7TH BLOK
ANATOMY LABORATORY
MEDICAL FACULTY
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF PURWOKERTO
2016
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Editors Team:
Rosmayda Ria Julianti (1413010002)
Mahidin (1413010006)
Tyas Ratna Pangestika (1413010030)
Nadya Ratu Aziza Fuady (1413010031)
Dewandaru Istighfaris Argadinanta Brahmanti (1413010044)
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Based on the location, the respiratory tractus divided into two parts
1. Upper Respiratory Tract
a. Nasal
b. Pharynx
2. Lower Respiratory Tract
a. Larynx
b. Trachea
c. Bronchus
d. Bronchiolus
e. Alveolus
f. Pulmo
Respiratory Tract
Nares anterior vestibulumnasi (cilia) cavum nasi nares posterior (choana) pharynx
larynx trachea primary bronchus secondary bronchus tertiary bronchus
bronchioles bronchiolus terminal bronchiolus respiratory alveolus duct alveolus
sac alveolus
A. Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Nasal
Upper Respiratory Tract divided into two organs, nasal and pharynx. When we
inhaled, air that comes to nasal will be filtered, humidified and adjusted the
temperature tobodys temperature. Anterior nasal called nares anterior and
posterior nasal called nares posterior (choana).
a. Anatomy of the nasal cavity
Boundary of the nasal and oral cavity are:
- Pallatum durum
- Pallatum molle
Structure of the nasal cavity are:
- Nares anterior
- Dorsum nasi
- Vestibulum nasi
- Cavum nasi
Cavum nasi formed by two structures, there are concha and meatus.
Concha :
1) Concha nasalis superior
2) Concha nasalis media
3) Concha nasalis inferior
Meatus :
1) Meatus nasalis superior
2) Meatus nasalis media
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Internal of the nasal cavity get vascularization from two great plexus, there
are:
1) Kiesselbach plexus (anterior)
2) Woodruff plexus (posterior)
Pict 2. Kiesselbach plexus
c. Inervation
Nasal cavity inervated by nervus trigeminus (N. V) and nervus olfactorius
(N. I)
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d. Clinical Aplication
1) Epistaxis
2) Anosmia
3) Polip nasi
4) Alergic rhinitis
5) Sinusitis
2. Pharynx
Pharynx divided into three parts, there are nasopharynx, ororpharynx and
lryngopharynx.
a. Anatomy of pharynx
Nasopharynx
- Ostium pharyngeum
- Tuba auditiva
- Tonsilla pharyngea
Oropharynx
- Fauces
- Tonsilla palatina
Laryngopharynx
- Aadytus laryngeus
There are structure named Compiler of Waldayers Ring. Waldayers ring
formed by three tonsilla, there are:
- Tonsilla palatina
- Tonsilla pharyngea
- Tonsilla lingualis
3. Structure of pharynx
- Glotis
- Epiglottis cartilage
- Cricoidea cartilage
- Ligamentum vestibularis
- Ligamentum vocalis
- Plica vestibularis
- Plica vocalis
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Larynx
Structure of the larynx
a.Three single cartilage:
cartilagethyroidea (terdapat prominentia laryngeal/ jakun)
cartilagecricoidea
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epiglottis
b. Three pairs cartilage
cartilagearytenoidea
cartilagecuneiforme
cartilagecorniculata
c.Plicavestibularis
d. Plicavocalis
Innervation larynx
a. Sensory nerves
The above plica vocalists : laryngeus ramus internus , laryngeus superior
branch of the vagus nerve .
Under the plica vocalists : laryngeus nerve recurrens
a. nerves Motoris
Vascularization larynx
The top half of the larynx : laryngeus superior ramus superior thyroldea
artery .
The bottom half of the larynx : laryngeus inferior rami thyroidea artery
inferior
Producing sound
Clinical applications
Asthma
Asthma is an obstructive airway disease intermittent , reversible where the
trachea and brokhi respond in a hyperactive manner against certain stimuli
Pict 4. larynx
Pict 5. larynx
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2. Trachea
Ligamentumannularia
Innervation trachea
sensory innervation comes from the vagus nerve and nerve laryngeus
Vascularization trachea
1/3 of the trachea gets blood from the artery thyroidea inferior , and
Flow limfetrachea
Lymph flows into nodi lymphatici pretracheales and paratracheales and into nodi
lymphoidei cervicales profundi
Laryngeal function
As eskalatormuko - tracheal ciliary because the cilia in the trachea can encourage
Clinical applications
Laryngitis
laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx that occurs for many reasons and caused
primarily by a virus and can be caused by bacteria
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3. Bronchus
Bronchus is a channel which branching from trachea
Primary bronchus / principalis
Secondary bronchus / lobaris
Tertiary bronchus / segmentalis
Table1. Difference between bronchus primer dextra and sinistra:
______________________________________________________________
Difference
Bronchus primer dextra
Bronchus primer sinistra
________________________________________________________________
Long
shorter
longer
Wide
wider
Tighter
Tilt
more upright
more horizontal
4. Bronchiolus
Bronchiolus is a channels which branching from bronchus.
Pict 7. bronchus
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Segment of Pulmo
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Apex pulmo
Basis pulmo
Incisura cardiac
Hillum pulmonalis
Entry of radix pulmo
Radix pulmonalis
Consist of bronchus primer, artery and vein pulmonal, nodi lymphatic plexus
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Pict
Pict 13. Normal thorax radiography (left), and in patients with bronchitis(right).
2. Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and
cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway
hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness,
chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These
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episodes are usually associated with widespread, but variable, airflow obstruction
within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment.
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Treatment :
Action decompression. Pleural cavity contact with the outside world by means of a
needle through the chest wall and then entering the pleural cavity thereby positive air
pressure in the pleural space would turn into a negative because the positive air in the
pleural space would turn into a negative because the air out through the needle. Making
contact with the outside air through a counter ventiles:
-
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such as:
- A bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
- Pain in the chest
- Coughing up blood or sputum (mucus from deep inside the lungs)
Other symptoms of TB disease may include:
-
Weakness or fatigue
Weight loss
No appetite
Chills
Fever
Sweating at night
fracture are chest pain and disruption of respiration. Rib fracture can cause complications
such as hematothorax or pneumothorax.
predisposition also plays a role in the etiology of lung cancer. History will be obtained
from the main complaints and course of the disease, as well as other factors that are often
very helpful upholding diagnose. The main complaints can be:
- Cough-cough with / without sputum (phlegm white, can also purulent)
- Coughing up blood
- Hard to breathe
- Hoarseness
- Chest pain
- Difficulty / pain swallowing
- A lump in the base of the neck
- Swollen face and neck, sometimes accompanied by a swollen arm with great pain
Not infrequently the first visible symptoms or complaints are due to metastases outside
the lung, such as abnormalities that arise because of severe compression of the brain, liver
enlargement or leg fractures. Symptoms and complaints that are not typical like:
-
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