Functions of blood

Blood has three main functions: transport, protection and regulation.

Transport
Blood transports the following substances:

Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the
lungs and rest of the body

Nutrients from the digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the
body

Waste products to be detoxified or removed by the liver and kidneys

Hormones from the glands in which they are produced to their target
cells

Heat to the skin so as to help regulate body temperature

Protection
Blood has several roles in inflammation:

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, destroy invading microorganisms and

cancer cells

Antibodies and other proteins destroy pathogenic substances

Platelet factors initiate blood clotting and help minimise blood loss

Regulation
Blood helps regulate:

pH by interacting with acids and bases

Water balance by transferring water to and from tissues

What does blood do?

Last Update: January 7, 2015; Next update: 2018.

The blood is a vitally important fluid for the body. It is thicker than water, and feels a bit
sticky. The temperature of blood in the body is 38 C, which is about one degree higher
than body temperature. How much blood you have depends mostly on your size and
weight. A man who weighs about 70 kg (about 154 pounds) has about 5 to 6 liters of
blood in his body. Blood has three important functions:
1.Transportation: The blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body,
where it is needed for metabolism. Thecarbon dioxide produced during metabolism is
carried back to the lungs by the blood, where it is then exhaled. Blood also provides the
cells with nutrients, transports hormones and removes waste products, which the liver,
the kidneys or the intestine, for example, then get rid of.
2.Regulation: The blood helps to keep certain values of the body in balance. For
instance, it makes sure that the right body temperature is maintained. This is done both
through blood plasma, which can absorb or give off heat, as well as through the speed
at which the blood is flowing. When the blood vessels expand, the blood flows more
slowly and this causes heat to be lost. When the environmental temperature is low the
blood vessels can contract, so that as little heat as possible is lost. Even the so-called
pH value of the blood is kept at a level ideal for the body. The pH value tells us how
acidic or alkaline a liquid is. A constant pH value is very important for bodily functions.
3.Protection: If a blood vessel is damaged, certain parts of the blood clot together very
quickly and make sure that a scrape, for instance, stops bleeding. This is how the body
is protected against losing blood. White blood cells and other messenger substances
also play an important role in the immune system.

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) separates compounds that differ in charge to hydrodynamic size
ratio and is an excellent technique for the analysis of polar compounds. The technique is
particularly applicable to chiral separations. Chiral CE separation is achieved by adding a chiral
selector to the so called background electrolyte. The enantiomers then form fast, reversible
equilibria with the selector. In this paper a simple method development strategy for basic, acidic
and neutral compounds is presented and illustrated with examples and common pitfalls. Some
important good working practices (background electrolyte buffer recipes, temperature, corrected
peak area, injection, polyimide coating removal from capillary ends) are highlighted, so that a
good chiral separation can be developed into a robust analytical method. - See more at:

Definition of High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a form of liquid chromatography to

separate compounds that are dissolved in solution. HPLC instruments consist of a reservoir of
mobile phase, a pump, an injector, a separation column, and a detector. Compounds are
separated by injecting a plug of the sample mixture onto thecolumn. The different components
in the mixture pass through the column at different rates due to differences in
their partitioning behavior between the mobile liquidphase and the stationary phase.

Panganiban, Kathleen C.
Pharm4 11:30-12:30 TThS A311

August 25, 2016

Test

Normal Values

Albumin, serum

3.5 5.5 g/dL

ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)

45 U/L or less

AST(Aspartate

40 U/L or less

Aminotransferase)
Bilirubin, total

1.2 1.3 mg/dL or less

BUN(blood urea nitrogen),

7-25 mg/dL

serum
Carbon dioxide

Normal adult range-22-32mEq/L

Calcium, serum

8.5 108 mg/dL

Calcium, urine

100-300mg/24hr

Chloride, serum

96-109 mmol/L

Chloride, Cerebrospinal fluid

118-132 mEq/L

Chloride, sweat

0-35 mmol/L

Creatinine, serum

0.6 6 mg/dL

CRP(C-reactive Protein test)

0.8 mg/dL or less

Glucose, plasma

70-110 mg/dL

LDH(lactate dehydrogenase)

less than 240 U/L

Phosphorus, serum

3.0-4.5 mg/dL

Potassium, serum

3.5 5.3 mmol/L

Potassium, urine

Varies with diet

Prothrombin time

9 12 seconds

Rapid plasma reagin

nonreactive

Sedimentation rate

male: 0 15 mm/hr, female: 0 20 mm/hr

Sodium, serum

135 147 mmol/L

Sodium, urine

135-145 mEq/L

Triiodothyronine (T3)

85 205 mg/mL

Thyroxine (T4)

4.5 12 mg/dL

Total protein, serum

6 8.5 g/dL

Triglycerides

less than 150 mg/dL

Uric acid, serum

male: 3.9 9 mg/dL, female: 2.2 7.7

mg/dL

References:

Schmider,C.(2016).Normal values for lab tests. Available at:

http://www.healthpages.org/health-a-z/normal-values-lab-tests/

Anonymous.Electrolyte values.cited:2016 Aug 24. Available at:

http://www.drstandley.com/labvalues_electrolyte.shtml