1.
Brief
1st
Review
law
Classical
of
of
Thermodynamics
work
thermodynamics
system
of
energy
the
the
on
system
conserved
is
done
De
+W=
lo
added
heat
internal
in
increase
energy
the
of
I thermal
State
functions
leg
path
functions
( e.g.
Frictionless
at
quasi
of
not
do
heat
work )
static
equilibrium )
Equations
de
( carried
processes
Caloric
2nd
law
( 2 )p
be
must
Speed
thermal
Perfect
stale
to
vale
slow
very
that
so
the system
is
( used
direction
the
El )
i=( )
perfect gas
gas
For
for
in
which
real
dry
air
incompressible
coefficient
expansion
processes
thermal
proceed
Can
conductivity
such
is
that
entropy
obeys
J/Kg
12=287
(5 )p
be
equation
the
fluids
mostly for
p=eRT
,
gas
is
constant
independent
non
thermal
of
isothermal
equation
c=
so
systems )
stale )
of
Ru=
=
universal
gas
constant
molealar
mass
R=
8
if
process
it
is
is
called
adiabatic
Cp
Cr
Gkv
adiabatic
t
always
>o
sound
of
stale
pt )
transport
molecular
...
at
out
e=e(
htetpt
enthalpy
thermodynamics
of
from
get
to
p=pft,T )
Thermal
Cpi
followed
process
reversible
state
Specific heats
the
on
energy )
do
called
are
depend
system
hr
1.4
if
frictionless
air
takes
it
i.e.
( at
normal
place
constant
8314.36
temperatures )
without
entropy )
the
addition
of
heat
Jlkmol
isentropic
Fluid
what
Dynamics
"
is
not
Does
have
"
Deforms
"
fluid
Approach
continuum
The
"
continuously
under
solid
sheer force
does
mater
no
i.e.
KT
to
to
solids
fluid
fluid
Fluids
gases
the
always expands
liquids
Nok
similarly
under
scale
Silly putty
observation
of
weight
own
Here
De
we
"
fluid
Deborah
visa
Elastic
focus
but
fluids
an
applied force )
flows
cannot
forces
other
mum
typically support
acting
normal
has
natural
time
scale
of
X~
fluid
on
elastic
solid
continuous
time
constant
the
of
time
like
scale
of
response
response
-
like
response
Newtonian
fluids
material
observation
( 102 )
040
"
to
stresses
the
boundaries
tumor
"
seconds
Hnsile
Number
Newtonian
<
of
"
space
important
is
temperature
room
De
De
the absence
X~
Dimensionless
in
p
forces
Water
De
to
don't
time
its
available
fill
to
normal
compressive
At
behave
fluids
th
Solid
Both
relax
small
how
strain
shear
it
one
seconds
Consider
flow
There
is
Over
some
time
towards
above
AD
the
the
lends
motion
the
The
law
stress
thus
proportional
is
ability
of
fluid
where
My
~
how
All
of
Substances
fluid
However
which
via
At
"
large
Example
force
"
scales
Consider
How
exerted
on
constant
motion
an
kinetic
scales
container
this
the
element
molecules
ideal
"
in
for
the
is
force
fluid
For
result
dynamic
ideal
viscosity
gases
cohesive
of
~JF
forces
thermal
than
related
is
density
are
per
unit
to
be
water
to
is
"
to
kinematic
the
viswsity
fluid
the
of
focus
f
,
the
is
discrete
motion
scale fluid
bombardment
constant
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we
focus
pressure
on
ignore
the
underlying
fluid
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of
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granular
mechanics
the
study
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( parallels to
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613=10 "8m3
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mater
large
the
to
due
all
mechanics
on
continuum
statistical
P=fRT
gas
STP
area
this
in
or
fluid
scales
microscopic
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preferring
volume
of
At
theory
by
n=
by
to
pt=
ii
gradients
magnitude
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gradient
the
is
it
show
other
in
of
consider
fluid
more
temperature
to
velocity
so
is
tends
fluid
the
will
profile
the
these
in
average
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of
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molecules
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motion
the
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fluid
the
in
velocity
the
composed of
are
we
Example
hypothesis
kg/m
and
stress
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Otts
close
each
continuum
with
velocity
molecules
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decrease
stress
the
to
result
forces
molecular
temperature
shear
diffuse
to
below
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sheer
fluid
dynamic viscosity
to
to
>
"
>
fluid
moving
related
internal
the
is
to
equivalent
is
while
related
i.e.
Slow
fiction
of
the
AT
of
random
via
flux
surface
the
closely
are
forces
to
dynamic viscosity
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fluid
momentum
Newton 's
motions
fluid
along
function
transferred
moving
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the
Shear
forward
push
molecular
liquids
line
stress
T=
Random
dashed
be
fast
as
varies
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will
the
to
shear
from
velocity
momentum
interactions
trend
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the
gradient
velocity
molecular
of
which
in
3.31010
molecules
latm )
R=
8.314
T=
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4ms
k
at
single paint
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Euler
possible
"
in
space
element
group
set
made
state
i.e.
field
variables
TLI
,t )
are
continuous
conservation
the
p (k
can
of
properties
average
properties
variables
/ field
they
describe
that
equations
of
these
up
molecules
of
"
field
"
or
th
the
describe
to
"
state
using
'
for
given
'
continuous
fluid
element
fluid
"
differentiated
be
function
mass
of
everywhere
both
of
momentum
position
momentum
angular
time
and
energy
in
Lagrangian descriptions
Ian
fluid
of
is
of
terms
It
i-
Goal
assumption
Fundamental
.
.
fluid
of
flow
^
La
"
Grangian
the
Follow
history
individual
of
particles
if
"
particle
dI
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Velocity
acceleration
derivatives
partial
of
time
in
fluid
Euler
field
to
an
Concentrate
( Most
"
what
on
common
"
particle
are
at
happens
-a=t= 5
spatial point
)
-
i
-
of
at
quantity
experienced
by
t=
point
fluid
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local
time
in
derivative
not
particle
not
only
give
convective
derivative
total
the
the
In
this
local
rate
rak
of
of
Ft )
TCF
,t )
change
change
description
derivatives
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as
we
must
use
the
total
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Review
Vector
important
of
operations
The
Scalar
each
mathematics
in
of
at
concepts
Scalar
gradient
a
point
produces
( y ,Z )
,
vector
The
and
The
important
are
divergence
of
p=xTtI+zI
field
vector
because
vector
important
becomes
curl
of
they
field
in
yields
discussion
our
is
vector
provide
the
of
dot
product
of
two
vectors
is
tz
maximum
of
T.li
cartesian
ie
rate
increase
of
of
the
Fx
scalar
fluid
coordinates
mass
Fy +2
energy
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all
move
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tuzvz
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coordinates
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in
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scalar
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direction
the
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Gradients
points
that
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notation
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Examples
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alternate
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the
where
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index
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2)
tensors
on,
1)
Addition
or
generally
more
Eta
Of
represents
l
u
dir
dir
Oij
%z
+5
Summation
4)
Cross
multiplication
( i
aitbi
xoi
c=I5
3) Dot product
rule
matrix )
dir
repeated
indices
=a ;
bi
,b
tb
Azt
bz
Azt
bag
muliplicative
c=
aai
tazbzt
Etaxb
product
b;
Scalar
coordinatedirections
Cz
2)
Operations
vector
liiiitvjtu
1)Vectors
represent
to
way
aibj
sum
permutation
operator
5)
Gradient
of
of
scalar
vector
op =2ip
05
=2iuj
0.5=2
Ui
xT+gT+tk
is
is
tensor
scalar
bk
of
the
summation
rule
Integrals
Line
.b
integrals
tu
Ec
Surface integrals
go
d5=Eds
.d5
Fda
.DE
=/
tofu
.tds
vector
(force )
-uEds
scalar
|=PdApridA
de
Foods
da
scalar
5dA=
( flow vale )
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saooia
Volume
integrals
fetoisieiia
@
.
Idt
vector
Trector
Integral Relationships
Gauss
theorem
'
relates
volume
integral
to
surface
integral
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We
know
this
The
equal
Stokes
'
Surface
The
In
volume
to
theorem
"
the
as
surface
relates
bounded
Surface integral
aerodynamics
integral
the
by
of
this
theorem
divergence
gives
when
divergence
integral
of
surface
the
integral
is
of
out
to
vector
of
line
is
flux
dt=dAiQi
curl
integral
the
vector
relationship
field
it
between
is
Edt
in
vector
notation
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of
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the
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of
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circulation
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,
vwticity
equal
to
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line
the
t
integral
wrticity
around
the
curve