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8/25/2014

ABE 70
(FORMERLY AENG 40)

Fundamentals of Surveying
Sir RORY
AURELIO A. DELOS REYES JR.
Associate Professor 5
Land and Water Resources Division, IAE
Postdoctoral Research in Civil and Environmental Engineering
(Recirculating Aquaculture Systems and Environmental
Engineering), Louisiana State University (LSU) 1995-98
Ph.D. Bio. & Ag. Eng., Minors in Industrial Engineering (Ergonomics)
and Fisheries (Aquaculture), LSU 1990-1995
Master of Engineering (Agricultural Machinery and Management),
Asian Institute of Technology 1980-1982
B.S. Ag. Eng., UPLB 1974-1979

SURVEYING
Definitions:
the art and science of making
measurements necessary to determine
the relative position of points above, on
or beneath the surface of the earth or to
establish such points (Brinker and
Wolf)

SURVEYING

In this lecture:
Definitions and types of
surveying
Importance of surveying
Familiarization with different
surveying instruments
Surveying measurements

SURVEYING
Definitions:
the art of measuring horizontal and
vertical distances between objects, of
measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and
of establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear
measurements (Davis et al.)

SURVEYING

Definitions:
the art and science of determining
angular and linear measurements to
establish the form, extent, and relative
position of points, lines, and areas on
or near the surface of the earth or on
other extra terrestrial bodies through
applied mathematics and the use of
specialized equipment and techniques
(La Putt)

Distances, angles, directions,


locations, elevations, areas, and
volumes are thus determined from the
data of the survey (field work)
along with the actual survey
measurements are the mathematical
calculations, and survey data is
portrayed graphically by the
construction of maps, profiles, cross
sections, and diagrams (office work)

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SCOPE OF SURVEYING

Different definitions of surveying


are listed in Elementary
Surveying by La Putt

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION

Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying

GEODETIC SURVEYING
Uses advanced mathematics in
calculations (spherical trigo,
calculus, least squares)
Plumb lines not parallel but
converge towards the earths
center
Serves as basis for base maps
and topographic maps

Cover a wide range from staking


out of simple structures
or surveying of small parcels of
land
to extensive and difficult surveys
required in the construction of
subdivisions, bridges, highways,
canals, dams, railroads, irrigation
and drainage systems, sewerage
systems, etc.

GEODETIC SURVEYING
The type of surveying that
takes into account the true
spheroidal shape of the earth.
These surveys are of high
precision and extend over
large areas.
Employs principles of geodesy
(science which deals with the
shape and size of the earth)

PLANE SURVEYING
The type of surveying in which
the mean surface of the earth
is considered as a plane
Or in which the earths
spheroidal shape is neglected,
with regard to horizontal
distances and directions.

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TYPES OF SURVEYS

PLANE SURVEYING
Earth is considered as a flat
surface
Level line is considered as
mathematically straight
Angles assumed to be plane
angles
Plumb lines considered parallel
or of similar direction at all
points

Cadastral surveys
(land or property surveying)
usually closed surveys which
are undertaken in urban and
rural locations for the purpose
of determining and defining
property lines and boundaries,
corners and areas

1.
2.
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8.
9.

Cadastral surveys
City surveys
Engineering surveys
Hydrographic surveys
Topographic surveys
Route surveys
Industrial surveys
Forestry surveys
Photogrammetric surveys

Cadastral surveys
(land or property surveying)
made to fix the boundaries of
municipalities, towns and
provincial jurisdictions
property and boundary
surveys
subdivision surveys
public lands surveys
surveys for plans and plats

City surveys
Boundary Survey
Made to determine the length
and direction of land lines and
to establish the position of
these lines on the ground.

extensive coordinated surveys of


the area in and near a city for the
purpose of planning expansions
or improvements, locating
property lines, fixing reference
monuments, determining the
physical features and
configuration of the land, and
preparing maps

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Engineering surveys for design


and construction
Construction surveys
surveys which are undertaken at a
construction site to provide data
regarding grades, reference lines,
dimensions, ground configuration,
and the location and elevation of
structures which are of concern to
engineers, architects, and builders

Hydrographic surveys
the survey of bodies of water made
for the purpose of navigation, water
supply, flood control, irrigation,
production of hydroelectric power, or
sub-aqueous construction
made to map shorelines, chart the
shape of areas underlying water
surfaces, and measure the flow of
streams

Route survey
refers to those surveys necessary for the
location and construction of lines of
transportation or communication such as
highways, railroads, canals, transmission
lines, and pipelines
involves the determination of alignment,
grades, earthwork quantities, location of
natural and artificial objects in connection
with the planning design, construction of
highways, railroads, pipelines, canals
transmission lines, and other linear projects

Engineering surveys for design


and construction
Mine surveys
made to control, locate and map
underground and surface works related to
mining operations
surveys which are performed to determine
the following:
determine geological formations
calculate excavated volumes
establish lines and grades for other
related mining work

Topographic surveys
made to secure field data from which
may be made a topographic map
showing the elevation, configuration
of the terrain and the location of
natural (e.g., hills, mountains, rivers,
lakes, relief of the ground surface)
and man-made objects (e.g., roads,
buildings, ports, bridges)

Industrial Survey
Sometimes known as optical tooling,
it refers to the use of surveying
techniques in ship building,
construction and assembly of aircraft,
layout and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in other
industries where very accurate
dimensional layouts are required.

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Forestry Survey
Executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and
the production and conservation of
forest lands.

Photogrammetric surveys
the application to surveying (usually
topographic work) of the science of
measurement by means of
photographs
surveys which make use of the
principles of aerial photogrammetry
using specially designed cameras
either from airplanes or ground
stations

Photogrammetric surveys
Advantages of photogrammetry
made to utilize the principles of aerial
photogrammetry, in which
measurements made on photographs
are used to determine the positions of
photographed objects, which are used
in conjunction with limited ground
surveys.

the speed with which the work is


accomplished
the wealth of detail secured
the use in locations that are
difficult of impossible to access

FIELD MEASURING TAPE

SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

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CHAINING PINS

MALLET and HUB/PEG

GUNTERS
CHAIN
(1620)

1 chain = 100 links = 66 ft


= 4 rods = 22 yards
10 chains = 1 furlong
80 chains = 1 mile
10 chains2 = 1 acre = 1 furlong-chain

11 pcs/set

CAPENTERS LEVEL and PLUMB BOB


LEVELING
ROD

RANGE
POLE

Sextant
Compass

HAND LEVEL and CLINOMETER


- For level sights and measurement of vertical angles or grades

DUMPY LEVEL
- Most widely used direct leveling
instrument

Baker 1900

Lietz

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Automatic Level

Transit (Young and Draper


independently, 1830s)
- Universal surveying instrument

Kings & Sons 1840s

TRANSIT

Transit

Warren & Knight 1920

PLANE TABLE ALIDADE

K&E 1956

BK Elliot

Gurley ALIDADE 1914

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THEODOLITE

Theodolite
- Modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted
within two perpendicular axesthe horizontal or trunnion axis,
and the vertical axis.

Kern models

THEODOLITE

TOTAL STATION
Combination electronic
transit and electronic
distance measuring
device (EDM)

Reflecting Prisms

PLANIMETER
- Used to determine area of any plane shape bounded by straight
or curved lines, if the figure is drawn to a known scale

CARE AND HANDLING OF


INSTRUMENTS
Chaining Equipment (tapes, chaining pins, range poles)
When uncoiling a tape, be
careful not to leave kinks
(twist) on it. If kinks are
unavoidable, it is very
important to remove them
before stretching the tape,
as the tape is easily broken
in this manner.
If the tape becomes wet, it
should be wiped dry before
storing.

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CARE AND HANDLING OF


INSTRUMENTS
Chaining Equipment (tapes, chaining pins, range poles)
Chaining pins should not be
left in the ground or lying
around loose, but should be
placed with a strip of cloth or
other material tied to the ring
end of the pin.
Range poles should not be
used as javelins.
Do not use the range pole as
a bar to loosen stakes or
stones; such use bends the
steep point and soon renders
the point unfit for lining
purposes.

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

Measurement is the process of


determining the extent, size, or
dimensions of a particular quantity
in comparison to a given standard
Measurement is always subject to
the imperfections of the instrument
used and the different errors
inherent in the process of
measurement

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

The best surveyor is not the one


who makes the most accurate and
precise measurements but the one
who is able to choose and apply the
required or appropriate degree of
precision

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT
Surveying measurements usually
concentrated on:
Distances / lines
Angles
Elevations
Times
Areas
Volumes

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

There is no such thing as a perfect


measuring instrument nor
surveyors whose senses are
sufficiently perfect to measure any
quantity exactly
Physical measurements are correct
only within certain limits because
errors cannot be totally eliminated

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

Types of Measurement
Direct
- involves placing a measuring instrument directly
over what would be measured

Indirect
- when it is not possible to apply a measuring
device directly to a quantity to be measured

- uses knowledge of geometry and trigonometry

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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

The METER
International unit of linear
measurement
Original definition: 1/10,000,000 of
the earth's meridional quadrant

Earth as a Spheroid
The earth is approximated as an oblate
spheroid of revolution.
Reference

Polar Axis
Minor (m)

Equatorial Axis
Major (m)

Clarke (1866)

12,713,168

12,756,602

Hayford (1909)

12,713,824

12,756,776

Fischer (1960)

12,713,546

12,756,310

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

The METER
Definition (in 1875):
the distance between two lines
engraved across the surface (near
the ends) of a bar (standardized in
Paris in 1799) with an X-shaped
cross section, composed of 90%
platinum and 10% iridium, when the
temperature of the bar is 0oC

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

The METER

The METER

Definition (in 1960):


The length equal to 1,650,763.73
wavelengths of the orange-red light
produced by burning the element
krypton (with an atomic weight of
86) at a specified energy level in the
spectrum

Definition:
1960 - The length equal to
1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the
orange-red emission line in the
electromagnetic spectrum of the
krypton-86 atom in a vacuum
1983 - length of the path travelled
by light in vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second

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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Linear distance

Area

1
1
1
1
1

km
m
m
mi
in

=
=
=
=
=

1,000
100
1,000
1.60934
2.54

m
cm
mm
km
cm

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

1
1
1

ha =
km2 =
acre =

10,000 m2
100
ha
0.4047 ha

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Volume

Angle

1
1
1
1

m3
L
gal
ft3

=
=
=
=

1,000
1,000
3.785
7.48

L
mL
L
gal

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
The number of significant figures in
any value includes the number of
certain digits plus 1 digit that is
estimated
Related to the precision employed
in the observation
Data should be recorded with the
correct number of significant
figures

1 rev
1

1 grad
1

=
=
=
=
=

360 degrees ()
60 minutes ()
60 seconds ()
0.9
0.01745 radians

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

Decimal Places
Used to maintain the correct
number of significant figures, but in
themselves do not indicate
significant figures

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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules

1. Zeroes between other significant


figures are significant

2. For values < 1, zeroes immediately to


the right of the decimal are not
significant

No. of significant figures

10.05
135.03
10005

4
5
5

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
General Rules
3. Zeroes placed at the end of decimal
numbers are significant

100.0
1.000
9.30

No. of significant figures


4
4
3

No. of significant figures

0.05
0.000036
0.000530

1
2
3

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
When computations are to be made
with values obtained from
measurements, retain enough
figures to ensure that the significant
figures in the final result are
consistent with the precision of the
measurement

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS

Final result could not be more


precise than the precision of the
least precise value used in the
computation

No surveying measurement is
exact.
Drop one or more of the final digits
so that the value contains only the
required significant figures required
for further computations or for
portraying the final results.

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SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS:


Rules when the digit to be dropped is

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS:


Rules when the digit to be dropped is

1. Less than 5 write the number


without the digit

3. Equal to 5 the nearest even


number is used for the preceding
digit

e.g., 24.434 becomes 24.43

2. Greater than 5 the number is


written with the preceding digit
increased by one

e.g., 43.575 becomes 43.58


43.585 also becomes 43.58

e.g., 33.186 becomes 33.19; 13.297 becomes


13.3

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