(PBL)
7. Explain flow-volume curves with special reference to the effort-dependent and effortindependent regions and their change with disease states (PBL, Lecture and
Practical).
8. Distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases (PBL and Lecture).
9. Define airway resistance (RAW) and lung compliance (CL) and discuss the components
of each and factors affecting them (PBL and Lecture).
10. Discuss the mechanics and measurement of surface tension (Lecture).
11. Discuss the role of pulmonary surfactant in the optimal functioning of the respiratory
system (Lecture).
12. Explain the concept of dynamic compression of airways (Lecture and self-directed
learning).
13. Explain the work of breathing and discuss the effects of resistance, compliance and
surface tension on it (PBL and Lecture).
PULMONARY VENTILATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
14. Explain the relevance of the Gas Laws in respiratory physiology (PBL and Lecture).
15. List the normal fractional concentrations and partial pressures (at sea level) for the
main constituents of air (PBL and Lecture).
16. Calculate the partial pressures of gases in atmospheric and alveolar air (PBL).
17. Define and quantitate alveolar ventilation (VA), physiologic dead space and anatomic
dead space (VD) (PBL and Lecture).
18. Explain the concept of the ventilation/perfusion ratio (Lecture).
19. Discuss the regional differences in normal alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood
flow (Lecture).
20. Describe the various laboratory methods used to assess ventilatory function (PBL and
Lecture).
21. Explain the measurement and significance of closing volume (Lecture).
22. Define diffusion capacity (transfer factor) and discuss its measurement and factors
affecting it (PBL and Lecture).
23. Relate abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratios to PaO2 and PaCO2 values (Lecture).
37. Explain the physiological bases for coughing, sneezing, sighing, yawning, wheezing,
clubbing of the fingers, cyanosis, decompression sickness and shallow water blackout
(Self-directed learning).
Course Objectives
PHARMACOLOGY:
(All objectives are to be covered by self-directed learning)
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Discuss the pharmacology of the following drugs that are used in the management of
bronchial asthma:
o i. sympathomimetics (adrenaline and epinephrine) b2 agonists (salbutamol).
o ii. phosphodiesterase inhibitors (aminophylline).
o iii. corticosteroids (beclomethasone).
o iv. cromolyn sodium
o v. anticholinergics (ipratropium bromide)
2. List the receptor subtypes of histamine, and name the agonists and antagonists acting at
these receptor subtypes.
3. List the drugs, which release histamine.
4. List the receptor subtypes of 5-HT, and name the agonists and antagonists acting at
these receptor subtypes.
5. Briefly discuss the role of acetazolamide with respect to acid-base balance.
Course Objectives
ANATOMICAL PATHOLOGY:(All objectives are to be covered by self-directed learning)
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and list the disorders that
comprise chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).
2. Discuss the aetio-pathogenesis, pathology and clinical features of asthma.
3. List the causes of pulmonary oedema.
4. Define adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and list the causes.
5. Define pneumoconioses and their significance in relation to environmental pollution.
Course Objectives
CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY:At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Write the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and use it to explain acid-base disturbances
such as, non-compensated respiratory acidosis; non-compensated respiratory alkalosis;
compensated respiratory acidosis; compensated respiratory alkalosis (Lecture).
2. Define the term Anion gap and explain its application in patients with mixed acid base
disturbance. (Lecture)
3. Explain the control of blood pH. (Lecture)
Course Objectives
HAEMATOLOGY:(All objectives are to be covered by self-directed learning)
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Discuss haemopoiesis and its regulation (growth factors with special reference to
erythropoeitin).
2. Review the structure and function of haemoglobin with special reference to the
disorders of oxygen carrying capacity.
3. Discuss the role of hypoxaemia and erythropoeitin in respiratory disorders.
4. Explain the role of white blood cells in respiratory disorders: e.g. asthma
o a. monocyte - phagocytic system (macrophages)
o b. eosinophils (hypereosinophilic syndrome)
o c. mast cells (basophils)
o d. hereditary haemolytic anaemias
5. Describe anaemia of chronic disease (ACD), with reference to respiratory diseases.
Course Objectives
IMMUNOLOGY:(All objectives are to be covered by self-directed learning)
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
1. Outline the major immune defenses in the upper and lower respiratory tract.