Zoroveans CHAPTER [Od 1600-1640 CO 2nstenenasinmn ~COLONIZE NORTH any Pactn colony inthe Ames cas would prize, so mbes it AN NE RICA der brother raed the panes Of dhe nw seem 0 appoint him maser maser gnente ey ~L600-1640 really aged. Rodyer 2 ve crm of wars on the Eropesn ntinnt, followed the new disnting English ft, odd he planer and many of th sts Inthe est years of th nny, Radyeed proved 0 Bea vie ‘1ou solder who worked aed to ain he seer to defend there rom tctack Bur alo proved eo be a vigorous defender of his on sams, and is Sctions wreaked avon she eagle comsmuniy The capenin eto deter ‘ant sfering eam scr (Rader thought the serv was ely lz) and Ie ato quarrled consnuslly with othe cer, who he Beeved failed to show the proper expect oa gentleman of able bith ‘One of Rider's antagonists ws he Rete Lewis Morgan with om the captain argued about igioes hooks ad the conduct of chtch servis. Radyerd rational inded despite his Panter bel, found Moran's en couraerent of congteasionl pela singing scandal adc. The de Sercements gil scaled ito exchanges of nels. "Your ful mouthed fnswer deserves rather sharp ett thas any equal respec fom Agel imam” the captain once haughty told the ceceyman “hav given you ro Sach espe, which has Regt much i" Similr conics oscar nal he Alo Ameccan selemens, 25 gentle men acastomed to ungeestning free fom hirano earned 0 he ismay tat in clonal sexing thei mere sil standing could be cha lenge by upstart of vriows desrpins ur in Raye and Morgans slo the pues were especialy dangerous, because the to lived on Providence Tandy an soared Pro opou ff he coast of modern Ncerag. <4 Tic cay igteent-cortuy Bish map of to Carsbean and Denil Ames ‘Sry sates te precarous poston af snetaenth-crtary Povidece sand ‘seers, on tho ty iad surrounded by Sparih tent on te anode ‘ost south, and ves, and te Sanh donate Gest rae tote nach. {Cao ins asin CHAPTER OUTLINE ‘New Spain, New France, ‘and New Netherand ‘Te Cartan Links To THEWORLD ‘Wompum English Intros in Colonization The Founding of Virginia Lie inthe Chesapeake “The Founding of Mew England Life in Nw England Summary Legacy FOR [APEOPLE AND A NATION The Forwood Casing andthe Mashontuchet Pequot Museu Ey84 Chapter2 Europeans Colonize North America CHRONOLOGY 1853 Hon Vl dvorcos Catherine of Aragon + English Reformation begins 11858 Elizabeth | becomes queen 1565 «Founding of St Augustine Forde), odost permanent European setement in reseri-cay United Sates 1598 + Oto conquers Pusbis in New Meio for Span 1603 «James | becomes king 1607 «Jemestcw founded, st permanent English st tment in Wash America 1608 + Quebec funded bythe Freneh 1610 + Founding of Santa Fe, Now Maxico 1611 «Fest Vigna tobaceo crop 1614 Fort Orange (Albany) ounded bythe Dutch 1619 Vega House of Burgosss esablisho fst rpre- seme assombly in the Engish clones 1620 Plymouth eaony founded, st permanent English selement in New England 1622 «Powhatan Confederacy tacks Vigna 1624 «Dutch soto on Manhatan Island (New Amsterdam) ‘English enlnze St. Kt, est sland in Lesoe Antes to be seed by Europeans “James revokes Virginia Companys charter 1625 + Charest becomes king 1630 + Massacusats Bay colony founded vet 1636 - Wiliams expaied rom Mossachusts Bay founds Provence, Rhode sland + Cannes founded 1657 + Pequot Warn New Englend 1538 - Hutchinson expe rom Massachusetts Bay, goes 10 Rhode sland 1640 Sugar cultation apis on Barbados 1642 + Montreal founded by the French 11646 «Treaty ands hosts tween Virginia and Powhatan Conteseracy 1600-1640 Providence Island, founded by a company of Pitan adventures jn 1650—the same year asthe Massachu sexs Bay colony—sought to establish an English beach head inthe frcil opics tac could lead to successful coloiztion ofthe Canal Amseria mainland. Yee the ‘ovxposts perils location amid Spanish semlements, is failure to establish a viable local economy, ad, ol mae its desperate aremps to stey aft financially by serving a6 a base for English privateers caused ts daw fal. That decison led che Spaniards ro conclude that the Puritans had to be eemoved, Twice, in 1635 and 1640, Providence [lan fended of Spanish aacks. Buin May 1681 4 large Spanish lot of seven ships carving two thousand soldiers and siloes captured she island, and the English survivors scartered ro other Caribbean sele- ments or returned ro England. By this ime, chough, Spain no longer predominated i the Americas. France, the Netherlands, and England all ad permaneae colonies in Norh America by che 16405, The French and Dutch colonies, like the Spanish ‘ouspost, were sealed largely by European men who is teracted regularly wih indigenous peoples, sing their Iabor or seeking to convert them to Chisianity Like the congustadors, Freach and Dutch merchant (oa the mainland) and plantes (in the Caribbean) hoped to make 4 quick prot and chen pehapscetun to their homelands. The English, as Thomas Marriot made clear ln he 1580s, wees just a interested in profeing from North America, Bet they pursued those profs indi ferent way, serlers—inlading those ofthe failed Providence Islnd colony-—same to America intending ro say: Especially along the northeast Alani coast ofthe continent, inthe sates that came to be known as New England, they ar ‘ved in fam groups, sometimes along wit reads and elaives frm neighbocing villages back home, They 26 created European society and family lfeco an extent not possible inthe other colonies, where migrant men foend their sexual parmers within the Indian or Aiican pop lations. Among the English colonies, thot n the Chesa peake rgion and on the Caribbean islands most closely resambled colonies founded by other nations. Their ‘economies, like those of Hispaniola or Brazil soen cameto be bused on large-scleapriculural production forthe intemational marker by 2 labor force composed. o bonded servants and ls le the English ke other Euro rans, prspeted only alter they ened 9 adapt the ‘Wherever they alien environment, something the Providence Islanders never aciesed The ist peemanent English colonies sur vived because nearby Indians aisted the newcomers The seers had to lesee to grow uafamiiar American cop such a¢ maize and tobacco. They aso had to de ‘lop extensive trading elationships with native peoples sod with colonies established by other European cous tes, Needing laborers fr their fils, ehey ie sed English indentured servants then ater began to npr ‘Ariean slaves, copying he example ofthe Spaish in Aadancie and Caribbean islands, and the Portagucse i So Tomé an Bea: Thus the cacy history of he region that became the United Sates sad the English Caribe isbest understood noe as aa slated story of English ol: nation ut rather a6 2 series of complex ineraetons among & vasiery of Euopean, African, and Amecican aad ovironments. New Spain, New France, and New Netherland paniaeds established he fs permanent Euro - pean setement within the boundaries of the modern United States, but others iially 2 empted that feat. Tice in the 15608 groupe of French Proercante (Huguenots) sought to esape pescaton ia their homeland by planing colonies on the south At Tanne ager pacing chip rare rhe arsine srvivors a the St located in present-day South Carolia, The Second, near inode Jacksonvile, Focida, was de ‘rye in 1565 by a Spanish expedition under the com mand of Peco Menéader de Avis. To ensure Spanish Alnsnation of he stately impor region located heat sealanes wed by Spanish treasure ship boond for Furopel, Menénder set up a small foriied outpost, which he named St Apgostine—now the odes continu ‘rs inkabited European setlement nthe United Sates Franciscan missionaries soon followed, but neaby nd ans fiercely rested the fare’ effors wo Chrstiame ‘hens. Only afer the native peoples were forehly moved to:mision owns did many sae to baptism, Even 50, bythe end ofthe scent conary 3 chun of Feancucan Naw Spain, Now Franco, and Now Netherland Dishes posters Before the av of European wh in pose The uns shape deve om union the lw centro gravy abowed 3 woman tba ho pot easy on ho bad a sho catia inter from seit tothe ap ofthe mest healt nin As) missions stretched westward across Flocida and north Ward nto the islands along the Adancc coast. More han shiny years pase after the Founding of Se. Anputine belore conquistadors ventured anew nto ‘the preset ay United State In 1598, ‘ies, Jam de Ofte, a Mexican born fdvenurr led a group of aboot fire hundred soldiers and seers to New Mexico, At ft, the Fuchs erected the newcomers cordially. When he Spaniard gan to use rormre, mde, and sape ro ex tort fond and slothng rom she villages, however, he Fesidents of cans kiled several soldiers: The iavaders responded ferocosly, lng more chan eight hundzed people and capruring the remainder All the captives hove the age of eine were ordered enslaved for {ras and men older than twenty-five had one fot aor tate, Not suprising the ote Pueblo vlages Su ‘Ye Odate’s Bloods victory proved illusory or New Mesica ld lil wealth, Iealso was oo fa fromthe Pa ie comst ro asin proecting Spanish set-lanes, which bad been one of at's sie the like others, nly lived te continent tobe moch eareower than ately Niwninnco 3536 Chapter 2 Europeans Colonize Noxth America Js). Many of the Spaniards reeurned 10 Mexico, and of- dsl considered abandoning the isolated colony, which Jay 800 males north of he nearest Spanshsetleent. n> swead, in 1603, the authodies decided to maint a Scull miitary cumpost and 2 few Christian missions in ‘he are, withthe capital ae Santa Fe founded ix 1610) {see Map 3.3). Asin eplns othe south Spanish leaders vere grated excomiedar guaranteeing them consol ver the labor of Puchlo villagers. But in the absence of imines or fertile agrcutaral lands, such grants yielded ‘sell pr ‘On the Atlantic coast, he French tarned thei atten: tion northward, othe azea tha Jacques Cate bad ex pled in she 1530s Sever tes chey Fred estas permanent ast along the Canadian coat but did noe suceed ttl 1605, with the founding of Port Royal. Then in 1608 Samael de Champlain stupa tad ‘ng post at an interior ite the loca Iroquois hal alle Seadacona when Carter spent the winter there seventy= five years earlier Champlain renamed it Queer. He had chhosin well: Qucboe was the most easy defeaded spot inthe eae St, Lawrence River valley,» stronghold that controlled acres #0 the heartland of the continent. [a 1640 the French established second por, Montreal at the falls of the Se Lawzence fan thas a the end of 2 gation by oceangoing vessels), a place the Indians called Hochelags afore dhe founding ofthese secement, fishermen served a the msjor tansporers of North Americas beaver pels to France, but the new poss quickly 20 Camara Mowat 1600-1640 ‘over contol af the lcrative trade in frs ee Table 2.1) aly few Earopeans resided in New Panes; most were ren, some of whom mared Indisn women. The Coloy’s leaders gave land grants along the ver £0 wealthy segneuss (nobles), who then imported tenants qo work their farm, A small sumer of Frenchmen Troughs their wives and tonk up agzicutures even 50, sore than twenty-five years after Quebec's founding ie had just sbey-four resident families, alongwith traders and soles. With respect c eriory occupied and faumed,aotthern New France never grew mich beyond the confines of the river valley berween Quebec sed ‘Monueal (See Map 2.1). Thus i difered Sigaicanly from New Spain, where Faropeans resided in widely scattred locations and Spanish men sometimes direct Supervised Indian laborer. “Missionaries of the Society of Jesus Jesus), a Ro man Catholic order dedicated fo converting nonbierers to Chrisanicy, also came zo New FiraMiioss France. Vest rcving in. Quebec in INNEW Funes 1625, the Jes, whom the Indians called Black Robes, red to persuade indigenoos peoples clive neat French setemeats ad adope European agricultural mettods. When that effort failed, she Jenne conchaded shat they could introdce Catholicism to cele new charges without insisting chat they fundamentally alter thee traditional ways of life. ‘Accordingly the Black Robs leaned Indian languages and traveled to remoce regions ofthe intron, where they lived fn wos and dhees-among hundeeds of potenal “The Founding of Permanent European Colonies in North America, 1565-1680, Goon Founders) era Pre Men eA ew Meo ‘hon de Oa Vion ‘ania Company Ne frenee Franoe Pyat Seperate Maine Si Feng Goose Suits Barbados etal European immigrants Nassozusees By Massacre Gy Company anya Centos Cave Fenn ooe ions Connoctet Tras oer Now even Massciusers migrants Now ramps assachusets igrars 1365 Fang 1588 Lvesock 7 ‘soos tone Firvadig ver sirvading vee amg, fehing vez Pani teas Supa tea Farming. fhe fur aseg 1698 tent te Feng 1096 Fein rrating 1698 Fein 1688 Fermin. sting"Now Spain, New France, and New Nethesand 87 STE roe cme 7 L S sun Ty bee a= ste me (2 spetnstte Fe tou ‘Map 2.1 Ewopean Setlemonts and indian Tibes in Eastern North America, 1650 The fw Esropean sotlemonts ease in he east Deore 180 wee wide steed hugging the stores ol the Alani Oonan and th barks os ma ars By contest Americe’s naive mhbans ‘conoid to ve inane expanse fhe cement an Sania al bagun a move in he est88 Chapter Europeans Colonize North America Using variety of strategies, Jie sought to unde. mine the authority of village shamans (che traditional re Tigius leaders) and to gin the confidence of leaders who could influence others Trained in cheton, chey won 2 Gites by their eloquence. Immune co smallpox [foe all hd survived the disease already, they explained ep- demies among the Indians as God's punishment for sin, ‘theie angumens aided by the iniectiveness of che Shaman teaitional remedies against the new pestence. Drawing on Earopean scence, Jesuits predicted solar tnd lunar elie, Perhaps most important, they amazed the vilages by communicating with each other over Tong distance tough marks on paper The Indians’ de- sire to lear how to baress the exraorénary power of Titeraey wat on of che etcl factors making ther re ceptve ro the missionaries spiiual message. ‘Although the process took many years, the Jesuits slowly gained thotsands of comers, some of whom Inoved fo reserves set aside for Christan Indians. In ‘those communes they followed Catholic teachings Sth fervor and pity. The converts replaced their ov Culre aitional equal teatmeat of me and women ‘vith notions more congenial tothe Buropeansnstence ‘on male dominance and ferale subordination. Farhes they alteed ther practice of allowing premasital sexual Telationships and easy divorce because Catholic dectine robe both nstoms “esuit missionaries faced litle competion from “other Eucopeas for native peoples souls, bu French fur teaders had to confrost a tet chal> Tenge. In 1614, only five year ater Feeney Huron explored the siver that row bears his same, is sponsor, the Dotch West India Company established an outpost Port (Orange| on tha iver a he st of present-day Alen, pts, and ther presence so cose 10 Quebec posed a {heat to Prench domination ofthe region. The Nether~ Jandy, at the time the world’ dominant commercial ‘owes aimed primarily at wade rather than colonization. ‘Thus New Nether, like New France, eemained sal, largely confined toa river valley that offered easy access to its setlemens. The colony’s southern anchor was New Aanatrdam,a toa founded in 1624 on Mantat- tan Island, atthe mouth ofthe Hudson River 'As the Dutch est india Companys colony in North America, New Netberland was an unimportant par of a fast commscial empite that included posts in Affica, Brae the West Indies, and modern-day Indonesia, Au tocratc director-general ruled the colony forthe com Dany, with no elesed assembly seers fe ise loyalty {o their nominal Iaders Few migrants acived. Even & iw Nerueniaxo ‘1600-1640 ‘company policy of 1629 offering a large Ind grant or ‘patoonuip, to angone who sould bring ly selers to the proviace failed to seracteakers. (Only one such tract—Renseelaerwych, sear Albany—was ever fully Geveloped) As late a8 the mid-1660s, New Netherland Jnnd only about five thousand inbabtenrs, Some were Swedes and Fins who resided inthe formes colony of [New Sweden (founded ia 1638 on the Delawace Rives; See Map 21), which was taken over by the Durch ia 1655, ‘The American Indian allies of New France and New [Netherland clashed sich each other in part because of fetta rivals, In the 16405, the routs, who waded chilly withthe Dutch and lived in moder opstate New ‘Yor sen to wat aguas che Hurons, who traded pie marily withthe Feach an lived in present-day Ontario, ‘The Iroquois wanted to become the major supplier of pels to Europeats and co ensure she security of their hating cersitries, They achieved best goals by wsing ‘Eun supplied by the Dutch ro virwslyextesinae the FHirons, whose popelation had already been decimated by a smallpox eden, The Iroquois thas established ‘themselves a a ajor fren he zegion, one that Euro- pests could ignore aly at hei per And the European demand for beaver peks had proved to have adisastroxs tlle on native communities and thei ineractions. ‘The Caribbean 1 the Caribbean, France, the Netherlands, and England fought openly ia the fst half of the seventeenth century. The Spanish concentrated their colonization effores on the Greater Anciles—Ca, Hispaniols, Jamaica, and Puerco Rio, They left many ‘Caab inhabitants, partly because the mainland offered greter wealth frlesseHor. Bur the ay lands tracted ‘ther Baropesn power: they could provide bases from which to attack Spanish vewels loaded with Ameccan fold and ser, ad they could serve a sources of val Ale tropical products such as spices, dyes, and fats. ‘England was he Bit northern European nation co tseablish permanent foothold in the smaller West In tian islands the Lesser Aaulls). English people seed fon St. Christophe (St. Kits i 1624 thea ater on ober Sslands sch as Barbados (1627) and Providence (1630), France was able to colonize Guadeloupe and Martinique only by defeating the Carib, whereas the Dutch more til gained contol of Say Se. Eustatius (strategically Joeated neat St Kits). ln adeition to indigenous inhabi fants, Europeans had 10 worry about conf withWampum \ ron rpms tr cane w Nor Anas. hey ‘quickly Teamed that native peoples highly vad mall cjncies beads mace trem wnele a2 quanog shells known enietvey as warp, The we ap le beads had been stung an fer Tor conunies to rake heckioes and ornament bes, but wh te Europea fv wampum changed is cheretar, Becoming 8 cu roney widely employed by both gros. , Tho tansfomaton of wampum occured nat only be causethe Indians prized and would rae deeskine art bevels to acquire the beed, but sso bec Dut land English setlrs lacked an equly hang mecium of fxchange, These seers had lnited acoess to coins and furency rem their hmoapds. yet they needed to do tausnest with each other an wth thir nave neighbors, \Wampurn fled a ey need. especial Inthe ist dacadas of setionent. ‘Whe fait) ane qushog (oul) hel wee foun primarily along the shoes of Long Ind Sound. Nea fanaa, Montauks, Nance, nd ote oc! peoples tad Tong eahered te shells cing the summers waren hon fashioned the bends Gung the lng noreostem wists The shel were had and et, eo shaping them ra hl ‘ble skill But Europeans’ metal toot, including fine cls, Bilowed a rapid Ineease In he quanvty and quay of vwampun. Same wiles gave up thee hunter-gatherer Imodes of subsstence ang seed permanent it ee Fich areas wher thy focused almost exusnely on the ranufacture of warp Whet ha boen a soasanal ak forwoimen baceme thet year-round work “lampum played a ky ole in he earl eonamy of both Neve Netherland and New England. Dut stern Mannan rae such manufactured goods a guns and etl, mes or krives wth the wampom mekers then {ranperted wampum up the Hudoon River to Fn Orange, hor thy used ito purchase furs and sks rom the Woquos. In 1627 eae de Rios, 8 Dutch vader, insaduced wampum to the English coonsts a Pymenthwnen he oreo itn exchange for cor. Ten years ltr he Maseachusets Bay enlory made warp lege ender forthe payment of debts und 2 pennies, at rte of we beads o three purple beads (which were rarer) penny, Wampum osad could be todd in Teose nanals but more often were sung fn thi cos inset mounts worth Engech equals ranging from 1 penny to § sflings (60 pennies) lo white Deas. 2 enmes to TO shilings (120 pennies) in purple baad. People wading “ager Suns. measured in Wampum’ alvaye feared beng shon-changed. in TED, cme resident of New Nethtand agreed 1 accept payment of susan deot in wampum only if hs wile persona counted ale Beads, ‘Warpur-criginlly wth putt ramentalsgniioance for ian tmakers-bocare an inl ndspense bie line inthe commer between E rope and North America Before Europeans rived Not Amer, waren fet sil purposes ter nate props tin rou ron Nair” warp bat presented to Sami! de Champa a 1611 toon te alee of rane ane ne Hurora Bu over decades nee, sie Deter and English tons re relyon tae 9 med of xchange {and European tos made ester manufactur, wampum Became ar mare ciara indesign and appara, piosaaemd ng ge ted 2940 Chapter? Europeans Colonize North America Spaniards and with one another Like Providence Islands ‘many colonise changed bands daring the sevetcench ‘eat, For example, the English drove the Spanish out ‘of Jamaica in 1655, ad the French soon thereafter took ‘ver half of Hispaniola, ceatiag the colony of St Domingue (moden Hai) "Why did other Europeans devote so much energy 0 ining contro ofthe small yleanic islands neglected by ‘Spain? The primary answer to that question is sugar Europeans loved Sean, which provided es users with bork a sweee taste and a ick energy boost, Entering the European market io subsantal ‘quantities at approximately she same ine as cofce and feavthe simulunng, addictive, and biter Asian drinks Innproved by the adation of x sweetner—sugar quickly became caval element ofthe Baropean diet “ary in the 1640s, English esicnts of Barbados, who had slready expesimented ansuccesflly with rowing cobacc, cotton, and indig, dicovered that che land’ sol and eae vere ideally sued for culivat- San ‘Cazmaniox 1600-1640 ing sega can. At the time, ce world’s supply of sue ‘are primary from the Winelands, G0 Tom and es esily Beal, where nimerous Famer each with fe fervantsor slaves, grew much of dhe rep. Stall Braz fan peodscees took their cane to centel rail, whee it ‘was refined into brown and white sugars ia the most technologically sophiiated enterprise ofthe day. To Jay foe processing, they tamed a lege proportion of their crop over tothe mill owner, chemseles wealthier planers who lacked the ablty to ordinate the actions of theindependent farmers. This production method was igh intent “That changed in Bazbados. Berween 1630 and 1654 the Dutch took contol of northeastern Brazil where they learned Fortaguese eechaiques for growing the canes and, more important, for processing the crop. Ditch merchants taught thor sills to Basbadians, ex ‘ectng 1a sell them Alican slaves and to teanspor ba: fel of sugar produces to Barope The ress must have ‘xcended their wildest dreams. The Barbados sugar boom chat began in the 1680s was both explosive and ‘inthe 1600, Frnch book usted he vrous phses of sugar processing for cious Europen radars oar of xen (A tr hemi, olere of when crushed th canes (0), producing te sep (0) wh as ealetd na vat (E then told down sto molasses (0. ‘Nirean saves wth minimal supnsion by afew Exopears (oreround). managed al phases ant fo a ene alucrative as planters there increased the size oftheir landholdings, adopted large sale gang labor by boods- people and bal thee own sugar mils that coald oper- be with great efcency Planters, sve craders, and Datch shipping sterests alike caned immense pots fom inerodacing esomies of sale nt the production of sige ‘AS other Caribbean planers embraced sugarcane ckivation, Bacbadians' profi margine were reduce. Even 4 sugar remained the momt valuable American ‘commodity for more than one hundred years. In the ‘ghteeah cenury, sugar grown by large gang of staves in Bris Jamaica and French Se, Domingue dominated he world market. Ye, i the long ru, the fare eco homie importance ofthe Eropeans’ Ameccan colonies 1 om the msiland eater thas in the Caibbeas, English Interest in Colonization he faire of Raleigh Roanoke colony ended Pag lish effores to sete is North America fo nearly to decades. When the English decided in 1605 to try once more, they agin planed colenie thst ii tated the Spanish model. Yet greater success came whes they abandoned that model ane founded setslements ‘ey different from those af oes European powers. Us [ike Spain, France, or the Netherlands, England evere- ally sent large numbers of men and women tos Up grculturally based colonies on the mainland, Two ma jor developments prompted sppecxinatey 200,000 Giaary Eoglsh mien and women t move to North “America inthe seventeenth century ad led this gover ‘ent to encourage their emigaton. "The onsce of dramatic social and economic change simlated many Engi lk to moveso Nosth America In the 150-year period sfier 1530, ‘Soa Coanar lave asa result ofthe introduction of INENciaNDnutiious Amencan crops, Enlands Population doubled. All those add tional people neaed fod, clothing, and oeker goods “The competion for goods ied vo high inflation, coupled wih a fallin ral wages asthe numberof workers i ‘eased, In these new economic and demographic <= ‘mtances, some Engsh people spec those with ‘Sbable landholding hat cold prodace fod and doth ing Biber forthe growing population~substssially im proved thes lot. Others, particulary landless laborers End those with very sal mounts of land ell no un Temiting povers. When landowners cased rears, tok fver sommon lands previnsly open to we by penne, for decided fo combine small holding into large units English interest in Colonization they forced tenant off the land. Consequssty, geo sraphial at well a scl mobiliy increased, and the Dopulation ofthe eties swelled. Landon, for example, ‘ore than tiple in size by 1630, sven 375,000 res ‘ents ve in termed Buln "Wealthy English people esced with alarm to what they saw asthe sappearance of waditional ways of ie, Steady steams of the landless and homeless filed the sects and highways, Obsested wth the problem of ‘maintaining ordes, officials came to believe that England ‘was overcrowded. They cocluded that colonics eta- Ise in North Amersea could siphon off England’ “sur plas population," thus easing social stain at home. For Similar reasons, many Englsh people decided that sey ould improve their cicamsances by migrating fom & ‘ll, lnd-searc, apparently cverpopulaed island to 3 Tange, Indsich, apparently empry continent and i neuby islands. Among those ataacted by prospects for migration were such younger sons of genemen a5 ‘Willam Rudyerd, who were excluded from inherting Jad by wealthy famils practice of primoseniur, which served all sal xa for the eldest on. Such oo nomic considerations were rendeced even move sign Cnt in ght of the second development, a major change in English eligios practice. “The stteenth century witnessed 2 eligoustanfor raion cha eventually led lage numbers of English di ‘enters 9 leave their homeland. In 1533 Houy VI, wanting a male heir and infrunted with Anne Boleyn, ‘Sought 10 annul his marrage to his Spansh-horn queen, Cathenne of Aragéa, despite neatly senty jens Of macrage and the bith of = doughy tex When the pope relied to approve the snaulment, Henry left the Roman Cathlie Church. He fnded the CChutchot England and—withParament’s concurrence ‘proclaimed himself head. In general, Fogish poople Welcomed ke schiso, for man lad ile respect fr the English Catholic Church. Atfsst the eformed Church of gla difered litle rom Catolicim ints practices, brunder Henrys daugher Hizabeth (cd of his late ‘mariage Anne Boleyn, ne currents of religious be Te hat had originated onthe European content eay inthe sieenth entry dramacaly fected the Eglin chur, ‘These carcents were th Protestant Reformation, led by Maris Luther 3 Garmaa moak, and John Calin, a French cleric and lawyer Challenging the Catholic doc tene thar piss were temediares between Iapeople tnd God, Luther and Calin issted hae people could ‘etepret she Bible for thimlvee That notion stim lated the spread of literacy to undeestand and erp Reronninoy a42 Chapter 2 Europeans Colonize North America ‘1800-1640 ! i {London in 1616 th London ridge a cantar ight Overeronng nth oy fd many observers 'o coneade thet Amercaneoiasion coud eave "exces" population ahd previge now ‘the Bible, people had to ler how to read, Both Luther fp Calvin ejected Catholic rials, denying the need for an elaborate church hierarchy. They also asserted that Init in God was the key to Salvation, tater than—as (Catholic teaching had it—a combination of faith and Elvabeth I toleated diverse forms of Cristiani a8 Jong as her subjects acknowledged her suhority at head ‘of the Church of England. ving er Puna long reign (15$8-1603} Calvin's ideas Sumani gained inlucsce within the English Church, and some Catholics continued ‘co practice hee faith in private By the late sxeeath cen ty, many English Calvinite those who exme t0 be ‘alle Pritans brexuse they wanted eo ual he Church (of England or Separate because chey wanted to eae it ttitlybelcved that the English Reformation had not {gone far enough. Henry had simplified the church hierat- hy they wanted ro abolish altogether Heney had ub ‘ordinate che church to the interests of the states they ‘wanted church free from political inererence. And he ‘enplyment fr poverty-stricken persons. Therapy growing community of London merchants 1 sgh io develop new sbures of ees ps. uses oe Lian) (Church of Eagland, like she Catholic Church, continued to inclde all English people nits membership. Puritans snd Separasts prefered a more restricted definitions they wanted to canine church membership to persons ‘hey belived tobe saved" —those God had selected for ‘alvation before bir sited tar people could net know for certain ifthey were “saved” becnne mece mortals could po comprehend oF alist their predestination to heaven or bel. Thue pioas Prtans and Separates daily confronted serous dem ‘mas Ifthe saved (or lee”) could not be identified with Cerzaint, how could proper churches be consiuted? If fe was predestined and could no alter one fate, why Shoald one attend church or do good works? Partans fn Sepaatnts dele with he edie by admiing thac thei ademeats a to lig for church merber- Ship only approximated God unknowable decisions ‘An eh resolved the second by reasoning that God eave the elec the ality ro acept salvation ad wo lead a good life Therefore, eventhough one could noteam a place in heaven by piety ad good works, such practices could indicate anes place in the ranks ofthe savedAro Suart Montcacf Eng, Tpoo-nens Relation to owt 1505-18 Son Hod TSA Sen ry 1ssn-s86 Hair ‘hes! 1625189 Son Elzabeth I Stuaresucestorn hee cousin James 1 (1603-1625) and his son Chara (1625-1649), alibied leer rolernce for Puritans and Spe rains. Ar Seas, they aso had litle ‘respect forthe rains of representa sive goverment that had developed in England ander the Tadave and thei predecesore (ee “able 2.2), The wealthy landowners who sat in Pale tment bad geown secustmned to having considerable i finenceon goversment policies, especially taxation. But James taking» poston ltr endorsed by his son pale lity declared is belie inthe divine right of kings. The Sears insied that # moaare’s power came diel ‘rom God and that his subjects had dy o obey him. ‘They likened the king's sbrolone authority to 3 faher's authocty ote bis culdeen. Beck James and Charis believed hat thee author ity iced the power to enforce religious conformity. ‘Because Puritans end Sepacatss—and the remaining Eag- lish Cathoics—challenged many of the most important precepts of te English char, the Stert monarch a thorved the removal of digesting clesgymen foc their pits Inthe 1620s and 1630s some English Paras, parti, and Catholic decided to move to America ‘where hey hoped to pu cet religions belie nso pra ‘ce uahindered by the Stars or the church hierarchy. Some led hurriedly to avoid aes and impesonment Tn contrast the migrations to New Spa and New Franc, which were largely funded by their governments, ‘many of the dissenters and other Eng Teter Moxancns JanrSrock lish people who migrated to Nosh ‘Cowtaves —America'and the Caribbean were fi anced by join stodk compari. Stock sales funded these forerunners of modern corporations, ‘whic had been developed decades eater as 2 mecha nism for pooling the resoues of any smal ivesoes in ‘wading voyages. They wotked well for thas purpose no The Founding of Virginia one rite tov mich money and ives sly r= red gu ums, ut ane oper red fu 0 bes poor way t nme clit fete the ‘iy eters egued enorme of ep Slate ceptor mech me {fenlymtioed fom achon ack of apa eden SSestne texto eres sockbelde tod colonia, sto chine hey mee nx beng agua supported She eto “The Founding of Virginia hein impale hat ed 9 England’ Fee pee smaneae colony in the Western Hemisphere came ftom 2 group of merchants and wealthy gentry. ln 1606, envisioning the posit of earning great pat i by dading precious metals and opening new fade routes, the men established the Vignia Company ad tbesned char from King Jans | serement they financed in presene-day Maine soon collapsed, but as oid enterpie was more succes. 11607 the company dispatched 104 men and boys to. region neat Chesapeake Bay called Tesnacemace by it native inhabisns, There they extaby Tshed the palsaded setdement called Jamestown ona swampy penis in river thoy also named for thee monarch. The sicly fonstracted small houses and. 3 Church of England ‘chapel Il equipped fr survival in the unfaiar en Fonmient, Ge colons were acted by disension and Abscase Moreoves, through shoes bad fck they arsved in the midst ofa severe drought ow known tobe the ‘worst inthe region for 1,700 years, which perited on {I 1612, The lack of rinfall oe oni made iffcule to Caleta crops but ls palate thir drinking water ‘Dy January 1608, only ehiry-eight ofthe original colons rorssind alle. Mani ofthe Sse immigrants ‘were gentlemen unaccustomed ta working wth their and and voliers who bad fogs sine Spain i the Netherlands ‘They rested hard labor, atempted 10 ‘maintain eadiional soval hiearchiey, and reeined elaborate English dress and casual work habits despite fei despecate eieumsances, Such aides, combined ‘oth the eects of chvosie matron and epidemic dlsease, took a tele tll. Only when Captain John Smith, one of he colony's Towerstar foandery im posed nity discipline onde sellesstant alos 1608 was Jamestown saved from collapse, But afr Smiths departuze he sezment experienced a severe Journ “arving rime” (the winter of 1609-1610), daring which ry44 Chapter 2 Europeans Colonize North America at Jest one colonis resorted to cannibalism. Although ‘ore setles (including 2 few women and children) ae- ‘ved in 1608 and 1609 and living cndiion slow'y in Proved, as late as 1624 only 1,300 of approximately |.000 English immigrants to Virginia mained alive Jamestown owed is survival tothe Indians of Tse coos, a group of six Algonquian villages ovina che Powhatan Confederacy ae Map 21), ‘A shrewd and. powerfl leader, Powhatan was aggresivey conslida™ ing his authonty over some tent five slr bands when the Europeans arrived, Fortunately for the colonists, Powhatan a fst viewed hem a5 po tential alles. He found the English colony 2 reliable source of wef ieems such as Knives and guns, which fue him technological advantage over his Indian eighbors. In rerurn, Powhatans people traded their ex Cet cor and other foods othe starving seers. Bot the initially cordial celationship soon deteriorated. The Indians crops failed daring the drought and they no longer had surpluses to exchange, though the English sorpeced deploy. Englsh colonists Kidnapped Povhatan’s daughtey, Pocshoatas, holding her a 2 hostage. In eapsvitg, she agreed ia 1614 to marry & colons, John Rolfe, pethaps a8 form of diplomatic a liane. Se sled with histo England, where she died in 1616 afer bering 8 son. ‘The Jsmentown colony and the coastal Indians had an uneasy relationship. English and Algonquian peoples had much in common: deep religious oman Coxrenenacr Tuzonouan belies, lifesye ociested around agi- ‘aso Evcustr —coltre clear politcal and social hiear- CCuuzuna, ches, and sharply defined gender roles. Diveanwces Yet the Englsh and the Powbatans shen ocd on thc dan en a ay acu they dd oe ulate crop nd Spent much oftheir tne huncing (a sport, not wor, in Englishes). Indian men though: English mea effeminate because they did "women’s work” ofculsvadion. Inthe same vein the English believed that Algonquian women ‘wets opptesed Because they did sry feld abo. ‘Other difrences berwoxn the two caltres caused serious mituadeestandings. Although both socieies were Iiearcicl, ch nature ofthe hierarchic differed com ‘siderably. Among ast Cast Algonquians poll power And social status were not neoctarily passed down ‘throngh te male lie. Members of the Eglsh gery i Ihested thee poston from thet fathers, and English o> Ties and motary leaders ended 20 role autocraccally. By contrast, the authority of Algonquian leaders rested ‘on consensts. Accustomed tothe European concept of ‘1600-11 poweefal ngs, the English sought such gues in native villages. Often Yor example, when negoting tetis) they wilfllyavecestimated the abiity of cies 0 male independent decisions fr their people Furthermore, Algonqvisos snd Engl had very di ferent nocons of property ownership. Mos Algonquian vies held hele land communally. Ke could not be ought o sold absoltely although cesta sight 0 se the land (oe example fo: hunting or Bshig) could be transferred. Many English people, in comuat, were ac ‘nstomed to individual fans and to buying and selling land. The Eoglieh also refised to acept the vaidicy of Indian clans to eraitonal hunting terior, insse ing thae only land intensively ealsvated could’ be xe garded a8 owned or oezupied. As oae coloast put i alvadge peoples” who “rambled” over region with= ‘ont farming i coal claim no “leo peoperye” ia the land. Ownecship of uch “unclaimed” propery the Eng: lsh belived ay withthe English monarchy, in whose ‘ame John Caboc had lid claim to North Ameria in 1497, ‘shove al she Eoglish seers believed unwaverialy in the superiority of thet cization. Although in the carly yeas of colonization they often anceipated living peacefully alongside Native Americans, they always as- fumed that they would ditate the tems of suc coexs- tence Like Thomas Haro at Roanoke, they experted ative peoples to adopt English customs and to convert to Christianity. They showed ite respect for eradtsonal Indian ways of le, especially when they believed thie wn interests were at sake, The Virginia colony’ reat- tent ofthe Powhatan Confederacy in subsequent years rental factors, the aortbeen sctements turned out very {iferetly fom thee counterpart to dhe sth. The di [erences became apparent even as the would-be colonists eft England,oping to exer control over «migration that ap- peared dnordely and which nade disentersssking to fice the authority of che Church of CoRmAGTAE England), royal bureaucrats in late Recioss, 1834 ordered por oficial ia Loadon Dantocnarac. to coi information on all ravelere Pasrexns departing forthe colonies. The rele ing ecords forthe year 1639 ae ates sure oe for historians. They document the departare of 53 vessel in that pear alone—20 to Vigna, 170 New England, § to” Barbados, § 20 St Kats, 2 20 ecmada, and 110 Providence and. On those ships sailed almost 5,000 people, wth 2,000 departing for Vir fini abou 1200 for Neve England, and the et fo i= fad” destinations. Nesiy three of all the issengers were Berwoen 15 and 24 eats od, fling the predominance of young male servants among mi rants to America. ‘But among those bound for New England, sich youths consid less dan oae tied ofthe total neatly 40 percent were becween ages 25 and 5D, and another ‘hied were aged 14 and below: Whereas women made up just 14 percent of those goingco Vigna, hey composed slmost 40 percent ofthe passengers to New England ven fom soch composite Raures, iis therefore evident tha New Englanders ofen traveled in family rope. “Moreover, chy aso brought more goods and livestock ‘oth them sips bowl for New England cari fewer passengers and considerably Larger cargoes than those ping ehewkere, Final, the northern migcans also tend wo erave with ther people rom the same regions: for example, aboard one vessel, more than half came fom York on another neal hall came from Backing: hamshie In short although migeans tothe Chesapeake and he ilands most commonly left riends and fais {ehind, those who moved to New England came incon cet with their close ascites, Ther lives in North ‘America accordingly mast have been more comfortable flee omely chan chat he southern counterparts. ‘Among. Chesapeake migrants only the Catholics who moe to Maryland som to have been motivated ‘by elie concer, Yer clin ir Gorrmamne sped many, although cerainiy not Reciowa. ll ofthe people who colonized New Revoots England. ran congregations guikly Parias _becamekeyinstatons in colonial New England, vheteas ther the Chrch of England nor Roman Catholic had mich impact onthe senlers or the carly development of the Chesapeake Colonies, Catholic and Anglican bishops in England paid lite atetion to thei coreigionss io America, and Chesapeake congzepaions languished ia she absence of ‘The Founding of New England [Map 22 Now England Colonies, 1650, Tre most densely sted ego ofthe mlaand was New England wes Engh sttononts arian lagee ‘ete ide by sea sulfcieat numbers of propely ordained clergymen. (For ‘example in 1665 au observer noted that only ten of the fifty Virgina pashes had vesident lees.) Not wat the 16906 did the Church of Eagland begin to ake frmer root in Vigna; by then tad alo replaced Catholic {asthe established church in Maryan By conta, eliion constantly afeted the lives of pious Pantans, who regulely reassessed the sae of ie Souls Many devoted themselves tow examunstion sod Bible stds and fale prayed together each day under ‘the guidance ofthe husband and father. Yer bscause even ‘the most pious could nerec be cetain tha they were ‘pomibered among the eet, aniey abou thesia State woabled devout Panne. That anxiry lent spe ial itensiy to thee eligons bells and to their con. era wick properchavior-~cheirown ad that of ater Scparatsts who thought the Church of England t00 ‘onrop tobe salvaged became the fst to move to New Engand, In 1603.» Separatist con ‘etation relocated fo Leide, in the NNethedands, where they found the freedom of worship denied thee i Stuart England, Bat tventally the Nethesands worried them, fr the nation Seam 49{50 Chapter 2 Europeans Colonize North America ‘tha tolerate them alo tolerated religions and bebevows they abhorred, Hoping to sslace themselves end their ‘Ihldken fom ee coerupinginflaence of worldly temp- tations, these people, who camer be known as Prins, received permission fom the Virginia Company cco oe the aomheen art ofits terior. in Seprember 1620, more thin one hundeed people, nly tity of them Separatist, et sal fom England on the ol and crowded Mayflower Two ronths later they landed in America, bo farther north than they had i tended, Sill given dhe lateness of the season, they de ‘Sed to stay where they were. Esablhing. thir fealemeat on a fine hashor the site ofan Indian village wiped nt by the epidemic of 1616-1618—ahe English people named it Plymouth "Even before they landed, the Pilgrims had to su out their fist challenge—eom the "suangers” oF fon Separatist, who sailed with them to America. Be ‘ate they landed onside the jurisdiction ofthe Virgina ‘Company, some ofthe stangersquestoned the euthority ‘of de colony’ leaders In response he Mayflower Com ppt, signed in November 1620 on shipboard, estab lished “Civ Body Polite” as temporary subsite foc a char The male seers elected a governor and 1600-1640 ‘nally made all decisions forthe colony at town meee- Inge, Later, after more towns bad been founded and the population increased, Pymouth, like Visinia and Mary- fan, eested an assemby to which the landowning male serers lected representatives. ‘Mere survival also challenged the Pris. Like he Jamestown settles fore them, they were poorly pre- paced to sat ia che new enviton feat, Winter quikly descended, compounding thet dicultes, Oaly half the Mayflower passengers lived so se the sping. Bu, agin ike the Vitginans, the Pi time benefited from the polical cwcumsances of rearby Indias. "The Pokanokets 2 branch of the Warmpanoaes} con role the area in which the Diims setted. Thi vi Tages had seed rile losses sn the recent epidemic, so so. protest themuelses fom the powerfal Nara ‘gnsers ofthe southern New England coast (ho had een spared the ravages ofthe disease, the Pokanokss eee co ally themselves withthe sevcomess. Inthe pring of 1621, the lender, Massaso, signed a treaty ‘wih te Prima and during te colony's fst dificult {seats the Pokanokets supplied the English with essen Tus RiLarions ‘8 Some schol now botave the ths 1638 panting the Dutch ast Adam Walon dpi the Prat elry aout een years afar ts founding. The shape ofthe harbor, the wooden (ee, nd tha hous stagling up the lal ence wi contemporary accounts ofthe Sete Noone belaves hat Willa i a vite Pymouth bt people retuing Hom the ‘Sony to Holand, rece the Pins tad bud or yeas beer eign, could wal have Clesetbe math oer. (210. Sas Cte Lae Arcs Pg sure eters