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"

1-
Chang, S. T. 1987. Microbial biotechnology. Integrated studies

on utilization of solid organic wastes. Resources and conservation,
75:13.
2-
Chermiti, A. , H. Rouissi & M. Mahouachi. 1999. Bilan des

recherches sur lutilisation des sous produits dans lalimentation
des petits ruminants. Sminaire national sur le bilan des recherches
sur les petits ruminants. 20-21 septembre. Mateur. Tunisie.
3-
Chermiti, A. 1999. Place des pailles de crales dans lalimentation

des ruminants. Ouvrage. Edition La page Infographique Tunisie.
100p.
4-
Chermiti, A. 1994. Valorisation des pailles de crales par le

traitement lammoniac et lure par diffrentes espces de
ruminants dans les pays de lAfrique du Nord. Thse de Doctorat
dEtat en Sciences Agronomiques. Universit Catholique de
Louvain. Facult des Sciences Agronomiques. Louvain. Louvain
La Neuve. Belgique.
5-
Deng-Cheng, Lorance, Better Utilization of by-products from the

meat industry http://www.agent.org/library/articlel/ed.515.htm/
6-
Kawamori, M. , Y. Morikawa , Y. Ado & S. Takassawa. 1986.

Production of cellulases from alkali-treated bagass by T. Reesei.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 24: 454.
7-
Marchaim, U. 1992. Biogass Process for Sustainable development.

FAO Agriculture Service Bulletin . FAO. Rome. 95:232P.
87

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8-
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Mahmoud, B. & M. Elkattan. 1989. Edible Oyster mushroom

cultivation on rice straw. Mushroom J. for tropics. 9:37.
9-
Shquir, A. 1981. Utilization of Liquefied Fish as Ruminants' Feed.

Thesis.Doctorate Dissertation in Animal Science. Oregon State
University. Corrvallis. Oregon. USA
10-
Shqueir, A. , D. Thomas & W. Kennic. 1982. The effect of

ryegrass straw and monensin on performance of feedlot lambs.
Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 62:207.
11-
Shqueir, A. , D. Church & R. Kellems. 1984. Evaluation of

liquefied fish on digestibility and feedlot performance studies with
sheep. Canadian J. Anim. Sci. 64:889.
12-
Shqueir, A. , P. Cheecke & P. Patton. 1985. Effect of feeding

cabbage cabbage residue on performance of diarehea in rabbits, J.
Appl. Rabbit Res. 8 (4):1177.
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Recycle of Agricultural by-products in

industrial and domestic utilization
summary
This study is part of the Arab Organization for Agricultural
Development plan for 2006. The main objective of this study was the
formulation of a regional project, utilizing appropriate technologies to
optimize economic return on the reuse and recycle of agricultural and
agro-industrial by- products and reduce environmental pollution. The
project is based on the evaluation of the current use of by-products,
limitations and constrains that hinder optimum economic utilization as
well. In addition to the main objective, several secondary objectives can
be achieved such as: development of
reduction of
alternative by-products
uses,
its impact on environment, recognition of available
technological know-how for investment and more active
role of
governmental and nongovernmental organizations.

The study was divided into seven chapters. The first one illustrated
the economic importance of agricultural sector in the Arab World. The
available data, for the year 2004, showed that the value of gross national
products was around $68.2 billion; total cultivated area was 69.6 million
Hectares which makes less than 5% of the total area of the Arab World,
and around 11.4% of the cultivated area was permanent crops. The
agricultural labour forces was about 31.6% of the total labour forces.
The data of year 2004, indicated that total production from main
crop groups were around 5.4, 6.7, 1.4, 1.4, 5.8, million tons for cereals,
rice, roots and tubers, legumes and oil seeds, respectively.
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vegetables, fruits and sugar crops production were around 44, 27 and 1.4
million tons, respectively. The number of animals, were: 60, 4, 166, 114
and 14 million heads of cattle, buffalos, sheep, goats and camels,
respectively. The total products of red meat, white meat, milk, eggs and
fish were: 3.9, 2.9, 22, 1.4, and 3.9 million tons, respectively.
The second chapter dealt with the total production of various agricultural
by-products
which exceeded 500 million tons,
where animal by-
Products represented 81%.

For practical purposes, the plant by-products were classified into:
field crop residues that remains after the harvest of the main crops
(vegetative parts, leaves, branches and stems.) such as: wheat, barley,
rice, maize, (around 32 million tons); cotton by-products was estimated
around 4.6 million tons (63% were produced by Egypt and Sudan and the
rest was produced by the Eastern region; Oil seed crops generated 2.4
million tons of by-products (65% was produced by Sudan and 25%
produced by Egypt); legumes generated around 2.8 million tons (56%
from Morocco and 34% from Egypt and Sudan); sugar cane generated
around 8.9 million tons (37% was produced in Egypt and Sudan, Yemen
and Saudi Arabia around 20% and Morocco about 16%); sugar beets
generated around 3 million tons (36% from Algeria); Palm trees byproducts was around 3 million tons (32% from Egypt and Sudan, 25% for
Saudi Arabia and 22% from Western region); date seeds and pulps were
around 0.22 million tons produced mainly in Iraq, Egypt and Saudi
Arabia. Total by-products of fruits and vegetables were around 13 million
tons, vegetables contributed about 59% of the total; fruit trees byproducts and pruning of olive trees generated around 3.1 and 2.1 million
tons respectively.
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The chapter also included agro-industrial by-product residues from

preparation and processing industries of food crops such as the
production of sugar contributed 34%, flour (mill residues, 26%), oil seed
pulps 15%, and vegetables and fruits, 6.4%, fermented barley, whey from
cheese industry. The total by-products of this section was 14.5 million
tons (36% from Central region, 16% from Western region and 13% from
Eastern region). Based on its water content agro-industrial by-products
were classified into dry, wet and liquid. The dry by-products have more
than 85 % dry matter with low density such as bran, cotton seed meal, oil
seed pulps, and bagasse, sugar cane industry; wet, with 50-75% dry
matter such as: citrus, tomatoes, grapes, olives and sugar beet pulps;
liquid, such as molasses whey and margine. The total production, of the
Arab World, from the latter was around 300,000 cubic meter where
whey production was around 3.5 million tons.
Animal by-products were estimated to be 405 million tons of
which 221 million tons manure from cattle and baffalos, 138 from sheep
and goats, 32 million tons, from poultry, 0.22 million tons of fish, and
0.7 from slaughter houses,
Chapter three reviewed the most appropriate technologies that are
currently in use in processing, recycling & reusing of by-products. There
are several technologies, but the main ones used in : utilization of byproducts in the production of animal feeds, production of biogas, &
organic fertilizers, production of industrial and medical products, and
others.
The second part of the chapter, evaluated economic, social and
environmental impacts and benefits of by-products, recycling and reusing
through the production of, animal feeds, generating job opportunities,
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reduction of environmental pollution, gaining technical and managerial

skills in processing of by-products. Further, there are certain standards
that have to be considered whenever a technology is adopted such as:
viability to work at the farm level, use different types of by-products; has
positive social and environmental impact.
Chapter four discussed the current use of by-products in the Arab
World. It has been found that most plant by- products are used as animal
feeds either as is or after certain physical treatments such as: chopping,
grinding,etc, and making multinutritional blocks, pellets,.. etc., to be
used during drought periods; chemical treatments,
using urea and
ammonia to improve nutritive value of by-products. It has been proved

that these treatments were easy to adopt at the farm level. The use of
urea and ammonia is a common practice in several Arab countries such
as: Egypt, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, etc. Silage is another technique
used to preserve nutritive value of certain by-products: such as citrus,
tomatoes and Sugar beets pulps, fermented barley preakly pears and
marine plants and others while pellets and bales technologies are used to
preserve nutritive value of by-products to be utilized as animal feeds
during drought periods.
Alternative uses of by-products were also mentioned including:
organic fertilizer or combost, which is used to improve soil fertility and
energy production using appropriate technologies.
There are certain industries that can reuse of by-products, such as
woods, papers, production of carbon dioxide, vinegars, ethyl alcohol,
single cell proteins, yeast, acetone, and organic solvents. Slaughter
houses' by-products have some medical uses.
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Chapter five discussed the obstacles that may face the optimal byproducts utilization. These obstacles were:
- Technical ones that are associated with type of by-products, its
availability, methods of treatment, technical know- how as well,
and lack of homogeneity of by-products;
- Organizational and by-laws such as scattering of responsibilities
among various organizations that are responsible for the
management of utilizing by-products, in order to maximize
economic benefits and to reduce environmental pollution; weak
coordination among the said organizations and bodies;
- environmental issues, such as: the negative impact in case that byproducts were not utilized, on the other hand when by-products
were left there is a potential for the diseases propagation in the
environment.
- Economic and social issues, loss of potential income if by-products
were not properly utilized, high cost of collection and
transportation from production to utilization areas many hinder its
optimum use.
Chapter six was about the current projects, in different Arab
Countries, and future proposals as well. The available country reports
showed that there were 15 projects in the following areas: 9 projects for
animal feeds ; three projects for fertilizer, two projects for the production
of industrial products; two projects related to the environment and one
project for biogas production.
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There were, also 16 project proposals: 8 projects for animal feeds, 5

projects for energy and fertilizers, and three projects for industrial and
environmental aspects.
Finally, chapter seven presented a regional project on recycling and
utilizing by-products based on utilizing appropriate technologies. In
addition, two other proposals were prepared, the first one was about
utilization of appropriate technologies to optimize the use of by-products
in animal nutrition; the second proposal concerned the use of
technologies in the production of energy and organic fertilizers as well.
The approach to these proposals has to consider the following
components: Establishing a dynamic data
base for the quality and
quantity of by-products technology; transferring and adapting the

appropriate technologies and establishing of model communities;
establishing special projects to generate job opportunities, and supporting
scientific and applied research as well.
97

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Rsum
La prsente tude qui fait partie des activits de lOrganisation
Arabe du Dveloppement Agricole pour lanne 2006, a pour objectif
principal llaboration dun projet rgional relatif aux possibilits de
recyclage des sous produits agro industriels et leur utilisation travers
lvaluation des quantits disponibles et leur qualit, en plus de la
connaissance des technologies dveloppes en vue de les transfrer et
appliquer lchelle de lexploitation agricole et/ou industrielle afin
daugmenter le revenu de lexploitant. Dautres objectifs spcifiques
sont galement viss tels que ltude des possibilits et lefficacit
dutilisation
des
sous
produits
dans
diffrents
domaines,
le
dveloppement dautres alternatives qui assure la valorisation dune

manire durable de ces ressources locales, leur adaptation aux
systmes de production et la limitation de limpact sur lenvironnement.
Ltude est compose de 7 parties. La premire partie concerne
limportance conomique du secteur agricole dans le monde Arabe. En
effet, la valeur de la production agricole a atteint en 2004 environ 69,6
billions de dollars et la superficie agricole reprsente moins de 5% de la
superficie totale et emploie 31,6% de la main duvre totale. La
production totale de crales, de riz, de pomme de terre, des
lgumineuses alimentaires et des graines a atteint en 2004, les valeurs
de 5,4 ; 6,7 ; 1,4 ; 1,4 et 5,8 millions de tonnes, respectivement. La
production totale des lgumes, des fruits et celle des rcoltes sucrires
est de 44,5 ; 26,9 et 1,4 millions de tonnes, respectivement. Les
effectifs des bovins, des buffles, des ovins, des caprins et des camelins
sont de 60 ; 4 ; 166 ; 114 et 14 millions de ttes, respectivement. La
production des viandes, du lait, des ufs et de la pche est
respectivement de, 3,9 ; 2,9, 22 ; 1,4 et 3,9 millions de tonnes.
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La seconde partie concerne la production de sous produits

dorigine vgtale et animale dans les pays arabes. La production totale
a atteint plus de 500 millions de tonnes en 2004 ; dont celle provenant
des productions animales et de la pche reprsente 81%.
Les sous produits peuvent tre classs comme suit : les rsidus
des rcoltes provenant des productions des crales, du riz et du mas
(34 millions de tonnes) et du coton (4,6 millions de tonnes). Les sous
produits issus des productions de graines (2,4 millions de tonnes); les
sous produits des lgumineuses (2,8 millions de tonnes), les sous
produits issus de la cane sucre (8,6 millions de tonnes) ; et ceux de la
betterave sucre (3 millions de tonnes), les sous produits des dattes (3
millions de tonnes) et ceux issus de la taille des oliviers sont estims
2,1 millions de tonnes et des plantations de bananes sont environ de
0,6 million de tonnes.
Les quantits de sous produits de lindustrie agroalimentaire sont
estimes 14,5 millions de tonnes, et en les classant sur la base des
caractristiques physiques, on peut distinguer ceux dont la teneur en
humidit est infrieure 15% (les sons, la bagasse, les noyaux des
dattes, etc.); ceux dont la teneur en humidit varient de 25% 50% (les
pulpes, notamment) et ceux sous forme liquide (les margines, le
lactosrum).
Les sous produits provenant des productions animales et de la
pche sont estims 405 millions de tonnes, dont 221 millions de
tonnes proviennent des bovins et des buffles, 138 millions de tonnes
des ovins et des caprins, 32 millions de tonnes du secteur avicole, 0,22
million de tonnes de la pche et 0,7 million de tonnes des abattoirs.
Le troisime chapitre concerne les technologies utilises pour la
valorisation et le recyclage des sous produits agricoles et industriels.
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Ces technologies concernent celles utilises dans le domaine de la

nutrition animale, dans le domaine de lnergie et de la fertilisation ou la
production de composts ; ainsi que celles utilises pour la production de
produits employs dans le domaine industriel ou mdical. Il a t
galement mentionn lintrt conomique, social et environnemental
suite la valorisation des sous produits dans de tels domaines.
La quatrime partie se rapporte aux utilisations actuelles des
sous produits. En effet, il apparat que de nombreux sous produits sont
utiliss dans le domaine de la nutrition animale aprs avoir subis des
traitements appropris tels que le hachage, le broyage et/ou des
traitements chimiques. Ces derniers sont appliqus dans certains pays
comme le Maroc, la Tunisie, lEgypte et la Syrie. La technique de
lensilage est galement applique pour la conservation de certains
sous produits comme les pulpes (tomates, betteraves, drches de
brasserie, agrumes, etc.). La technique des blocs alimentaires ou la
granulation vise la conservation de quelques sous produits et rsidus
des rcoltes pour tre utiliss, soit en tant qualiments concentrs, soit
en tant qualiments de sauvegarde utiliss particulirement durant les
priodes de scheresse. Parmi ces ressources locales, des travaux de
recherche et de recherche dveloppement sont raliss sur les dattes
dclasses, les figues de barbarie, les pulpes de tomates et de
betteraves. Dautres travaux ont concern les vgtaux marins,
considrs comme sous produits dorigine marine, sont galement
mentionns.
Le cinquime chapitre se rapporte aux contraintes rencontres
pour la valorisation des sous produits. Ces contraintes sont dordre :
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techniques : elles sont lies la nature et la qualit des

quantits produites de sous produits et lapplication des
technologies appropries ;
institutionnel et lgislatif: faible coordination entre les institutions

responsables de la valorisation et du recyclage, non disponibilit
dune base de donnes actualise ;
environnemental : le stockage des sous produits est lorigine de

la pollution de lenvironnement travers les gaz produits suite
aux fermentations. Les sous produits stocks et non valoriss
peuvent tre galement un lieu favorable pour les microbes et les
insectes. Ces derniers sont lorigine de propagation de
nombreuses maladies pour les plantations, les humains et les
animaux.
La sixime partie concerne les projets en cours de ralisation et
portant sur la valorisation des sous produits agro industriels dans les
pays arabes concerns par ltude. Elle comporte galement des
propositions pour les annes venir. En ce qui concerne les projets en
cours, sur les 15 projets nationaux, sept projets se rapportent la
valorisation des sous produits dans le domaine de la nutrition animale
et les autres portent sur la production de fertilisants et de composts (3),
lenvironnement (2), la production de produits industriels tels que les
enzymes et les alcools (2) et la production de biogaz (1). Seize
propositions ont t avances par les pays participants ltude et 50%
se rapportent au domaine de la nutrition animale. Les autres
propositions concernent les techniques de valorisation des sous
produits dans le domaine de lnergie et de la production de composts
(5) ; ainsi que dans le domaine de lindustrie et de lenvironnement (3).
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Enfin, lquipe charge de ltude prsente, dans la septime

partie, une proposition dun projet rgional relatif la valorisation et au
recyclage des sous produits de lagriculture et de lindustrie. Cette
proposition est base sur, dune part, les tudes nationales provenant
des douze pays participants cette tude, et sur les tudes ralises
antrieurement par lOrganisation Arabe pour le Dveloppement
Agricole (OADA) portant sur des thmes similaires, dautre part.
Le projet propos comporte quatre composantes ; savoir (i) la
constitution dune base de donnes dynamique et relative la quantit,
la qualit des sous produits agricoles et industriels et aux
technologies dveloppes ; (ii) le transfert et lapplication des
technologies et la constitution de communauts pilotes ; (iii) la
ralisation de projets spcifiques par des privs et la cration de
nouveaux postes demploi et ; (iiii) le renforcement de programmes
spcifiques de Recherche Scientifique et de Recherche-dveloppement
pour la mise en place de nouvelles technologies appropries.
102

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