, 464-6
2.
Regional differences in pulmonary blood flow
- West 42-5
3.
Factors affecting GFR - Ganong 709-11
4.
Stretch reflex - Ganong 130-4
5.
Endocrine regulation of glucose homeostasis
- Ganong 336-358
Group 3
1.
Cardiac cycle - Ganong 567-70
2.
Effect of altitude on respiration - West 140-143
3.
Renal regulation of H+ - Ganong 734-8
4.
Nerve action potential - Ganong 55-60
5.
Pituitary hormones - Ganong 399-401, 245-6
SEPTEMBER 2005
Ganong 21st ed
West 7th ed
Group 1
1.
Factors affecting Cerebral Blood Flow Ganong 620-3
2.
Respiratory compensation for acid base
changes (Davenport diagram) -West 83-7
3.
Principles of intercellular communication Ganong 36-47
4.
Loop of Henle - structure and function Ganong 718-22
5.
Exocrine function of the pancreas - Ganong
501-2
Group 2
1.
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant West 10, 97-102
2.
Renal Blood Flow. Normal value and
regulation - Ganong 706-8
3.
Action potential in cardiac cells - Ganong 78-81
4.
Protein synthesis - Ganong 24-5
5.
Regulation of temperature - Ganong 254-9
Group 3
1.
Flow, pressure and resistance relationship
and its applicability to flow in blood vessels Ganong 584-89
2.
Metabolic, defence and other non-respiratory
functions of the lungs -West 49-51, Ganong
666-8
3.
Transport across cell membranes - Ganong
28-36
4.
Buffers in body fluids - Ganong 735-8
5.
Physiology of glucocorticoids - Ganong 364-73
APRIL 2006
Ganong 22nd ed
West 7th ed
Group 1
1.
Factors effecting myocardial contractility
(Frank Starling curve) - Ganong 573-574
2.
Diffusion across the alveolocapillary
membrane - Ganong 660-661, West 25-33
3.
Renal sodium and potassium excretion Ganong 723-724
4.
Stretch and inverse stretch reflexes Ganong 129-133
5.
Calcium metabolism - Ganong 382- 395
Page 24
4.
Group 2
1.
Physiological basis of the ECG - Ganong
549-554
2.
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide transport in
blood - West 75-83
3.
Water excretion by the kidney - Ganong 713-720
4.
Insulin- Mechanism and effects - Ganong
336-340
5.
Bile, bilirubin metabolism and excretion Ganong 501-503
Group 3
1.
Regulation of coronary blood flow - Ganong
620-623
2.
Airway resistance - West 106-112
3.
Discuss glomerular filtration - Ganong 705708
4.
Adrenal medullary hormones - Ganong 358361
5.
Regulation of gastric secretion - Ganong
494-495
5.
Effects of thyroid hormones - Ganong pp

323-6
Reticular activating system - Ganong pp 1923
Group 2
1.
Arterial pressure regulation - Guyton pp 2301
2.
Physiological shunt in the lung - West pp 5960
3.
Tubular function - Ganong pp 708-13
4.
Smooth muscle contraction - Ganong pp 824
5.
Mineralocorticoids - Ganong 375-80
Group 3
1.
Pacemaker potential - Ganong 548-9
2.
Sensors in control of ventilation - West pp
124-9
3.
Buffers - Ganong 731-4
4.
Body composition - Ganong 1-3
5.
Carbohydrate metabolism - Ganong 285-92
SEPTEMBER 2006
Ganong 22nd ed
th
West 7 ed
Group 1
1.
Ventilation/perfusion inequality - West pp 6772
2.
Changes in cardiac function with exercise Ganong pp 574-5
3.
Digestion and absorption of protein - Ganong
pp 471-3
4.
Cerebral blood flow - Ganong pp 616-19
5.
Physiology of pain - Ganong pp142-7
SEPTEMBER 2007
nd
Ganong 22 ed
th
West 7 ed
Group 1
1.
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance - West pp 39
2.
Cardiac output, muscle blood flow during
exercise - Guyton pp 246-9
3.
Micturition - Ganong pp 726-8
4.
Contractile responses of muscle - Ganong pp
68-74
5.
Catecholamines as neurotransmitters Ganong pp 101-6
Group 2
1.
Elastic properties of the lung - West pp 96106
2.
Cardiac muscle cell action potential and
spread of excitation - Ganong pp 547-9
3.
Withdrawal reflex (polysynaptic reflexes) Ganong pp 134-6
4.
Renal blood flow - Ganong pp 702-5
5.
ACTH response to stress and feedback
loops - Ganong 374-5
Group 2
1.
Distribution of pulmonary blood flow in
upright human - West pp 42-7
2.
Cardiac cycle - Ganong pp 565-7
3.
Water excretion - Ganong pp 713-20
4.
Nerve excitation and conduction - Ganong pp
54-8
5.
Temperature regulation - Ganong 252-5
Group 3
1.
Pulmonary blood flow - West 35-45
2.
Baroreceptors of aortic arch and carotid
sinus response to change in pressure
Ganong pp 605-7
3.
Neuronal inhibition - Ganong 90-4
4.
Renal H+/HCO3- excretion - Ganong 720-2
5.
Physiology of acetylcholine - Ganong 99-101
MARCH 2007
Ganong 22nd ed
th
West 7 ed
th
Guyton 11 ed
Group 1
1.
Venous return curve and mean systemic
filling pressure - Guyton pp 238-41
2.
Elastic properties of the lung - West pp 96-9
3.
Functional anatomy of the nephron - Ganong
pp 699-702
Group 3
1.
Effect of high altitude on respiration - West
140-3
2.
Action potential in cardiac cells - Ganong pp
78-81
3.
GFR measurement and factors affecting
GFR - Ganong pp 705-8
4.
Chemical transmission of synaptic activity Ganong 94-8
5.
Vestibular function - Ganong 183-4
APRIL 2008
nd
Ganong 22 ed
th
West 7 ed
Group 1
1.
Ventilation/ Perfusion inequality - West pp 7
2.
Renal regulation of K+ - Ganong pp 724
3.
Interrelationship of pressure, flow &
resistance - Guyton pp 164-170
4.
Thyroid hormones - Ganong pp 319-328
5.
Vitamin D - Ganong pp 387-388
Group 2
1.
Airway Resistance - West pp 106-112
2.
Renal blood flow - Ganong pp 702-705
3.
Factors controlling cardiac output & O2
consumption - Ganong pp 571-576
4.
Glucocorticoids - Ganong pp 372-380
5.
Iron - Ganong pp 474-478
Group 3
1.
Elastic Properties of the Lung - West pp 96
2.
Loop of Henle, structure & function - Ganong
pp 700, 714-718
3.
Cerebral blood flow. Brain metabolism & O2
requirements - Ganong pp 616-620
4.
Insulin & Glucose - Ganong pp 336-340
5.
Regulation of calcium - Ganong pp 383-395
SEPTEMBER 2008
Ganong 22nd ed
th
West 7 ed
Group 1
1.
Action Potential Cardiac Pacemaker Cell and
effect of Sympathetic/Parasympathetic
stimulus - Ganong p 548-9
2.
Distribution of Blood flow in Lung - West pp
42-5
3.
Micturition - Ganong pp 726-8
4.
Transport across Cell Membranes including
Na-K pump - Ganong pp 29-35
5.
Vasopressin Synthesis/Actions/Stimuli Ganong pp 242-7
Group 2
1.
Effects of Hyper and Hypokalaemia on ECG
at plasma levels of 2.5/3.5/7.5/8.5 meq/L Ganong pp 563
2.
Carbon Dioxide Transport - West pp 80-3
3.
Renal regulation of K+ excretion - Ganong pp
724
4.
Skeletal Muscle Excitation/
Contraction/Relaxation - Ganong pp 69-71
5.
Physiology (Effects and Mechanisms of
action) of Insulin - Ganong pp 336-40
Group 3
1.
Systemic Regulation of Blood Pressure by
the Nervous System - Ganong pp 602-10
2.
Control of Ventilation - West pp 121-34
3.
Renal Blood Flow - Ganong pp 702-5
4.
Synthesis and fate of catecholamines at
synaptic junction - Ganong pp 98-105
5.
Aldosterone Synthesis/Effects/Feedback
Loop - Ganong pp 375-80
Page 25
Page 26
Page 27
PHARMACOLOGY
APRIL 1995
1.
Volume of distribution
2.
Mechanisms of drug antagonism
3.
Beta lactam agents
4.
Beta blockers
5.
Bioavailability of opiates
6.
Suxamethonium
7.
Aspirin
8.
Insulin
9.
Methods of decreasing absorption of foxic
agents from GIT
10. Hepatitis immunisation
Supplementary topic - Salbutamol
OCTOBER 1995
1.
Half-life
2.
Active and passive immunisation
3.
Adrenaline
4.
Ipratropium bromide
5.
Potency and efficacy
6.
Macrolide antibiotics
7.
Pharmacodynamics of tricyclic antidepressants
8.
Sotalol
APRIL 1996
1.
Loading dose
2.
Non-depolarising muscle relaxants
3.
Adenosine
4.
Tetracyclines
5.
Reversible/irreversible antagonists and
response curves
6.
TPA
7.
Ace inbititor - captopril
8.
Salbutamol
OCTOBER 1996
Group 1
1.
Biotransformation
2.
Calcium channel blockers
3.
Cephalosporins
4.
Atrophine
5.
Carbemazepine
Group 2
1.
Drug receptors
2.
Class 1 antiarrythmic agens
3.
Antiviral agents
4.
Prednisolone
5.
Momoamine oxidase inhibitors
APRIL 1997
Group 1
1.
First Pass Effect
2.
Dopamine
3.
Chlorpromazine
4.
Aminoglycocides
5.
Colchicine
Group 2
1.
Clearance
2.
Amiodarone
3.
Haloperidol
4.
Isoniazid
5.
Indomethacin
OCTOBER 1997
Group 1
1.
Steady State
2.
Atropine
3.
Warfarin
4.
Insulin
5.
Acyclovir
Group 2
1.
Biotransformation
2.
Adrenaline
3.
Heparin
4.
Hydrocortisone
5.
Chloramphenicol
APRIL 1998
Group 1
1.
Define efficacy and potency.
2.
What parenteral agents are available for the
management of hypertnesion in the emergency
department? Foll up response on nitroprusside.
3.
Compare and contrast the opiates, morphine
and pethidine.
4.
Which antibiotics can be used in the treatment
of acute diverticulitis? Follow up response on
metronidazole.
5.
Compare and contrast phenytoin and
diazepam in the treatment of seizures.
Group 2
1.
Define the terms receptor agonist and
antagonist with examples.
2.
Discuss the different classes of calcium
channel blocking drugs.
3.
Compare and contrast the neuromuscular
blocking agents suxamethonium and
vercuronium.
4.
Which antibiotics are used in the treatment of
pelvic inflammatory disease? Follow up
response on tetracycline.
5.
Discuss the properties of Haloperidol.
OCTOBER 1998
Group 1
1.
How do drugs interact with receptors?
2.
Which anti-microbial agents act on the cell wall
and how do they do so?
3.
SSRIs
4.
Agents used in the treatment of angina.
Follow-up: a beta blocker
5.
What drugs should be avoided during
pregnancy and breast feeding?
Group 2
1.
What are secondary messengers and how do
they work?
2.
Which anti-microbial agents act on protein
synthesis and how do they do so?
3.
Phenytoin
4.
Compare and contrast streptokinase and t-PA
5.
How does age influence how the body handles
drugs?
Page 28
Group 3
1.
What factors influence the half life of a drug?
2.
Ciprofloxacin
3.
Carbemazepine
4.
Agents used in the treatment of hypertension.
Follow-up: ACE inhibitors
5.
Compare and contrast ranitidine and omeprazole
APRIL 1999
Katzung 7th ed
Group 1
1.
What do you understand
elimination kinetics? - pp 35
2.
Phenytoin - pp 3893.
Opioid receptors - pp 501
4.
Aminoglycosides - pp 752
5.
-blockers - pp 142)
by
the
term
Group 2
1.
Volume of distribution / loading dose - pp 34-,
45
2.
Aspirin - pp 5803.
Calcium channel blockers - pp 1874.
Macrolide antibiotics - pp 747
5.
Compare and contrast the anti-depressant
agents SSRI and TCA - 484-, 484OCTOBER 1999
Group 1
1.
Agonist and antagonist activity - Katzung 7th
ed, pp 12-14
2.
Heparin (and LMWH) - Katzung 7th ed, pp 548551
3.
Lignocaine - Katzung 7th ed, pp 232-33
4.
Midazolam - Katzung 7th ed, pp 354
5.
Suxamethonium - Katzung 6th ed, pp 412-13)
Group 2
1.
Biotransformation - (Katzung 7th ed, pp 55-59)
2.
Thrombolytics - (Katzung 7th ed, pp 55)
3.
Adenosine - (Katzung 7th ed, pp 237)
4.
Thiopentone - (Katzung 6th ed, pp 390-91)
5.
Frusemide - (Katzung 6th ed, pp 247)
Group 3
1.
Signalling mechanisms - Katzung 7th ed, pp
18-26
2.
Warfarin (and superwarfarins) - Katzung 7th ed,
pp 2551-4
3.
Amiodarone - Katzung 7th ed, pp 230-1
4.
Propofol - Katzung 7th ed, pp 421-2
5.
Flucloxacillin - Katzung 6th ed, pp 690
APRIL 2000
Katzung 7th
Group 1
1.
The cellular basis of drug action - pp 17-26
2.
Drugs used in the management of cardiac
failure - pp 200-7
3.
Phenytoin - pp 388-391
4.
What problems can be encountered when
administering drugs in pregnancy? Give
examples of mechanisms - pp 979-986
5.
What are the mechanisms by which antibiotics
act? - pp 723 & various in Section VIII
Group 2
1.
Discuss drug biotransformation - pp 50-61
2.
Drugs used in the management of ischaemic
heart disease syndromes - pp 181-195
3.
Fentanyl - pp 501, 502, 511, 420-1
4.
What problems can be encountered when
administering drugs to the aged? Give
examples of mechanisms - pp 979-997
5.
What are the mechanisms of antibiotic drug
resistance? - Aminoglycosides pp 752-753,
Macrolides pp 748, Penicillins pp 725-726,
Sulphonamides pp 761, Trimethoprim pp 763,
Tetracyclines pp 745, Vancomycin pp 738
SEPTEMBER 2000
Katzung 7th ed
Group 1
1.
Elimination kinetics - pp 35-39)
2.
Benzodiazepines - pp 354-368)
3.
Succinylcholine - pp 439-444)
4.
Acyclovir - pp 788-791)
5.
Atenolol - pp 142-149 & 165)
Group 2
1.
Volume of distribution - pp 34-35)
2.
Pethidine - pp 496-511
3.
Halothane - pp 412-419
4.
Macrolides - pp 747-749
5.
ACE inhibitors and angiotensin antagonists pp 170-172 & 290-291)
Group 3
1.
Half-life - pp 39-40
2.
Aspirin - pp 579-584
3.
Vecuronium - pp 434-445)
4.
Quinolones - pp 765-768)
5.
Heparins - pp 548-551)
APRIL 2001
Katzung 7th ed
Group 1
1.
Atropine - pp 105-113
2.
MAOI - pp 484-493
3.
Ketamine - pp 422
4.
Salbutamol - pp 333-335
5.
Oral hypoglycaemics - pp 696-701
Group 2
1.
Adrenaline - pp 118-132
2.
SSRI - pp 484-493
3.
Propofol - pp 421
4.
Prednisolone - pp 635-645
5.
Benztropine - pp 105-110, 113-114, 457
AUGUST 2001
Katzung 7th ed
Group 1
1.
Define pharmacokinetics - (Discuss in relation
to aspirin) - pp 579-580
2.
Quinolones - pp 765-767
3.
Thiopentone - pp 355, 358-363, 420
4.
Paracetomol - pp 594-595
5.
-blockers - pp 142-150
Group 2
1.
Define volume of distribution. Discuss
significance with respect to management of
tricyclic antidepressant overdose - pp 34-35,
47-48, 968
2.
Sulphonamides - pp 761-763
3.
Bupivicaine - pp 425-432
4.
Indocid - pp 578-584, 588-589
5.
Nitrates - pp 181-186
Group 3
1.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly
patient - pp 43-49, 989-991
2.
Gentamicin - pp 752-757
3.
Nitrous oxide - pp 409-419
4.
Metoclopramide - pp 1021-1022
5.
Verapamil - pp 236
APRIL 2002
Katzung, 8th ed
Group 1
1.
Agonist and antagonist activity - pp 4, 9-17
2.
Lignocaine - pp 228-9, 232-3, 426
3.
Frusemide - pp 249-51
4.
H1 receptor antagonists - pp 265-70
5.
Cephalosporins - pp 732-6
Group 2
1.
Elimination kinetics - pp 35-9, 41, 42
2.
Thiopentone - pp 355, 358-62, 411
3.
ACE Inhibitors - pp 170-1, 206-7, 209, 290-3
4.
H2 receptor antagonists - pp 270-3, 1019-20
5.
Sulphonamides - pp 761-3
SEPTEMBER 2002
Katzung, 8th ed
Group 1
1.
Elimination of drugs - pp 36, 39-40
2.
Calcium channel blockers - pp 172, 189-194
3.
Benzodiazepine toxicity - pp 377-9
4.
Carbemazepine - pp 400-2
5.
Cromoglycate - pp 3367, 346
Group 2
1.
Dose-response - pp 11-17, 36
2.
Glyceryl Trinitrate - pp 183-9
3.
Chronic alcohol toxicity - pp 384-8
4.
Lignocaine pp 2356, 436-443
5.
Methylxanthines - pp 337-340
Group 3
1.
Absorption of drugs - pp 5, 42-3
2.
Atenolol - pp 144-152, 194-5
3.
Narcotic toxicity - pp 5223, 525
4.
Phenothiazines - pp 478-490
5.
Ipratropium -pp 342-3
APRIL 2003
Katzung 8th ed
Group 1
1.
Volume of distribution - pp 35,47,49
2.
ACE inhibitors - pp 170-2,290-3,206-7
3.
Propofol - pp 432
4.
Tetracyclines - pp 776-8
5.
Oral hypoglycaemic agents - pp 723-730
Page 29
Group 2
1.
Biotransformation - pp 51-62
2.
Adenosine - pp 233-240
3.
Succinylcholine - pp 447-457
4.
5.
Heparins - pp 567-9
SEPTEMBER 2003
Katzung, 8th Ed
Group 1
1.
Second messengers - pp 21-5
2.
Gentamycin - pp 787-790
3.
Indirect acting cholinomimetics - pp 98-105
4.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors - pp 312-3, 597-607
5.
Glucagon - pp 730-2
Group 2
1.
Agonists/antagonists/partial agonists - pp 1416
2.
3.
Beta receptor agonists - pp 120-35
4.
Aspirin - pp 599-603
5.
Oral hypoglycaemic agents - pp 723-730
Group 3
1.
Bioavailibility - pp 41-43
2.
Penicillin - pp 754-762
3.
Muscarinic receptor blocking drugs - pp 113-7
4.
Antiplatelet agents - pp 574-5
5.
Hydrocortisone - pp 660-6
APRIL 2004
Katzung, 8th Ed
Group 1
1.
Variation in drug responsiveness - pp 28-34
2.
Cardiac glycosides - pp 203-8
3.
H2 receptor antagonists - pp 276-7, 1012-3
4.
MAOI inhibitors - pp 498-511
5.
Group 2
1.
First pass effect and extraction ratio - pp 43
2.
Amiodarone - pp 233-5
3.
Opioid agonists/antagonists/partial agonists pp 526-84.
4.
SSRIs - pp 498-511
5.
SEPTEMBER 2004
Katzung, 8th Ed
Group 1
1.
Second messenger -pp 22-3
2.
Nitrates - pp 186-92
3.
Midazolam - pp 412
4.
H1 receptor antagonists - pp 264-8
5.
Local anaesthetics - pp 418-27
Group 2
Evaluation of new drugs - pp 64-74
2.
Loop diuretics - pp 246-8
3.
Digoxin toxicity - pp 993, 213
4.
5.
Insulin - pp 694-704
Page 30
Group 3
1.
Pharmacokinetic considerations in the elderly
- pp 1007-14
2.
Beta receptor antagonists - pp 148-57, 170-2
3.
Lignocaine - pp 230-1
4.
5.
Paracetamol - pp 595-6
APRIL 2005
Katzung, 9th Ed
Group 1
1.
Efficacy and potency - pp 28-9
2.
Valproate - pp 392
3.
Betablockers (carvediol) - pp 171
4.
Penicillin - allergy and side effects - pp 741
5.
Nitric acid - pp 313-8
Group 2
1.
Variation in drug response - pp 302
2.
Antipsychotic agents - side effects - pp 462,
472-4
3.
Antiplatelet agents - pp 554
4.
Azithromycin - pp 760
5.
Antiemetics - pp 1051
Group 3
1.
Bioavailability - pp 41
2.
Methanol metabolism and toxicity - pp 375
3.
Lignocaine - pp 230
4.
Sulphonamides - pp 773
5.
COX2 inhibitors - pp 582-7
SEPTEMBER 2005
Katzung, 9th Ed
Group 1
1.
Absorption of drugs - pp 41-3
2.
Angiotensin II antagonists - pp 178
3.
Anti seizure drugs - pp 379
4.
Anti migraine agents - pp 276
5.
Glucagon and its role as an antidote - pp
711, 989
Group 2
Drug metabolism and influence on dosing - pp 44
2.
Sympathomimetic agents - pp 133
3.
Opioid analgesia - pp 497
4.
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance - pp
735,756,764,773
5.
Lithium - pp 475
Group 3
1.
Biotransformation - pp 51-3
2.
Adenosine - pp 236
3.
Benzodiazepines - pp 353-9
4.
Paracetamol basic pharmacology and toxicity
- pp 595,988
5.
Laxatives - pp 1046
APRIL 2006
Katzung, 9th Ed
Goodman & Gilmans, 11th Ed
Group 1
1.
Efficacy and potency - Katzung - pp 28-9
2.
Digoxin - Katzung - pp 204-8
3.
Salicylate toxicity - Katzung - pp 581-2, 991
4.
5.
Inhaled Asthma preventers - Katzung - pp

328-30, Goodman pp720-6
Vit K - Katzung - pp 556
Group 2
1.
Volume of distribution - Katzung - pp 34
2.
blockers - Katzung - pp 148-157
3.
Succinylcholine - Katzung - pp 437-440
4.
Warfarin interactions - Katzung pp 551-2
5.
Olanzapine - Katzung - pp 469-74
Group 3
1.
Elimination kinetics - Katzung - pp 38-40
2.
Heparins - Katzung - pp 545-9
3.
Amiodarone - Katzung - pp 233-4
4.
Nitrous oxide - Katzung - pp 402-11
5.
Topical anaesthetics - Katzung - pp 418-26
Goodman pp 380
SEPTEMBER 2006
Katzung, 9th Ed
Group 1
1.
Dose Response - pp 12-3
2.
Calcium Channel Blockers - pp 192-7, 235-6
3.
Ondansetron - pp 1049-51
4.
Penicillin - pp 734-42
5.
St Johns Wort - pp 1084-5
Group 2
1
Second Messenger - pp 22-5
2.
Thiazide diuretics - pp 248-50
3.
Dexamethasone - pp 641-50
4.
Clopidogrel - pp 554
5.
Benztropine - pp 454-5
Group 3
1.
Drug Half Life - pp 40
2.
Class I Antiarrhythmics Mechanism of
Action - pp 226-32
3.
Ketamine - pp 415
4.
Trimethoprim - pp 775-7
5.
Pharmacokinetics in the Elderly - pp 1007-9
MARCH 2007
Katzung 9th Ed
Group 1
1.
Volume of distribution - pp 34
2.
GTN Pharmacodynamics of - pp 186-92
3.
Gentamicin - pp 1016-7, 768-9
4.
tPA - pp 545, 552-3
5.
Erythropoietin - pp 538-9
Group 2
1.
Efficacy & potency - pp 11-4
2.
beta Blockers - pp 148-57
3.
Midazolam - pp 351-9
4.
Osmotic diuretics (including mannitol) - pp
252-3
5.
Olanzapine - pp 469-71
Group 3
1.
Phase I and Phase II reactions - pp 51-7
2.
Atropine - pp 111-5
3.
Prilocaine - pp 418-25
4.
Chloromycetin - pp 754-5
5.
Antisepsis : Chlorhexidine - pp 829-31
SEPTEMBER 2007
Katzung 10th Ed
Group 1
1.
Routes of drug administration - pp 40-1
2.
Beta 2 Agonists - pp 134-5, 319-20
3.
Paracetamol - pp 591-2
4.
Agents for Gout - pp 592-7
5.
Over the counter preparations (toxic
potential) - pp 1041-9
Group 2
1.
First pass effect - pp 41
2.
H1-blockers - pp 259-62
3.
Morphine - pp 489-508
4.
Levodopa - pp 442-6
5.
Penicillamine - pp 955-6
Group 3
1.
P450 enzyme system - pp 52-4
2.
Clonazepam - pp 51-4, 388-90
3.
Aspirin - pp 553-4, 575-8
4.
Acetazolamide - pp 241-2, 389
5.
Dantrolene - pp 438-40
APRIL 2008
Katzung 10th Ed
Group 1
1.
Second messengers - pp 25-7
2.
Angiotensin II blockers - pp 177
3.
Low molecular weight heparins - pp 546-8
4.
Atropine - pp 112-8, 964, 968
5.
Octreotide - pp 1024-5
Group 2
1.
Competitive vs irreversible antagonists - pp
14-6
2.
Loop Diuretics - pp 242-4
3.
Fluoroquinolones - pp 766-9
4.
Thiopentone - pp 349, 408-10
5.
Methylxantines - pp 320-3
Group 3
1.
Bioavailability - pp 40-2
2.
Nitrates - pp 185-9
3.
beta Lactams - pp 726-39
4.
Antiemetics - pp 1027, 270
5.
Drugs that bind to transporters of biogenic
amines - pp 552
SEPTEMBER 2008
Katzung 10th Ed
Group 1
1.
First pass effect - pp 41-2
2.
Metronidazole - pp 819, 858-9
3.
Tricyclic Antidepressants - pp 475-87
4.
Sulfonylureas - pp 694-6
5.
Laxatives - pp 1021-3
Group 2
1.
Efficacy and Potency - pp 28-30
2.
3.
SSRIs - pp 475-87
Page 31
4.
5.
Salbutamol - pp 318-20, 327

Thioamides - pp 625-6
Group 3
1.
P450 Enzyme System - pp 52-60
2.
Gentamicin - pp 755-60
3.
Phenytoin - pp 375-8
4.
Metaclopramide - pp 1029
5.
Flecainide - pp 222-3, 227

Primary Examination: Past Papers & Sample Mcqs

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Primary Examination: Past Papers & Sample Mcqs

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PRIMARY EXAMINATION

Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions

Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions

are found in the spleen

1.2 The first part of the duodenum

runs posteriorly and inferiorly from the pylorus

1.3 The fifth lumbar nerve

is distributed to the skin of the great toe

remains in solution as CO2

1.5 The principal action of cholecystokinin is

to increase the rate of secretion of bile by the liver

1.6 In the kidney most of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed in the

proximal convoluted tubule

Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions

1.8 Bony metastases least often originate from carcinoma of

1.9 The effects of exotoxin are the main cause of symptoms in

Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions

Primary Examination Sample Multiple Choice Questions

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Superficial dissection of muscles of face and facial

carotid sheath - including vessels and relations

Acromioclavicular and coraco clavicular joints

Anterior compartment of the thigh (adductor canal)

Sciatic nerve and relationships

Posterior compartment of leg

Axilla (Brachial Plexus)

Upper limb: volar aspect, forearm and wrist

Lower limb: knee joint

Other: upper abdomen, especially liver

Upper limb: extensor aspect, forearm and wrist

Lower limb: ankle joint

Other: upper abdomen, especially liver

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Upper limb - hand (especially palmar aspect of

Lower limb - popliteal fossa

Other - upper airway (especially tongue,

Upper limb - hand (especially thumb)

Lower limb - inguinal ligament

Lower limb: Anterior compartment of leg esp.

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Lasts Anatomy 10th Ed

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

extensor retinaculum and the structures passing

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Clinically Oriented Anatomy Moore & Dalley 5th Ed

X-Ray: Chest - Mediastinal contours. Surface

pp 566-8, 617, tab 5.7, 640-3,

pp 888-9, 939-42, fig 7.24

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Myocardial infarction - pp 528-40

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Discuss the pathological effects of

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Discuss the changes in acid-base status in an

Describe the effects of parathyroid hormone pp 367-8

Primary Examination - Viva Topics

Cholinergic synaptic transmission - (Ganong