ABE 70
(FORMERLY AENG 40)
Fundamentals of Surveying
Sir RORY
AURELIO A. DELOS REYES JR.
Associate Professor 5
Land and Water Resources Division, IAE
Postdoctoral Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering
(Recirculating Aquaculture Systems and Environmental
Engineering), Louisiana State University (LSU) 1995-98
Ph.D. Bio. & Ag. Eng., Minors in Industrial Engineering (Ergonomics)
and Fisheries (Aquaculture), LSU 1990-1995
Master of Engineering (Agricultural Machinery and Management),
Asian Institute of Technology 1980-1982
B.S. Ag. Eng., UPLB 1974-1979
SURVEYING
Definitions:
the art and science of making
measurements necessary to determine
the relative position of points above, on
or beneath the surface of the earth or to
establish such points (Brinker and
Wolf)
SURVEYING
In this lecture:
Definitions and types of
surveying
Importance of surveying
Familiarization with different
surveying instruments
Surveying measurements
SURVEYING
Definitions:
the art of measuring horizontal and
vertical distances between objects, of
measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and
of establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear
measurements (Davis et al.)
SURVEYING
Definitions:
the art and science of determining
angular and linear measurements to
establish the form, extent, and relative
position of points, lines, and areas on
or near the surface of the earth or on
other extra terrestrial bodies through
applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques
(La Putt)
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SCOPE OF SURVEYING
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying
GEODETIC SURVEYING
Uses advanced mathematics in
calculations (spherical trigo,
calculus, least squares)
Plumb lines not parallel but
converge towards the earths
center
Serves as basis for base maps
and topographic maps
GEODETIC SURVEYING
The type of surveying that
takes into account the true
spheroidal shape of the earth.
These surveys are of high
precision and extend over
large areas.
Employs principles of geodesy
(science which deals with the
shape and size of the earth)
PLANE SURVEYING
The type of surveying in which
the mean surface of the earth
is considered as a plane
Or in which the earths
spheroidal shape is neglected,
with regard to horizontal
distances and directions.
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TYPES OF SURVEYS
PLANE SURVEYING
Earth is considered as a flat
surface
Level line is considered as
mathematically straight
Angles assumed to be plane
angles
Plumb lines considered parallel
or of similar direction at all
points
Cadastral surveys
(land or property surveying)
usually closed surveys which
are undertaken in urban and
rural locations for the purpose
of determining and defining
property lines and boundaries,
corners and areas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Cadastral surveys
City surveys
Engineering surveys
Hydrographic surveys
Topographic surveys
Route surveys
Industrial surveys
Forestry surveys
Photogrammetric surveys
Cadastral surveys
(land or property surveying)
made to fix the boundaries of
municipalities, towns and
provincial jurisdictions
property and boundary
surveys
subdivision surveys
public lands surveys
surveys for plans and plats
City surveys
Boundary Survey
Made to determine the length
and direction of land lines and
to establish the position of
these lines on the ground.
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Hydrographic surveys
the survey of bodies of water made
for the purpose of navigation, water
supply, flood control, irrigation,
production of hydroelectric power, or
sub-aqueous construction
made to map shorelines, chart the
shape of areas underlying water
surfaces, and measure the flow of
streams
Route survey
refers to those surveys necessary for the
location and construction of lines of
transportation or communication such as
highways, railroads, canals, transmission
lines, and pipelines
involves the determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities, location of
natural and artificial objects in connection
with the planning design, construction of
highways, railroads, pipelines, canals
transmission lines, and other linear projects
Topographic surveys
made to secure field data from which
may be made a topographic map
showing the elevation, configuration
of the terrain and the location of
natural (e.g., hills, mountains, rivers,
lakes, relief of the ground surface)
and man-made objects (e.g., roads,
buildings, ports, bridges)
Industrial Survey
Sometimes known as optical tooling,
it refers to the use of surveying
techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly of aircraft,
layout and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in other
industries where very accurate
dimensional layouts are required.
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Forestry Survey
Executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and
the production and conservation of
forest lands.
Photogrammetric surveys
the application to surveying (usually
topographic work) of the science of
measurement by means of
photographs
surveys which make use of the
principles of aerial photogrammetry
using specially designed cameras
either from airplanes or ground
stations
Photogrammetric surveys
Advantages of photogrammetry
made to utilize the principles of aerial
photogrammetry, in which
measurements made on photographs
are used to determine the positions of
photographed objects, which are used
in conjunction with limited ground
surveys.
SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
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CHAINING PINS
GUNTERS
CHAIN
(1620)
11 pcs/set
RANGE
POLE
Sextant
Compass
DUMPY LEVEL
- Most widely used direct leveling
instrument
Baker 1900
Lietz
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Automatic Level
TRANSIT
Transit
K&E 1956
BK Elliot
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THEODOLITE
Theodolite
- Modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted
within two perpendicular axesthe horizontal or trunnion axis,
and the vertical axis.
Kern models
THEODOLITE
TOTAL STATION
Combination electronic
transit and electronic
distance measuring
device (EDM)
Reflecting Prisms
PLANIMETER
- Used to determine area of any plane shape bounded by straight
or curved lines, if the figure is drawn to a known scale
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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
Surveying measurements usually
concentrated on:
Distances / lines
Angles
Elevations
Times
Areas
Volumes
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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
Types of Measurement
Direct
- involves placing a measuring instrument directly
over what would be measured
Indirect
- when it is not possible to apply a measuring
device directly to a quantity to be measured
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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
The METER
International unit of linear
measurement
Original definition: 1/10,000,000 of
the earth's meridional quadrant
Earth as a Spheroid
The earth is approximated as an oblate
spheroid of revolution.
Reference
Polar Axis
Minor (m)
Equatorial Axis
Major (m)
Clarke (1866)
12,713,168
12,756,602
Hayford (1909)
12,713,824
12,756,776
Fischer (1960)
12,713,546
12,756,310
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
The METER
Definition (in 1875):
the distance between two lines
engraved across the surface (near
the ends) of a bar (standardized in
Paris in 1799) with an X-shaped
cross section, composed of 90%
platinum and 10% iridium, when the
temperature of the bar is 0oC
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
The METER
The METER
Definition:
1960 - The length equal to
1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the
orange-red emission line in the
electromagnetic spectrum of the
krypton-86 atom in a vacuum
1983 - length of the path travelled
by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second
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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Linear distance
Area
1
1
1
1
1
km
m
m
mi
in
=
=
=
=
=
1,000
100
1,000
1.60934
2.54
m
cm
mm
km
cm
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
1
1
1
ha =
km2 =
acre =
10,000 m2
100
ha
0.4047 ha
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UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Volume
Angle
1
1
1
1
m3
L
gal
ft3
=
=
=
=
1,000
1,000
3.785
7.48
L
mL
L
gal
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The number of significant figures in
any value includes the number of
certain digits plus 1 digit that is
estimated
Related to the precision employed
in the observation
Data should be recorded with the
correct number of significant
figures
1 rev
1
1 grad
1
=
=
=
=
=
360 degrees ()
60 minutes ()
60 seconds ()
0.9
0.01745 radians
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Decimal Places
Used to maintain the correct
number of significant figures, but in
themselves do not indicate
significant figures
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules
10.05
135.03
10005
4
5
5
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SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules
3. Zeroes placed at the end of decimal
numbers are significant
100.0
1.000
9.30
0.05
0.000036
0.000530
1
2
3
SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
When computations are to be made
with values obtained from
measurements, retain enough
figures to ensure that the significant
figures in the final result are
consistent with the precision of the
measurement
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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
No surveying measurement is
exact.
Drop one or more of the final digits
so that the value contains only the
required significant figures required
for further computations or for
portraying the final results.
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