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Introduction

1.

Brief

1st

Review

law

Classical

of

of

Thermodynamics

work

thermodynamics
system
of
energy

the

the

on

system

conserved

is

done

De

+W=

lo

added

heat

internal

in

increase

energy

the

of

I thermal
State

functions

leg

path

functions

( e.g.

Frictionless

at

quasi

of

not

do

heat

work )

static

equilibrium )

Equations

de

( carried

processes

Caloric

2nd

law

( 2 )p

be

must

Speed
thermal

Perfect

stale

to

vale

slow

very

that

so

the system

is

( used

direction

the

mostly incompressible flows )

El )

i=( )

perfect gas

gas
For

for

in

which

real

dry

air

incompressible

coefficient

expansion

processes

thermal

proceed

Can

conductivity

such

is

that

entropy

obeys

J/Kg

12=287

(5 )p
be

equation

the

fluids

mostly for

p=eRT
,

gas

is

constant

independent

non

thermal

of

isothermal

equation

c=

so

systems )
stale )

of

Ru=
=

universal

gas

constant

molealar
mass

R=
8

if

process

it

is

is

called

adiabatic

Cp

Cr

Gkv

adiabatic
t

always

>o

sound

of

stale

pt )

coefficients ( e.g. viscosity

transport

molecular

...

at

out

e=e(

htetpt

enthalpy

thermodynamics

of

from

get

to

p=pft,T )

Thermal

Cpi

followed

process

reversible

state

Specific heats

the

on

energy )

do

called

are

depend

system

hr

1.4

if

frictionless

air

takes

it

i.e.

( at

normal

place
constant

8314.36

temperatures )
without

entropy )

the

addition

of

heat

Jlkmol

isentropic

Fluid

what

Dynamics
"

is

not

Does

have

preferred shape ( like

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Deforms

"

fluid

Approach

continuum

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"

continuously

under

solid

sheer force

does

mater

no

i.e.

KT

to

to

solids

fluid

fluid

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gases

the

always expands

liquids
Nok

similarly

under

scale

Silly putty

observation

of

weight

own

Here

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we

"

fluid

Deborah

visa

Elastic

focus

but

fluids

an

applied force )

flows

cannot

forces

other

mum

typically support

acting

normal

has

natural

time

scale

of

X~

fluid

on

elastic

solid

continuous

time

constant

the

of

time

like

scale

of

response

response
-

like

response

Newtonian

fluids

material

observation

( 102 )

040

"

to

stresses

the

boundaries

tumor

"

seconds

Hnsile

Number

Newtonian

<

of
"

space

important

is

temperature

room

De

De

the absence

X~

Dimensionless

in

p
forces

Water

De

to

don't

time

its

available

fill

to

normal

compressive

equilibrium supports only

At

behave

fluids

th

Solid
Both

relax

small

how

strain

shear

it

one

seconds

Consider

flow

There

is

Over

some

time

towards

above

AD

the

the

lends

motion

the

The

law

stress

thus

proportional

is

ability

of

fluid

where

My
~

how

All

of

Substances
fluid

However

which

via

At

"

large

Example

force

"

scales

Consider

How

exerted

on

constant

motion

an

kinetic

scales

container
this

the

element

molecules

ideal

"

in

for

the

is

force

fluid

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result

dynamic
ideal

viscosity

gases

cohesive

of

~JF

forces

thermal

than

related

is

density

are

per

unit

to

be

water

to
is

"

to

kinematic

the

viswsity

fluid

the

of

focus

f
,

the

is

discrete

motion

scale fluid
bombardment

constant

but

we

focus

pressure

on

ignore

the

underlying

fluid

NRT

1.01325105
'

10

' 8

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m3

molecules

}
o.ooplenty.fm

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structure

of

the

fluid

element ?

P=

2.415

discrete

1m

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molecules

of

flows

granular

mechanics

the

study

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( parallels to

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4=40

1000

mater

large

the

to

due

all

mechanics

on

continuum

statistical

P=fRT

gas

STP

area

this

in

or

fluid

scales

microscopic

"

preferring

volume

of

At

theory

by

n=

by

to

pt=

ii

gradients

magnitude

The

gradient

the

is

it

show

other

in

of

consider

fluid

more

temperature

to

velocity

so

is

tends

fluid

the

will

profile

the

these

in

average

we

K91m3

are

molecules

of

many

for

molecules

interested

statistical

the

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rarely

are

the

motion

the

AIJ

fluid

the

in

velocity

the

composed of

are

we

Example

hypothesis

kg/m

and

stress

]]=
Otts

close

each

continuum

with

velocity

molecules

The

decrease

stress

the

to

result

forces

molecular

temperature
shear

diffuse

to

below

As

sheer

fluid

dynamic viscosity

to

to

>

"

>

fluid

moving

related

internal

the

is

to

equivalent

is

while

related
i.e.

Slow

fiction

of

the

AT

of

random

via

flux

surface

the

closely

are

forces

to

dynamic viscosity

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fluid

momentum

Newton 's

motions

fluid

along

function

transferred

moving

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the

Shear

forward
push

molecular

liquids

line

stress

T=

Random

dashed

be

fast

as

varies

"/dy

will

the

to

shear

from

velocity

momentum

interactions

trend

For

the

gradient

velocity

molecular

of

which

in

3.31010

molecules

latm )

R=

8.314

T=

298

4ms
k

at

single paint

Obtain

Euler

possible

"

in

space

element

group

set

made

state
i.e.

field

variables

TLI

,t )

are

continuous

conservation

the

p (k
can

of

properties

average

properties

variables

/ field

they

describe

that

equations

of

these

up

molecules

of

"

field

"

or

th

the

describe

to

"

state

using

'

for

given

'

continuous

fluid

element

fluid

"

differentiated

be

function

mass

of

everywhere

both

of

momentum

position

momentum

angular

time

and

energy

in

Lagrangian descriptions

Ian

fluid

of

is

of

terms

It

i-

Goal

assumption

Fundamental

.
.

fluid

of

flow
^

La
"

Grangian

the

Follow

history

individual

of

particles

if

"

particle

dI

Ii

Velocity

acceleration

derivatives

partial

of
time

in

fluid

Euler

field

to

an

Concentrate

( Most

"

what

on

common

"

particle

are

at

happens

-a=t= 5

spatial point

)
-

i
-

of

at

quantity

experienced

by

t=

point
fluid

Est

local

time

in

derivative

not

particle

not

only

give

convective

derivative

total

the

the

In

this

local
rate

rak

of

of

Ft )

TCF

,t )

change

change

description

derivatives

(F

J (

Partial

as
we

must

use

the

total

derivative

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Review

Vector

important

of

operations

The
Scalar

each

mathematics

in

of
at

concepts

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gradient
a

point

produces

( y ,Z )
,

vector

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and

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important

are

divergence

of

p=xTtI+zI

field

vector

because

vector

important

becomes

curl

of

they

field

in

yields
discussion

our

is

vector

provide

the

of

dot

product

of

two

vectors

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tz

maximum

of

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cartesian

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rate

increase

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the

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scalar

fluid

coordinates

mass

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energy

0.5

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conservation

9
.

in

forces

scalar

pp

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direction

the

in

Gradients

points

that

PEEK

notation

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Examples

is

alternate

an

the

where

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index

us

2)

tensors

on,

1)

Addition

or

generally

more

Eta

Of

represents

l
u

dir

dir

Oij

%z

+5

Summation

4)

Cross

multiplication

( i

aitbi

xoi

c=I5

3) Dot product
rule

matrix )

dir

repeated

indices

=a ;

bi

,b

tb

Azt

bz

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bag

muliplicative

c=

aai

tazbzt

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product

b;

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coordinatedirections

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2)

oxy ogg ofy

Operations

vector

liiiitvjtu

1)Vectors

represent

to

way

aibj

sum

permutation
operator

5)

Gradient

of
of

scalar
vector

op =2ip
05

=2iuj
0.5=2

Ui

xT+gT+tk
is

is

tensor

scalar

bk

of

the

summation

rule

Integrals

Line

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integrals

tu

Ec
Surface integrals

go

d5=Eds

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Fda

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vector

(force )

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scalar

|=PdApridA
de

Foods

da

scalar

5dA=

( flow vale )

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saooia
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integrals

fetoisieiia
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.

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vector

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Integral Relationships
Gauss

theorem

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relates

volume

integral

to

surface

integral

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We

know

this

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equal
Stokes

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Surface

The
In

volume
to

theorem

"

the

as

surface

relates

bounded

Surface integral

aerodynamics

integral

the

by

of
this

theorem

divergence

gives

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integral

of

surface

the

integral

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of

out

to

vector

of

line

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flux

dt=dAiQi

curl

integral

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vector

relationship

field

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of

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integral

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curve

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