Q. NO. 1.

What do you mean by listening skill

You probably spend more time using your listening skills than any other kind of skill. Like other
skills, listening takes practice.
What does it mean to really listen?
Real listening is an active process that has three basic steps.
Hearing. Hearing just means listening enough to catch what the speaker is saying. For
example, say you were listening to a report on zebras, and the speaker mentioned that no
two are alike. If you can repeat the fact, then you have heard what has been said.
Understanding. The next part of listening happens when you take what you have heard
and understand it in your own way. Let's go back to that report on zebras. When you hear
that no two are alike, think about what that might mean. You might think, "Maybe this
means that the pattern of stripes is different for each zebra."
Judging. After you are sure you understand what the speaker has said, think about
whether it makes sense. Do you believe what you have heard? You might think, "How
could the stripes to be different for every zebra? But then again, the fingerprints are
different for every person. I think this seems believable."
Tips for being a good listener
Give your full attention on the person who is speaking. Don't look out the window or at
what else is going on in the room.
Make sure your mind is focused, too. It can be easy to let your mind wander if you think
you know what the person is going to say next, but you might be wrong! If you feel your
mind wandering, change the position of your body and try to concentrate on the speaker's
words.
Let the speaker finish before you begin to talk. Speakers appreciate having the chance to
say everything they would like to say without being interrupted. When you interrupt, it
looks like you aren't listening, even if you really are.
Let yourself finish listening before you begin to speak! You can't really listen if you are
busy thinking about what you want say next.
Listen for main ideas. The main ideas are the most important points the speaker wants to
get across. They may be mentioned at the start or end of a talk, and repeated a number of
times. Pay special attention to statements that begin with phrases such as "My point is..."
or "The thing to remember is..."
Ask questions. If you are not sure you understand what the speaker has said, just ask. It is
a good idea to repeat in your own words what the speaker said so that you can be sure
your understanding is correct. For example, you might say, "When you said that no two
zebras are alike, did you mean that the stripes are different on each one?"
Give feedback. Sit up straight and look directly at the speaker. Now and then, nod to
show that you understand. At appropriate points you may also smile, frown, laugh, or be
silent. These are all ways to let the speaker know that you are really listening. Remember,
you listen with your face as well as your ears!

Q. NO. 2. What is Critical Thinking?

No one always acts purely objectively and rationally. We connive for selfish interests. We gossip,
boast, exaggerate, and equivocate. It is "only human" to wish to validate our prior knowledge, to
vindicate our prior decisions, or to sustain our earlier beliefs. In the process of satisfying our ego,
however, we can often deny ourselves intellectual growth and opportunity. We may not always
want to apply critical thinking skills, but we should have those skills available to be employed
when needed.
Critical thinking includes a complex combination of skills. Among the main characteristics are
the following:
Rationality
We are thinking critically when we rely on reason rather than emotion ,require evidence, ignore no
known evidence, and follow evidence where it leads, and are concerned more with finding the best
explanation than being right analyzing apparent confusion and asking questions.
Self-awareness
We are thinking critically when we weigh the influences of motives and bias, andrecognize our
own assumptions, prejudices, biases, or point of view.
Honesty
We are thinking critically when we recognize emotional impulses, selfish motives, nefarious
purposes, or other modes of self-deception.
Open-mindedness
We are thinking critically when weevaluate all reasonable inferences consider a variety of possible
viewpoints or perspectives, remain open to alternative interpretations accept a new explanation,
model, or paradigm because it explains the evidence better, is simpler, or has fewer inconsistencies
or covers more data accept new priorities in response to a reevaluation of the evidence or
reassessment of our real interests, and do not reject unpopular views out of hand.
Discipline
We are thinking critically when we are precise, meticulous, comprehensive, and exhaustive resist
manipulation and irrational appeals, and avoid snap judgments. Judgment We are thinking
critically when we recognize the relevance and/or merit of alternative assumptions and
perspectives recognize the extent and weight of evidence. In sum, Critical thinkers are by nature
skeptical. They approach texts with the same skepticism and suspicion as they approach spoken
remarks.
Critical thinkers are active, not passive. They ask questions and analyze. They consciously apply

tactics and strategies to uncover meaning or assure their understanding. Critical thinkers do not
take an egotistical view of the world. They are open to new ideas and perspectives. They are
willing to challenge their beliefs and investigate competing evidence.
Critical thinking enables us to recognize a wide range of subjective analyses of otherwise
objective data, and to evaluate how well each analysis might meet our needs. Facts may be facts,
but how we interpret them may vary. By contrast, passive, non-critical thinkers take a simplistic
view of the world.
They see things in black and white, as either-or, rather than recognizing a variety of possible
understanding.
They see questions as yes or no with no subtleties.
They fail to see linkages and complexities.
They fail to recognize related elements.
Non-critical thinkers take an egotistical view of the world
They take their facts as the only relevant ones.
They take their own perspective as the only sensible one.
They take their goal as the only valid one.

Q. NO. 3 What do you mean by Note-Taking?

Effective note taking from lectures and readings is an essential skill for university study. Good
note taking allows a permanent record for revision and a register of relevant points that you can
integrate with your own writing and speaking. Good note taking reduces the risk of plagiarism. It
also helps you distinguish where your ideas came from and how you think about those ideas.
Effective note taking requires:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Recognising the main ideas

Identifying what information is relevant to your task
Having a system of note taking that works for you
Educing the information to note and diagram format
Where possible, putting the information in your own words
Recording the source of the information

Reading and note-taking strategies

1. Be selective and systematic
As you take notes from a written source, keep in mind that not all of a text may be relevant to your
needs. Think about your purpose for reading.Are you reading for a general understanding of a
topic or concept?Are you reading for some specific information that may relate to the topic of an
assignment?Before you start to take notes, skim the text. Then highlight or mark the main points
and any relevant information you may need to take notes from. Finally - keeping in mind your
purpose for reading - read the relevant sections of the text carefully and take separate notes as you
read.
A few tips about format
Set out your notebooks so that you have a similar format each time you take notes.
Columns that distinguish the source information and your thoughts can be helpful.
Headings that include bibliographic reference details of the sources of information are also
important.
The use of colour to highlight major sections, main points and diagrams makes notes easy to
access.

2. Identify the purpose and function of a text

Whether you need to make notes on a whole text or just part of it, identifying the main purpose
and function of a text is invaluable for clarifying your note-taking purposes and saving time.
Read the title and the abstract or preface (if there is one)
Read the introduction or first paragraph
Skim the text to read topic headings and notice how the text is organised
Read graphic material and predict its purpose in the text
Your aim is to identify potentially useful information by getting an initial overview of the text
(chapter, article, pages) that you have selected to read. Ask yourself: will this text give me the
information I require and where might it be located in the text?
3. Identify how information is organised
Most texts use a range of organising principles to develop ideas. While most good writing will
have a logical order, not all writers will use an organising principle. Organising principles tend to
sequence information into a logical hierarchy, some of which are:
Past ideas to present ideas
The steps or stages of a process or event
Most important point to least important point
Well known ideas to least known ideas
Simple ideas to complex ideas
General ideas to specific ideas
The largest parts to the smallest parts of something
Problems and solutions
Causes and results
An example: Look at thetext on underwater cameras below and then look at how the text is
presented in note form. The most important words to include in notes are the information words.
These are usually nouns, adjectives and verbs .
4. Include your thoughts

Q.NO. 4 Clarify the meaning of the terms entrepreneur, entrepreneurship and

enterprise.
Answer

Entrepreneur- The owner of a business is known as Entrepreneur or we can say that the
person who set-up his business. He is the co-ordinator, orqaniser of resources and gives
shape to the business.
Entrepreneurship- It is the dynamic process of interaction between the person and the
environment. It means starting up ones own business, concerned with strategic
decisions of resource allocation and involves huge risk to create value and earn profit.

Enterprise- The output of the entrepreneurship process is known as the Enterprise. It is

something attempted to be performe. It provides employment opportunities, professional
opportunities and business opportunities which helps in building up the economy of a
nation.

Q.NO.5. Why is entrepreneurship regarded as a creative activity?

Answer Entrepreneurship is a creative activity as an entrepreneur converts raw materials into
useful goods and services, it involves creation of value, introduction of new products, discovery of
new markets and technologies. Successful entrepreneurs keep focusing on innovative ideas and
skills to produce efficient and effective results. Thus, an entrepreneur is innovator and this process
is creative.
Q.NO.6. Entrepreneurs undertake moderate risk. Elaborate this statement.
Answer Entrepreneurs undertake moderate risks. It implies that an entrepreneur assures
various supply of the projects, he agreed to pay salaries, wages, rent whether the venture succeed
or not. Secondly, the person who opted a career in entrepreneurship takes a bigger risk as there is
no assured payoff. It is said that it is a 50 : 50 situation means loss and profit both are
unpredictable. Success depends upon the observations, calculations of risk, skills and confidence.
Risk is not centred to one problem it involves many issues like fluctuation in price, taste and
preference fashion, risk of strikes, lock outs etc. It becomes the essential feature of the
entrepreneurship which is to be focused more and more.
Q.NO.7. How entrepreneurship result in increasing the spectrum and scope of economic
activities?
Answer Development does not mean only the betterment of existing but it means the overall
betterment across the geographical, sectoral and technological scope. Entrepreneurship results in
diversification of economic activities by creating employment, business opportunities. stabilising
the demand and supply factors as underdeveloped countries caught in the vicious cycle on the
demand as well as supply side. Thus, it helps in overcome from this situation. GOP originates
from Industry and services increases. Entrepreneurs through their decisions to direct from the stale
sectors and invest in green field sectors brings a virtual transformation of the economy from
underdeveloped to developed status. Thus, we can say entrepreneurship result in increasing the
spectrum and scope of economic activities.
QNO.8. Describe briefly the role of achievement motivation in entrepreneurship.
Answer Entrepreneurial motivation is important to learn as different individual motivated
differently and for the success of an enterprise following needs are to be focused to motivate an
entrepreneur

(i) Need for Achievement It implies a desire to accomplish something In order to accomplish the
task one can use the creativity, talent, organise physical resources, explore and use opportunities,
overcome from the obstacles and attain a high standard.
(ii) Need for Power It is concern with influencing people or the behaviour of others moving in the
same direction to attain the objectives. Need for power means authority required to control the
activities of an enterprise.
(iii) Need for Affiliation people to conform It implies among other things a tendency of the to the
wishes and norms of those whom they value. Entrepreneurs are believed to be Iowan affiliation
buy they should focus and trace the elements of affiliation for the successful career and for the
development of standardised goods and services for others.
(iv) Need for Autonomy It means a desire for independence and being responsible and accountable
to oneself rather than some external authority for performance. Every body needs freedom to some
extent as it is very difficult to take orders and work all the time as per the bos
Q,NO.9. Describe briefly the steps involved in starting a new business.
Answer Setting up and running of business unit is a very crucial decision which is taken by an
entrepreneur. He performs several functions like assembling inputs, market analysis, sales
strategy, risk factors, financial analysis and many more. But in order to start a new business
following steps are to be taken
(i) Scanning the Environment The complete awareness and understanding of business environment
Is known as Environment scanning An entrepreneur scan business opportunities and risks
involved. After the analysis, he use these opportunities and market them in much better way.
(ii) Development of Product It is second step after scanning the environment an entrepreneur starts
assessing scarce resources, assembling inputs and starts the production of goods and services.
(iii) Feasibility Analysis It refers to the analysis which helps in knowing the practical possibility.
An entrepreneur starts looking the feasibility like technical feasibility helps in knowing that the
idea should be converted into reality using available technology, similarly economic feasibility
helps in knowing the cost involved in production and after selling it will earn profit or not. The
business plan starts after the feasibility report.
(iv) Funding Agencies Finance is the back bone for the business activity. An entrepreneur needs
finance to carryon the business thats why they prepare business plan which is to be submitted
before the financial institutions and if they satisfy they fund the project.
(v) Establishing of an Enterprise After getting the fund, an entrepreneur have to take legal
permission and clearance from various agencies in order to establish an enterprise.

Chapter 13 - Entrepreneurship Development

Q.NO.10.. Examine the nature of relationship between entrepreneurship and economic
development.
Answer There is a mutual relationship between economic development and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship development leads to economic development of the country by contributing in
GOP and process of economic development gives an opportunity for expansion and growth.
Following points explain the relationship between economic development and entrepreneurship
(i) Contributing to Gross Domestic Product (GOP) Income is generated in the process of
production. Entrepreneurs generate income via organisation of production, it results in increasing
the value of GOP directly.
(ii) Capital Formation Entrepreneurs use their own funds and encourage various investment
opportunities to invest in companies. This leads to capital formation.
(iii) Generation of Employment Every new business gives the opportunity of employment to the
people with different abilities, skills and qualifications. It becomes a source of livelihood to those
who do neither have capital to earn interest or nor have the land to earn rent.
(iv) Improves Economic Efficiency Entrepreneurs improve economic efficiency by improving the
process, reducing waste, increasing yield and bring technical progress. In this way,
entrepreneurship results in economic development. On the other hand, economic development
provides following opportunities for the growth and expansion of enterprise.
(a) Well developed financial in the economy
(b) Opportunities to raise and avail funds from various financial institutions.
(c) Lower rate of interest and moderate inflation. (d) Availability of factors of production.
(d) Availability of factors of production

Q.NO.11. Clarify how motivation and abilities impact on individuals decision to choose
entrepreneurship as a career.
Answer Motivation and ability can positively reinforce each other. Persons having abilities search
for the exposure and focus to start a new business. They take decisions logically with the personal
courage and strive hard to acquire the necessary competencies to realise their dreams. Following
competencies contribute towards effective performance and success
(i) Entrepreneur must take initiative to set up an enterprise.

(ii) Recognise the opportunities and grab them as early as possible.

(iii) Must strive for success.
(iv) He must collect important informations.
(v) Entrepreneurs must set up quality standards.
(vi) Must be committed towards the completion of task.
(vii) Concern for conservation of time, money and effort.
(viii) Entrepreneurs must have ability to do product planning.
(ix) Must have ability to diagnose the problem and take required steps to solve It.
(x) Entrepreneur must be confident.
(xi) Conveying ones vision and convincing others of its values.
(xii) He must seek the support of others.
(xiii) Providing leadership.
(xiv) Ensuring the progress of venture. (xv) Concern for employees welfare.
On the other hand. motivation is required to understand because entrepreneurs objective is
profit maximisation and it can only be achieved when employees are motivated in such a manner
that fulfillment of enterprises objective may also lead to satisfy employees basic needs. In this
way, entrepreneurship career proves to be a success for an individual motivation and ability both
goes hand to hand

Q.NO.14 What do you mean by project management? how many steps in a project ?
A project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time, and therefore defined
scope and resources.
And a project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of operations
designed to accomplish a singular goal. So a project team often includes people who dont
usually work together sometimes from different organizations and across multiple geographies.
The development of software for an improved business process, the construction of a building or
bridge, the relief effort after a natural disaster, the expansion of sales into a new geographic
market all are projects.
And all must be expertly managed to deliver the on-time, on-budget results, learning and
integration that organizations need.
Project management, then, is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
activities to meet the project requirements.
Project management processes fall into five groups:

Initiating
Planning
Executing
Monitoring and Controlling
Closing

Project management knowledge draws on ten areas:

Integration
Scope
Time
Cost
Quality
Procurement
Human resources
Communications
Risk management

Q.NO.15 Define writing skills and steps in writing process?

Writing Process: From Brainstorming to Publishing
Every writer follows his or her own writing process. Often the process is a routine that comes
naturally and is not a step-by-step guide to which writers refer. Being conscious of your own
writing process is especially helpful when you find yourself struggling with a particularly tricky
piece. Here are five steps towards creating or identifying your personal writing process.
1. Prewriting
Youre ready to start writing. So why has that blank page been staring back at you for the past
hour? Prewriting identifies everything you need to do before you sit down to start your rough
draft.
Find Your Idea
Ideas are all around you. You might draw inspiration from a routine, an everyday situation or a
childhood memory. Alternatively, keep a notebook specifically devoted to catching your ideas as
they come to you. Your own imagination is the only limit to finding your source of inspiration.
Build On Your Idea
Two of the most popular methods of fleshing out your idea are free writing and brainstorming.
Free writing means writing every idea that comes into your head. Do not stop to edit your
mistakes, just let the ideas flow. Or, try brainstorming. If you're on a computer, try a manual
process first to help you visualize your narrative: write your idea in the center of the page and
work outwards in all of the different directions you can take your story.
Plan and Structure
Piecing the puzzle together comes next. It's time to sort through your ideas and choose which ones
you will use to form your story. Make sure you keep your notes even after your book is published
there may be the seeds for your next story as well.
2. Writing
Now you have your plan and youre ready to start writing. Remember, this is your first rough
draft. Forget about word count and grammar. Dont worry if you stray off topic in places; even
the greatest writers produce multiple drafts before they produce their finished manuscript. Think
of this stage as a free writing exercise, just with more direction. Identify the best time and location
to write and eliminate potential distractions. Make writing a regular part of your day.

3. Revision
Your story can change a great deal during this stage. When revising their work, many writers
naturally adopt the A.R.R.R. approach:
Add: The average novel has between 60,000 and 100,000 words. Does your book have enough
words to be considered a novel? Have you given your readers all the information they need to
make sense of your story? If not, go back to your notebook that you kept for additional scenes and
any additional details.
Rearrange : Consider the flow, pacing and sequencing of your story. Would the plot be better
served if some of the events occur in a different order?
Remove: After making additions to your story, how is your word count now? Are your readers
experiencing information overload? You may need to eliminate passages that dont quite fit.
Replace: The most effective way to revise your work is to ask for a second opinion. Do you need
more vivid details to help clarify your work? Is one scene contradicting another? Ask friends or
fellow writers to take a look and give you feedback, and if something isnt working rewrite it
and replace it.
4. Editing
You have overhauled your story. Its time to fine tune your manuscript line by line. Check for
repetition, clarity, grammar, spelling and punctuation. Editing is an extremely detailed process and
its best when performed by a professional. You can hire your own editor or utilized the editing
services available through LifeRich Publishing. Nobody wants to read a book that is full of
mistakes, and they certainly wont buy a book that is riddled with them.
5. Publishing
You now have a completed manuscript ready to publish. LifeRich Publishing's extensive portfolio
of publishing services can help you beome a published author. Explore LifeRich Publishing's
range of available publishing packages. To learn more about the benefits of publishing with
LifeRich, read this article.
Once your book is published, celebrate your accomplishment knowing you've achieved a
remarkable goal. But if you plan to reach readers and sell books, then it's time to educate yourself
in the process for marketing your book. Read more about the best ways to find your book's
audience in our marketing tips.

Q.NO.16 What are the problem solving steps?

In problem solving, there are four basic steps.

1. Define the problem
Diagnose the situation so that your focus is on the problem, not just its symptoms. Helpful
techniques at this stage include using flowcharts to identify the expected steps of a process and
cause-and-effect diagrams to define and analyze root causes.
The chart below identifies key steps for defining problems. These steps support the
involvement of interested parties, the use of factual information, comparison of
expectations to reality and a focus on root causes of a problem. Whats needed is to:
Review and document how processes currently work (who does what, with what
information, using what tools, communicating with what organizations and individuals, in
what time frame, using what format, etc).
Evaluate the possible impact of new tools and revised policies in the development of a
model of what should be.
2. Generate alternative solutions
Postpone the selection of one solution until several alternatives have been proposed. Having a
standard with which to compare the characteristics of the final solution is not the same as defining
the desired result. A standard allows us to evaluate the different intended results offered by
alternatives. When you try to build toward desired results, its very difficult to collect good
information about the process.
Considering multiple alternatives can significantly enhance the value of your final solution. Once
the team or individual has decided the what should be model, this target standard becomes
the basis for developing a road map for investigating alternatives. Brainstorming and team
problem-solving techniques are both useful tools in this stage of problem solving.
Many alternative solutions should be generated before evaluating any of them. A common mistake
in problem solving is that alternatives are evaluated as they are proposed, so the first acceptable
solution is chosen, even if its not the best fit. If we focus on trying to get the results we want,
we miss the potential for learning something new that will allow for real improvement.
3. Evaluate and select an alternative

Skilled problem solvers use a series of considerations when selecting the best alternative. They
consider the extent to which:
A particular alternative will solve the problem without causing other unanticipated
problems.
All the individuals involved will accept the alternative.
Implementation of the alternative is likely.
The alternative fits within the organizational constraints.
4. Implement and follow up on the solution
Leaders may be called upon to order the solution to be implemented by others, sell the
solution to others or facilitate the implementation by involving the efforts of others. The most
effective approach, by far, has been to involve others in the implementation as a way of
minimizing resistance to subsequent changes.
Feedback channels must be built into the implementation of the solution, to produce continuous
monitoring and testing of actual events against expectations. Problem solving, and the techniques
used to derive elucidation, can only be effective in an organization if the solution remains in place
and is updated to respond to future changes.

Q.NO.17 Explain problem solving? Steps for Effective Critical Thinking

On a daily basis, we face problems and situations that should be evaluated and solved, and we are
challenged to understand different perspectives to think about these situations. Most of us are
building our cognitive thinking based on previous similar situations or experiences. However, this
may not guarantee a better solution for a problem, as our decision may be affected by emotions,
non-prioritized facts, or other external influences that reflect on the final decision. Therefore,
critical thinking tends to build a rational, open-mined process that depends on information and
empirical evidence.
The National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking defines critical thinking as an
intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing,
synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation,
experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. The
process tends to help us judge and evaluate situations based on understanding the related data,
analyze it, build a clear understanding of the problem, choose the proper solution, and take actions
based on the established solution.

The critical thinking process prevents our minds from jumping directly to conclusions. Instead, it
guides the mind through logical steps that tend to widen the range of perspectives, accept findings,
put aside personal biases, and consider reasonable possibilities. This can be achieved through six
steps: knowledge, comprehension, application, analyze, synthesis, and take action. Below is a
brief description of each step and how to implement them.
The 5 steps of critical thinking
Step 1: Knowledge
For every problem, clear vision puts us on the right path to solve it. This step identifies the
argument or the problem that needs to be solved. Questions should be asked to acquire a deep
understanding about the problem. In some cases, there is no actual problem, thus no need to move
forward with other steps in the critical thinking model. The questions in this stage should be openended to allow the chance to discuss and explore main reasons. At this stage, two main questions
need to be addressed: What is the problem? And why do we need to solve it?

Step 2: Comprehension
Once the problem is identified, the next step is to understand the situation and the facts aligned
with it. The data is collected about the problem using any of the research methods that can be
adopted depending on the problem, the type of the data available, and the deadline required to
solve it.
Step 3: Application
This step continues the previous one to complete the understanding of different facts and resources
required to solve the problem by building a linkage between the information and resources. Mind
maps can be used to analyze the situation, build a relation between it and the core problem, and
determine the best way to move forward.
Step 4: Analyze
Once the information is collected and linkages are built between it the main problems, the
situation is analyzed in order to identify the situation, the strong points, the weak points, and the
challenges faced while solving the problem. The priorities are set for the main causes and
determine how they can be addressed in the solution. One of the commonly used tools that can be
deployed to analyze the problem and the circumstances around it is the cause effect diagram,
which divides the problem from its causes and aims to identify the different causes and categorize
them based on their type and impact on the problem.

Step 5: Synthesis
In this stage, once the problem is fully analyzed and all the related information is considered, a
decision should be formed about how to solve the problem and the initial routes to follow to take
this decision into action. If there are number of solutions, they should be evaluated and prioritized
in order to find the most advantageous solution. One of the tools that contribute choosing the
problem solution is the SWOT analysis that tends to identify the solutions strength, weakness,
opportunity, and threats.
Step 6: Take Action
The final step is to build an evaluation about the problem that can be put into action. The result of
critical thinking should be transferred into action steps. If the decision involves a specific project
or team, a plan of action could be implemented to ensure that the solution is adopted and executed
as planned.
The critical thinking method can be adopted to replace emotions and perusal biases when trying to
think about a situation or a problem. The time for adopting critical thinking varies based on the
problem; it may take few minutes to number of days. The advantage of deploying critical thinking
is that it contributes to widening our perspectives about situations and broadening our thinking
possibilities. However, these steps should be translated into a plan of action that ensures that the
decided resolution is well achieved and integrated between all the involved bodies

Q.NO.18 What is critical thinking ? What are the importance of critical

thinking?
Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe. It
includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical
thinking skills is able to do the following :
understand the logical connections between ideas
identify, construct and evaluate arguments
detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning
solve problems systematically
identify the relevance and importance of ideas
reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values
Critical thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a good memory and
who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to
deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve
problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself.

Critical thinking should not be confused with being argumentative or being critical of other
people. Although critical thinking skills can be used in exposing fallacies and bad reasoning,
critical thinking can also play an important role in cooperative reasoning and constructive tasks.
Critical thinking can help us acquire knowledge, improve our theories, and strengthen arguments.
We can use critical thinking to enhance work processes and improve social institutions.
Some people believe that critical thinking hinders creativity because it requires following the rules
of logic and rationality, but creativity might require breaking rules. This is a misconception.
Critical thinking is quite compatible with thinking "out-of-the-box", challenging consensus and
pursuing less popular approaches. If anything, critical thinking is an essential part of creativity
because we need critical thinking to evaluate and improve our creative ideas.

1. The importance of critical thinking

Critical thinking is a domain-general thinking skill. The ability to think clearly and
rationally is important whatever we choose to do. If you work in education, research,
finance, management or the legal profession, then critical thinking is obviously important.
But critical thinking skills are not restricted to a particular subject area. Being able to
think well and solve problems systematically is an asset for any career.

Critical thinking is very important in the new knowledge economy. The global knowledge
economy is driven by information and technology. One has to be able to deal with
changes quickly and effectively. The new economy places increasing demands on flexible
intellectual skills, and the ability to analyse information and integrate diverse sources of
knowledge in solving problems. Good critical thinking promotes such thinking skills, and
is very important in the fast-changing workplace.

Critical thinking enhances language and presentation skills. Thinking clearly and
systematically can improve the way we express our ideas. In learning how to analyse the
logical structure of texts, critical thinking also improves comprehension abilities.

Critical thinking promotes creativity. To come up with a creative solution to a problem

involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being
generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role
in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary

Critical thinking is crucial for self-reflection. In order to live a meaningful life and to
structure our lives accordingly, we need to justify and reflect on our values and decisions.
Critical thinking provides the tools for this process of self-evaluation.

Good critical thinking is the foundation of science and democracy. Science requires the
critical use of reason in experimentation and theory confirmation. The proper functioning
of a liberal democracy requires citizens who can think critically about social issues to
inform their judgments about proper governance and to overcome biases and prejudice.

Six Steps of Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves the use of a group of interconnected skills to analyze, creatively
integrate, and evaluate what you read and hear. To become a critical thinker you must be able to
decide whether an authors opinions are true or false, whether he or she has adequately defended
those ideas, whether certain recommendations are practical, as well as whether particular solutions
will be effective.
Critical Thinking Dispositions
Critical thinking involves certain dispositions. A disposition is a tendency to act or think in a
certain way. Review the list of dispositions that are characteristic of critical thinkers.
Critical Thinking Skills
To learn how to think critically, one must learn skills that build upon each other. Only by
concentrating on and practicing these basic skills can mastery of critical thinking be achieved. The
author lists three basic characteristics of the skills required to think critically: they are
interconnected (review a sample list of these skills), they build on each other, and they are goaloriented in that we can constantly apply them to situations in everyday life.
Characteristics of Critical Thinking
Critical thinking involves the use of a kind of thinking called reasoning, in which we construct
and/or evaluate reasons to support beliefs. Critical thinking also involves reflection the
examination and evaluation of our own and others thoughts and ideas. Finally critical thinking
is practical. Actions are more rational if they are based on beliefs that we take to be justified.
Critical thinking then, is the careful, deliberate determination of whether we should accept, reject
or suspend judgement about the truth of a claim or a recommendation to act in a certain way.
Review what the guiding model of the text. This model is discussed in steps or stages. For each
step note the specific headings to help you identify the level discussed.
Step 1: Knowledge
In terms of critical thinking, the basic level of acquisition of knowledge requires that you be able
to identify what is being said: the topic, the issue, the thesis, and the main points. See Chapter
Three.
Step 2: Comprehension

Comprehension means understanding the material read, heard or seen. In comprehending, you
make the new knowledge that you have acquired your own by relating it to what you already
know. The better you are involved with the information, the better you will comprehend it. As
always, the primary test of whether you have comprehended something is whether you can put
what you have read or heard into your own words. Review some key words that help you identify
when comprehension is called for. Remember that comprehending something implies that you can
go beyond merely parroting the material back but instead that you can give the material your own
significance.
Step 3: Application
Application requires that you know what you have read, heard, or seen, that you comprehend it,
and that you carry out some task to apply what you comprehend to an actual situation. Review the
some tasks that require application.
Step 4: Analysis
Analysis involves breaking what you read or hear into its component parts, in order to make clear
how the ideas are ordered, related, or connected to other ideas. Analysis deals with both form and
content. Review how critical thinkers analyze form. Review how critical thinkers analyze content.
Step 5: Synthesis
Synthesis involves the ability to put together the parts you analyzed with other information to
create something original. Review some key words that help you identify when synthesis is called
for.
Step 6: Evaluation
Evaluation occurs once we have understood and analyzed what is said or written and the reasons
offered to support it. Then we can appraise this information in order to decide whether you can
give or withhold belief, and whether or not to take a particular action. Review some key words
that help you identify when synthesis is called for. Never put evaluation ahead of the other steps in
critical thinking steps; otherwise, you will be guilty of a "rush to judgement." When emotion
substitutes for reasons, evaluation incorrectly precedes analysis.
Q.NO.19 Explain team dynamics?
Team Dynamics are invisible forces that operate between different people or groups in a team.
They can have a strong impact on how a team behaves or performs and their effects can be
complex.
Consider a team consisting of six people, two of whom are already good friends. This pre-existing
friendship can have a strong effect, either positive or negative, on the whole team. On one hand,

the other members of the team may feel excluded from the friendship, thus dividing the team into
two, possibly antagonistic, groups. But on the other hand, the whole group may be drawn into an
extended friendship, causing the team to gel quickly and perform more effectively.
Physical factors can also have an effect, for example if a row of cupboards was place in the middle
of the project office it could split the team into two groups. But the cupboards could easily be
repositioned and the room layout designed to encourage communication.
Team dynamics can be recognised by examining the forces that influence team behaviour, eg:

Personality styles, eg tendency to include or exclude people

Team roles
Office layout, eg cupboards dividing teams
Tools and technology, eg use of email, bulletin boards etc.
Organisational culture, eg company cars as status symbols
Processes/methodologies/procedures, eg problem-solving methodology

Team dynamics can best be managed by examining the forces involved and intervening
constructively to make the effects of those forces positive, wherever possible.
Team dynamics are the unconscious, psychological forces that influence the direction of a teams
behaviour and performance. They are like undercurrents in the sea, which can carry boats in a
different direction to the one they intend to sail.
Team dynamics are created by the nature of the teams work, the personalities within the team,
their working relationships with other people, and the environment in which the team works.
Team dynamics can be good - for example, when they improve overall team performance and/or
get the best out of individual team members. They can also be bad - for example, when they cause
unproductive conflict, demotivation, and prevent the team from achieving its goals.
Q.NO.20 What is Stress? Meaning, Definition and types of Stress.
Meaning

Stress is a general term applied to various psychologic (mental) and physiologic (bodily) pressures
experienced or felt by people throughout their lives.

Definition of Stress

Stress is defined as a state of psychological and physiological imbalance resulting from the
disparity between situational demand and the individual's ability and motivation to meet those
needs.
Dr. Hans Selye, one of the leading authorities on the concept of stress, described stress as the
rate of all wear and tear caused by life.
Types of stress
Stress can be positive or negative:
Stress is good when the situation offers an opportunity to a person to gain something. It
acts as a motivator for peak performance.
Stress is negative when a person faces social, physical, organizational and emotional
problems.
Factors that are responsible for causing stress are called stressors.
Q.N.21 .What are ITC skills? What are its advantages and disadvantages?

Worldwide research has shown that ICT can lead to improved student learning and better teaching
methods. A report made by the National Institute of Multimedia Education in Japan, proved that
an increase in student exposure to educational ICT through curriculum integration has a
significant and positive impact on student achievement, especially in terms of "Knowledge
Comprehension" "Practical skill" and "Presentation skill" in subject areas such as mathematics,
science, and social study.
However, you can see that there are many education technology solutions provided in the world
which may cause confusion among educators about how to choose the right ICT solution. Let's
have a look at the advantages and disadvantages of ICT tools for education and discover what kind
of education ICT solution is suitable for your school needs.

3 MAIN ADVANTAGES OF ICT TOOLS FOR EDUCATION

1 Through ICT, images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of
students.
2 Through ICT, teachers can easily explain complex instructions and ensure students'
comprehension.
3 Through ICT, teachers are able to create interactive classes and make the lessons more
enjoyable, which could improve student attendance and concentration.

3 MAIN DISADVANTAGES OF ICT TOOLS FOR EDUCATION

1 Setting up the devices can be very troublesome.
2 Too expensive to afford
3 Hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools

After considering the above points, it is easy to see that the visualiser/so-called:document camera
can be the most effective and efficient ICT tool for education.
The reasons are
1 The Visualiser's/Document Camera's 3 basic characters: COST-EFFECTIVE, EASY-TOUSE, TIME-SAVING TOOL - a solution to the 3 main problems of using educational ICT tools
.
2 The visualiser/document camera decreases a teachers' preparation time, increases interactivity
with students, and increases student concentration and comprehension of complex instructions.
To understand more why exactly the visualiser/Document Camera can be the most effective ICT
tool for education

Integrating ICT into education seems to be a necessary issue for educators / education
administrators in the world. However, if teachers cannot make good use of the ICT tools, the
money and time spent on the ICT is going to be a waste. Also, if the educational budget is limited,
looking for a cost-effective and high-performance ICT tool can be the first priority.
So how about getting started on using ICT in education with the visualiser/document camera? You
dont need to waste time learning how to use a Visualiser because it is so easy to operate. And,
you could even use it without a PC, which is very budget friendly. Please remember this point :
SIMPLE IS BEST! Educational ICT tools are not for making educators master ICT skills
themselves, but for making educators create a more effective learning environment via ICT.

Q.NO. 22 What is Empathy? What ae the element and types of empthy

Empathy is, at its simplest, awareness of the feelings and emotions of other people. It is a key
element of Emotional Intelligence, the link between self and others, because it is how we as
individuals understand what others are experiencing as if we were feeling it ourselves.
Empathy goes far beyond sympathy, which might be considered feeling for someone.
Empathy, instead, is feeling with that person, through the use of imagination.

Some Definitions of Empathy

Empathy is. the power of entering into anothers personality and imaginatively experiencing his
experiences.
Chambers English Dictionary, 1989 edition"[Empathy is] awareness of others feelings, needs
and concerns."
Daniel Goleman, in Working with Emotional Intelligence"I call him religious who understands the
suffering of others."
Mahatma Gandhi "Empathy is intuitive, but is also something you can work on, intellectually."
Tim Minchin empathy is a skill that can be developed and, as with most interpersonal skills,
empathising (at some level) comes naturally to most people.
Elements of Empathy
Daniel Goleman identified five key elements of empathy.
Understanding Others
Developing Others
Having a Service Orientation
Leveraging Diversity
Political Awareness

1. Understanding Others
This is perhaps what most people understand by empathy: in Golemans words, sensing
others feelings and perspectives, and taking an active interest in their concerns. Those who do
this:
Tune into emotional cues. They listen well, and also pay attention to non-verbal communication,
picking up subtle cues almost subconsciously. For more, see our pages on Listening Skills and
Non-Verbal Communication.
Show sensitivity, and understand others perspectives.
Never criticize a man until you've walked a mile in his moccasins.
American Indian proverb
Are able to help other people based on their understanding of those peoples needs and feelings.
All these are skills which can be developed, but only if you wish to do so. Some people may
switch off their emotional antennae to avoid being swamped by the feelings of others.

For example, there have been a number of scandals in the National Health Service in the UK
where nurses and doctors have been accused of not caring about patients. It may be that they were
so over-exposed to patients needs, without suitable support, that they shut themselves off, for
fear of being unable to cope.
2. Developing Others
Developing others means acting on their needs and concerns, and helping them to develop to their
full potential. People with skills in this area usually:
Reward and praise people for their strengths and accomplishments, and provide constructive
feedback designed to focus on how to improve. See our page on Giving and Receiving Feedback
for more.
Provide mentoring and coaching to help others to develop to their full potential. See our pages on
Mentoring and Coaching Skills for more.
Provide stretching assignments that will help their teams to develop. See our page on Delegation
Skills.
There is also plenty about developing others on our Leadership Skills pages: look out in particular
for Motivating Others, Creating a Motivational Environment, and Effective Team-Working Skills.
3. Having a Service Orientation
Primarily aimed at work situations , having a service orientation means putting the needs of
customers first and looking for ways to improve their satisfaction and loyalty.
People who have this approach will go the extra mile for customers. They will genuinely
understand customers needs, and go out of their way to help meet them.
In this way, they can become a trusted advisor to customers, developing a long-term
relationship between customer and organisation. This can happen in any industry, and any
situation.

4. Leveraging Diversity
Leveraging diversity means being able to create and develop opportunities through different kinds
of people, recognising and celebrating that we all bring something different to the table.
Leveraging diversity does not mean that you treat everyone in exactly the same way, but that you
tailor the way you interact with others to fit with their needs and feelings.
People with this skill respect and relate well to everyone, regardless of their background. As a
general rule, they see diversity as an opportunity, understanding that diverse teams work much
better than teams that are more homogenous. Our pages on Group and Team Roles and Effective
Team-Working explain why diverse groups perform much better than homogenous ones.
People who are good at leveraging diversity also challenge intolerance, bias and stereotyping

when they see it, creating an atmosphere that is respectful towards everyone.
The Dangers of Stereotyping
Claude Steele, a psychologist at Stanford University, did a series of tests about stereotypes. He
asked two groups of men and women to take a maths test. The first group was told that men
usually did better in such tests than women. The second group was told nothing.
In the first group, where people had been reminded about the stereotype, the men performed
significantly better than the women. There was no difference in the second group.
Steele suggested that being reminded of the stereotype activated emotional centres in the brain,
resulting in anxiety among the women, which affected their performance. This shows how
dangerous stereotypes can be, and how they can have a very real effect on performance.

For more about this skill, see our pages on Intercultural Awareness and Intercultural
Communication.
5. Political Awareness
Many people view political skills as manipulative, but in its best sense, political means
sensing and responding to a groups emotional undercurrents and power relationships.
Political awareness can help individuals to navigate organisational relationships effectively,
allowing them to achieve where others may previously have failed.
Empathy, Sympathy and Compassion
There is an important distinction between empathy, sympathy and compassion.
Both compassion and sympathy are about feeling for someone: seeing their distress and realising
that they are suffering. Compassion has taken on an element of action that is lacking in sympathy,
but the root of the words is the same.
Empathy, by contrast, is about experiencing those feelings for yourself, as if you were that person,
through the power of imagination.

Three Types of Empathy

Psychologists have identified three types of empathy: cognitive empathy, emotional empathy and
compassionate empathy.

Cognitive empathy is understanding someones thoughts and emotions, in a very

rational, rather than emotional sense.
Emotional empathy is also known as emotional contagion, and is catching someone
elses feelings, so that you literally feel them too.

Compassionate empathy is understanding someones feelings, and taking appropriate

action to help

.
Q. NO.23 What is Sympathy ?What are the causes of Empathy.
Sympathy is feeling bad for someone else because of something that has happened to them.
We often talk about it and feel sympathetic when someone has died, or something bad has
happened, saying Give them my sympathy, or I really feel for them.
As a concept, sympathy is closely connected to both empathy and compassion. You may find our
pages: What it Empathy? and Compassion useful too.
Sympathy, Empathy and Compassion
What is the distinction between sympathy, empathy and compassion? The words are often used
interchangeably, but they do have important differences.
Definitions
sympathy is a power of entering into anothers feelings or mind: compassion
empathy is a the power of entering into anothers personality and imaginatively experiencing
his experiences.
compassion is a fellow-feeling, or sorrow for the sufferings of another

Sympathy comes from the Greek syn, meaning with and pathos, or suffering.
Compassion is from the Latin com, meaning with, and passus, to suffer.

In other words, sympathy and compassion have exactly the same root, but in different languages.
Empathy also comes from the Greek, from en meaning in, and pathos, again for suffering. There
is, therefore, a much stronger sense of experience in empathy.
Sympathy or compassion is feeling for the other person, empathy is experiencing what they
experience, as if you were that person, albeit through the imagination.

As our page on Compassion argues, however, there has come to be an element of action in the use
of the word compassion which is lacking from sympathy or empathy.
A feeling of compassion, then, usually results in some action, perhaps donating money or time.
Sympathy tends to begin and end with fellow-feeling, or expressing your sympathy.

Causes of Sympathy
For people to experience sympathy towards someone else, several elements are necessary:

You must be paying attention to the other person.

Being distracted limits our ability to feel sympathy.

The other person must seem in need in some way.

Our perceptions of the level of need will determine the level of sympathy. For example, someone
with a graze on their knee will get less sympathy than someone else with a broken leg.
We are also much more likely to be sympathetic towards someone who appears to have done
nothing to earn their misfortune.