Study Guide for Test One

Please know that this will not cover every question on the test it is meant to help
guide your study not be your only source.

Nursing Process
What are the five steps of the nursing process?
What is a nursing diagnosis?
How does it differ from a medical diagnosis?
What must all goals have?
What does it mean to be realistic, measurable, and include a time frame mean?
How is a nursing care plan patient centered?
What does it mean to be holistic?
What is subjective vs. objective data?
What are the various sources of data?
What is primary vs. secondary?
How do your differentiate between actual and potential nursing diagnosis?
What is Maslow hierarchy?
How does it guide care?

Cancer
Define cancer, neoplasm, and carcinogenic.
CANCER: CELLS THAT EXHIBIT MALIGNANT GROWTH
NEOPLASM: ABNORMAL REPLICATION OF CELLS, NEW GROWTH OF TISSUE OR
TUMOR
CARCINOGENIC: CANCER CAUSING SUBSTANCES
What is benign vs. malignant? (What are the differences?)

BENIGN = NEOPLASM THAT IS USUALLY HARMLESS

MALIGNANT= UNCONTROLLED GROWTH THAT CAN LEAD TO DEATH
Why are people with cancer malnourished and lose weight?
ANOREXIA, SWOLLEN MOUTH, LOSS OF TASTE, DRY MOUTH
What cancers have been found to have genetic markers?
BREAST CANCER, COLON, PROSTATE, PANCREATIC AND LEUKEMIA
What are examples of physical agents that are carcinogenic?
PETROFLUORCARBONS (PCBS) AND PESTICIDES (DDT)., TOBACCO SMOKE
What are chemical agents that are carcinogenic?
What are promoters?
SUBSTANCES THAT ARE NOT CARCINOGENIC WHEN FOUND ALONE, BUT WHEN THEY
ARE IN A PERSONS BODY WITH A KNOWN CARCINOGEN, CANCER OCCURS FASTER.
What are contributing factors to cancer and why?
AGE, SEX, RACE. STATISTICALLY CERTAIN TYPES OF CNACER STRIKE PARTICULAR AGE
SEX OR RACE MORE FREQUENTLY THEN OTHERS.
What are some prevention ideas for cancer?
What kind of screening is done in regards to cancer?
CYTOLOGY: MOST WIDELY USED TEST IS CALLED PAP SMEER TO DETECT CERVICAL
CANCER
OCCULT BLOOD TEST IN THE STOOL TESTS FOR COLORECTCAL CANCER
What are diagnostic test done?
BIOPSY; REMOVAL OF LIVING CELLS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EXAMINING UNDER A
MICROSCOPE
What are tumor markers?
BIOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES SUNTHESIZED AN RELEASED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM
BY TUMOR CELLS
What is the skin care education that a patient needs for external radiation?
How to treat complications from radiation

Are patients receiving external radiation a hazard of exposure to others?

What are safety precautions for patient and nurse with internal radiation?
What are the side effects of Chemotherapy?
How do we assess for them and what should we teach and encourage?
What is a vesicant and extrvasating?
VESICANT= CHEMICALS CAUSIN G TISSUE DAMAGE ON DIRECT CONTACT. CAN
CAUSE SEVERE LOCAL INJURY IF THEY ESCAPE FROM THEY VEIN INTO WHICH THEY
ARE ADMINISTERED
EXTRAVASATION: ESCAPE FROM THE VEIN INTO THE TISSUE, STOP INFUSION
IMMEDIATELY. CONSULT PHARMACIST AND POLICY AND PROCEDURES MANUAL AND
PHSYCIAN

HIV and AIDS

What is HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus, hiv can become aids if not treated
HIV is a retrovirus that integrates itself into the genetic material of the host cell,
changing the proviral DNA and encoding structural, regulatory, and accessory
proteins within the cell.
What is AIDS?
Aquired immunodeficiency virus, if you have aids you have HIV. Suppression or
inhibition of the immune reponse as a result of HIV intection is the cause of AIDS.
Who is at risk?
Unprotected sex, sharing needles, and maternal fetal exposure.
How is HIV transmitted?
ONLY mode of transmission is by exposure to HIV-infected blood, body fluids or
tissue. Any break in the skin or mucous membranes is an entry portal for HIV.
What is an opportunistic infection?
What is important for the nursing when caring for a patient with HIV?

Musculoskeletal
What is the function of the MS system?
Provides shape, framework, support, protection, formation of RBC, WBC, platelets,
store and release mineral, transport nutrients to the bone cells and remove wastes.
What are the various diagnostic tests for MS disorders or stressors?
Alkaline phosphatase (detects bone disorders), Creatine, Uric acid (gout),
rheumatoid factor (detect antibodies) antinuclear antibodies (assess tissue antigen
antibodies, xray films, tomography, CT, MRI, bone scan, biopsy
What are the nutritional needs of the musculoskeletal system?
Adequate amounts of calcium and phosphorous, mg, K, GREEN LEAFY VEGTABLES,
not smoking
What is a contracture?
Shortening of skeletal muscle tissue causing deformity.
What is active, passive and isometric ROM?
Isometric exercises involved generating tension between two opposing sets of
muscles. For example trying to flex the lower arm while using the opposite hand to
try to extend it. Contraindicated in patients with hypertension, increased
intracranial pressure or CHF.
What are the various positioning techniques for the MS system?
Plaster cast vs fiberglass
Peri-Op
What are the National Patient Safety Goals related to OR?
What are standard pre-op diagnostic tests and why?
What is informed consent?
What is the nurses role in informed consent?
Pre-op teaching for the patient and the family.
What do you do to prep the patient?

How do you prepare the room?

What are the assessments needs for the post op patient?
What are SCD and what are they used for?
What is malignant hyperthermia and treatment measures?
How can you help to prevent pneumonia in the post-op patient?
How can you help prevent GI and GU complications for the post-op
patient?
What types of foods help with wound healing?
What is the nurses role in the PACU?
What is evisceration and dehiscence and how do I care for them?
Pain
What are the types pain scales and who are they appropriate for?

Define; referred pain: pain felt in a different part of the body then where
pain actually originated, Threshold, tolerance.
What are the classifications of pain?
How do you assess pain?
Refresh on varies types of analgesics for pain.
Non-pharm approach for pain management.
What are the side effects for opioids and nursing interventions for
complications