Drugs from Marine source

Drugs from Animal source

Drugs from Marine source

Tetrodotoxin
Organism name-puffer fish
(Tetraodontidae)
Pharmacological activityNeurotoxin and reduces drug craving
and anxiety in abstinent heroin addicts.
Side/adverse effects : very potent drug
lethal effects can be observed with slight
increase in the dosage.

Zinconotide
Organism name: Conus magus
Pharmacological activity : chronic pain
with a potency 1000 times that of morphine.
Molecular target : a selective Ntype(neuronal type) voltage-gated calcium
channel blocker. This action inhibits the
release of pronociceptive neurochemicals like
glutamate, calcitonin gene-related
peptide (CGRP), in the brain and spinal cord,
resulting in pain relief .
Route of admin: intrathecally
Side effects: abnormal vision, unsteadiness
on feet, and memory problems.
Adverse effects:
worsening depression, meningitis and seizur
es(symptoms of brain problems).

Cephalosporin
Organism name : marine fungus
(Cephalosporium acremonium)
Pharmacological activity : bactericidal
Target : affect the bacterial cell wall,
making it defective and unstable.
Use : Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media,
lower respiratory infections, urinary tract
infections, septicemia, and gonorrhea.
Side effects : sores, ulcers, or white spots
on lips or in mouth,swollen glands.
Adverse effect: Several cephalosporins
are associated with hypoprothrombinemia

Discodermolide
Organism name: water sponge
Discodermia dissoluta.
Pharmacological activity : anti-cancer
Target : hyperpolymerizes tubulin and
cell cycle arrest and induction of
apoptosis.
Use : Chemotherapeutic agent against
tumors and drug-resistant tumors
Used in combination therapy with Taxol
.

Vidarabine (Ara-A)
Organism name : Caribbean
sponge Tethya crypta(Tethylidae)
Use: antiviral drug
Pharmacological action: inhibits
viral DNA synthesis. Ara-A is converted
into ara-ATP in vivo by kinases
encoded by viruses, which in turn
inhibit viral DNA polymerase and
hence DNA synthesis of herpes,
vaccinia and varicella zoster viruses
Dosage form: tablets , topical cream,
intravenous injection and ophthalmic
ointment.
Adverse effects: leukopenia

Ecteinascidin 743
Organism name: Ecteinascidin
Turbinata
Use : anti-cancer and immune
modulation.
Pharmacological action :
Produce superoxide near the DNA
strand, resulting in DNA backbone
cleavage and cell apoptosis.
Dosage Form: IV infusion
Side/adverse effect:
myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity.

Drugs from Animal source

TRABECTEDIN
Organism name Humble Sea
Squirt (Ecteinascidia turbinata)
Part of the organism from the
body of this marine tunicate.
Pharmacological activity antitumor drug and removes cancerous
tumors.
Molecular target binds to DNA
minor groove and interacts with the
proteins of the DNA repair
machinery.
Dosage form intravenous
Side effect nausea and vomiting,
fatigue and biochemical hepatic
toxicity.
Adverse effect neutropenia and
thrombocytopenia leading to fatigue.

INTEGRILIN
Organism name south- eastern
pygmy rattlesnake (Sistrurus
miliarius barboun).
Part of the organism venom
Pharmacological activity antiplatelet drug.
Molecular target platelets and
prevent their coagulation.
Dosage form intravenous
Side effect severe bleeding,
anemia, hypotension.
Adverse effect hemorrhagic
stroke in some cases.

PREMARIN
Organism source mare or horse
urine
Pharmacological activity an
estrogen drug used as menopausal
hormone therapy.
Molecular target acts similar to
estrogen hormone on the gonads.
Dosage form pills and tablets.
Creams are also available.
Side effect vaginal spotting or
bleeding and cramping of the legs.
Adverse effect there is a
possibility of coronary heart
disease and breast cancer.

ANCROD
The exact
chemical
structure,
molecular weight
and chemical
composition are
still unknown.

Organism name Malaysian Pit-Viper

(Calloselasma rhodostoma).
Part of the organism venom
Pharmacological activitydefibrinogenating agent used as an
anti-coagulant and used to treat
patients suffering from ischemic stroke
where the blood vessels are blocked.
Molecular target fibrin stabilizing
factor or Factor XIII.
Dosage form intravenous and
subcutaneous injection.
Side effect skin reactions (rashes
and urticaria) and sometimes mild
chills and fever.
Adverse effect splenomegaly may
occur sometimes.

Cantharidine
Class- terpenoid
Organism name- blister beetle,
Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria.
Pharmacological use- to remove
warts (and anti-cancer)
Dosage form topical cream
Side Effects- can cause sensations of
tingling, itching and burning.
Adverse effect - The skin can be very
sore for up to a week, but once the
area as completely healed, the wart or
growth is gone, with no visible
scarring. Pigmentation of the skin may
also occur, but this is rare.

EXENATIDE
Organism name Gila monster
(found in south-western United
States and north-western Mexico).
Part of the organism - saliva
Pharmacological activity
reduces blood sugar level in
diabetic-2 patients.
Molecular target synthetic
form of the hormone exendin-4.
Acts on pancreas and increases
insulin secretion.
Dosage form used as a
subcutaneous (under the skin)
injection.
Side effect causes a rapid
amount of weight loss which is a
positive sign in most patients.
Adverse effect None.