Cambridge IGCSE® Chemistry Bryan Earl and Doug Wilford 6 BeOReR AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY‘Acknowledgements ‘The authors woud keto thank Kene, Katharine, Michael and Barbara for ther patience and ‘encouragement troughout the production of tis Book. Ala to So Shan and Anne and the publishing team at Hodder Edveaton. Questions from the cambridge IGCSE Chemistry papers are reprodiced by kind permission of ‘Cambridge international Examinations ‘This text has not been trough the Cambridge endorsement proces ‘Although every effort has been made to ensure that website adéretes ae correct at time of going tw pres, Hodder Education cannot beheld responsible forthe content of any website mentioned in ‘this book It is sometimes posible to find a relocated web page by typing in the adres ofthe home page fora website in the URL window of your browse. ‘Orders: please contact Bookpoint Lid, 130 Miton Pak, Abingdon, Oxon OX144S8, Telephone (84) (01235877720, Fax: (8) 01235 400454. Lines are open 800-5.00, Nonday to Saturday with « 2&hour message answering service. Visit aur website at wort hoddereduction.c.uk. (© Bryan Earl and Doug wiford 2012 First published in 2012 by Hodder Education, 'An Hachette UK Company 238 Euston Road London NWI 38H Iipression number S432 4 esr 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Allright reserved. Apart from any use permitted under UK copy ght law, no part of hi Imecharical eluding photocopying end recording, or hel within any information storage and fetreval system, without permission in wring from the publaher or under Hence fram the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Further deta of sch leans fr reprographic prediction) ‘may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited Saffron House, 10 Kirby street, Condon EC1N BT. Cover photo © Andrew BrookesCOR8IS ‘Typeset in Frotiger 55 Roman 9 points by Datapage (india) Pt Lt Printed and bound by CPt Group (UK) ed, Croydon, CRO AVY ‘catalogue recotd for thistle aailabe rom the tis Uibrary SQW: 976 1448 190842Contents 1 Allabout matter __ 5 2 Elements, compounds and mixtures 13 3 Atomic structure and the periodic table 25 4 Bonding and structure 32 5 Chemical calculations 42 6 Electrolysis and its uses __ 52 7 Acids, bases and salts 00) 8 Inorganic carbon chemistry / 9 Metal extraction and chemical reactivity 7610 Atmosphere and oceans 84 contents 11 Rates of reaction oo: 12 The petroleum industry 107 13 Energy sources —__ 114 14 The (wider) organic manufacturing industry 124 15 Nitrogen 133 16 Sulfur a 144 Past exam questions 1511 All about matter 11 The diagram below shows the different physical changes whih can occur between the three states of matter. lua sok (@) Name the physical changes shown by the letters A to E a 8 c > e so {() Describe how the particles are arranged and thelr movement in © 905, aliquid (ai) a solid (0 Give an example of a substance which {undergoes change E when heated {changes from solid to liquid to gas between 0°C and 100°C. .(S marks) (marks) @ marks) @ marks) (1 mark) (1 mark) wiv inosy Tv2A sample of a solid substance, which had been cooled to-5"C, was put into a test ‘ube, Which was then heated in a water bath, The temperature ofthe substance was ‘taken every 5 minutes for an hour. The results obtained are shown below. {Timermin ‘of s[ 10] 15] 20] 25] 30] 35] a0] 45] so] 35] 60 [Temperaturer*e |-5|-1| 5] 5] 7] 13] 28] 45] 62] 76] 79] a2] 02 ALLAROUT MATTER (@) Piot the results on the graph paper below, putting tine on the horizontal axis and ‘temperature on the vertical axis. (4 marks) {(b) What i the melting point ofthe substance? . (mark) (0) What i the boiling point of the substance? (1 mark) {€) Describe what is happening to the particles ofthe substance after 50 minutes vo marks)3. Imagine that you are a water molecule in an ice cube, Describe what happens to you a5 the ice cube is heated up to a temperature of 100°C. (marks) 4 (a) An experiment was carried out which produced a gas as one of the products. On {a day when the temperature was 22°C and the pressure was 1x 10°Pa, 38cm! of the gas was collected after 4 minutes. A repeat of the experiment was carried out the next day to get some repeat results, The pressure was stil? » 10°Pa but the ‘temperature had increased to 26°C ‘What volume of gas would be collected, from the same experiment, after ‘4minutes on the second day? marks) (8) Gas from another experiment was collected in a gas syringe. The gas volume, shown by the scale on the syringe, was 75cm’, measured at 20°C and 1 atmosphere pressure. If the syringe was sealed and taken outdoors where the temperature was 30°C, what would the volume rise to? (esume thatthe pressure stays the same) - (marks) (0 Inan experiment, a student collected 100¢m* of hydrogen gas at 298K and 1 atmosphere pressure. What would be the volume of the hydrogen gas f the conditions wete changed to 350K and 2 atmospheres pressure? = G marks) 5 (@) Explain the meaning of each of the following terms. (@ metting (i) chemical change “ (0) condensation sublimation (©) evaporation (vi) dissolving. (marks) wauuvunosy TYAALLABOUT MATTER {(b) Which of the terms given in part (a) best describes what is taking place in each of the following? (The formation of water droplets on the inside of a window on a cold day. (@_The formation of liquid potassium chloride from slid potassium chioride Using strong heat, ‘The formation of iodine vapour from solid iodine on heating. (iv) Adding sugar to hot coffee to sweeten the drink (4 marks) 6 Use Charles’ Law and Boyle's Law to explain the following (@) ina hospital, a needle and syringe are used to take samples of blood from patients, Explain why blood flows into the syringe when the plunger is pulled back. 2 marks) (&) Weather balloons are not completely filled with gas kefore they are released. mars) (©) When de-icer is sprayed from an aerosol can onto ice on a car windscreen, the can gets colder. marks) (4) Sea creatures who live thousands of metres under water die if they are caught {and brought to the surface. : (marks) {€) Inthe summer, oll companies change the blend of their petrol mixtures by removing compounds of lower boiling points and replacing them with ‘compounds with higher boiling points. : @ marks)7. Some liquid bromine was placed inthe bottom of a ga jar. The gas jar was then covered by another inverted gas jar and left for several hours, a » brome == {@) Describe what you would see after: © afew minutes... ~ (several hours. : — : marks) (©) Explain the answer you have given to part (a) using your ideas of particles. a marks) (@ What is the name of the physical process that takes place in this experiment? (1 mark) (2) What would have been different ifthe gas jar had been placed in a refrigerator after the bromine had been put into the gas jar? Explain your answer. marks) {8 The diagram below shows the arrangement of particles ina sali element which has _a melting point of 386K and a boiling point of 718K. Using the boxes below, draw. ‘diagrams to show the arrangement of the particles in the element at 400K and 750K. ‘400K 750K (marks) waLIWHLNoay TYALLABOUT MATTER Stretch and challenge 9. When the following experiment is set up, a cloud of fine white powder can be seen as the ammonia gas eacts with the hydragen chiride gas. eadeatcDE vie corer oo ss oto wool sakes ‘concent Inconceiates recor oid ‘rman souton Hydrogen chloride particles are more than twice as heavy as ammonia particles. () Which ofthe particles will move faster? (mark) (b) At which point, Ato E along the tube will the white cloud be seen? Explain your answer in terms of the movement of the parties, (marks) (0) How do the particles of hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas move along the tube? (mark)Exam focus 1. (@)(0 Give two properties shown by asolid aliquid a gas. 6 (Draw diagrams in the boxes below to show how the paticles are arranged in each ofthe physica states. solid Nquia 2s al (6) The melting and bolling point of five substances are given in the table below. Substance | Melting pointiK uk] Oxygen 5 90] Bromine 266 332 ‘Mereur 234 630] Phosphorus 317 553 Iron 7208 3023] (Take room temperature as 298K) (© What isthe melting point of mercury in “C? (Which elements is a gas at room temperature? i) Which element(s) ia solid at room temperature? (iv) Which ofthe elements wil bol fist ifthe temperature is raised from room ‘temperature? fa Total: 13] wauaww inoay Tw "ALLABOUT MATTER 2 Use the kinetic theory to explain the following, {a) Walking along the street in front ofa coffee shop, its possible to smell the coffee. smn (2 (©) When laying railway track, gaps have to be left between the lengths of track a seve (21 (0 When a tea bag is placed in a cup of hot water, the colour ofthe water changes a (@) In the winter months, the amount of water found runing down the inside of ‘windows increases. a seven (2) (6) A bubble of methane rises from the bottom ofthe Pasifie Ocean. Ast rises, the bubble gets bigger aoe el (f Pollen grains are mixed with water and observed under a microscope. Dust particles in the air are also observed inthe same way. {@) What would the pollen grains and dust particles be doing? : m {i What causes the grains and dust particles to behave in the way you have described in part ()? a otal: 13]2 Elements, compounds and mixtures 1 (a) Elements are the basic building blocks of the universe, What do you understand scientifically by the term element? G marks) (©) More than 110 elements have now been identified, including the following: astat bromine calcium carbon chlorine hydrogen lead magnesium —_ mercury oxygen Phosphorus silver sodium zinc i Elements can be divided into metals and non-metal, Which of the elements above are! 4 metals? (i non-metals? (14 marks) (@ Complete the following paragraphs about metal and nonmetal elements by writing in words from the lists below. | ductile good high liquid lustrous malleable soli icin reg pln blo pots tnd deraien Metre —— heat arly. They are ua = inthe car farang china = =—— _— =e, 1 als are generat shiny 1 (mate (fete destes dull" gases insulator low poor | Nowmtallemerts hee mating plas boiling points and tonertas are often they oe erat oa rot ea oe ort so, uit a they are (marks) ‘SayniXW aN SANAOAMNOD SINBWATEELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 2 Compete the table below, writing in either the symbol er the name of the element. Element | Symbol [Argon z Copper Ni Silicon K Helium so | Krypton = ar (10 marks) 3. The table below shows the melting points, boiling points and densities of elements Etol Substance | Melting pointi°C | Bolling point" | Density/gem? E =259 253 0.09 F 1085 2580 393 6 7 58 3H H 39 357 135 1 a 8 0.0013 {2 Which of these substances, Eto, are gases at room temperature? (©) Which of these substances, Eto, are liquids at room “emperature? (© Wihich of these substances, Et | ae solids at room temperature? (@) Which of these substances, € 0 L are mos likely tobe metals? (6) Which of these substances, € to, i most likely to be mercury? (0) Wihich of these substances, € 0 Lis the least dense metal? (@) Which ofthese substances, Eto |, will be aliquid at 210°C? (6) Which ofthese substances, Eto, are gases at 65°C? (Which ofthese substances, € to IIs most likely to be bromine? © Which ofthese substances, € to Is the least dense nen-metal? marks) marks) (mark) @ marks) (mark) (mark) (1 mark) .@ marks) (1 mark) (mark)4 (a) Pick the ‘odd one out’ in each ofthe following groups of elements and explain why its different from the others ( Cu,CCa,6s, Cr dd one out - Explanation = ~ @ marks) {i nitrogen, neon, sulfur, ron, silicon Odd one out - Explanation - @ marks) (i) Mg, al, Cl, Na, Ar (dd one out oe Explanation ' @marks) (8) For each of the following statements about elements, writs ether "true or ‘alse’ (There are only 103 elements (1 mark) More elements are metals than non-metal (1 mark) (Gi) Each element has a chemical name and a symbol (1 mark) (@v) Metals such as magnesium contain two atoms joined together 10 Form MOleCUES, ssn (mark) (¥) Molecules of argon contain only one atom. (mark) (i) Some of the symbols forthe elements come from their Chinese names. se (Var) (vii) Where elements contain tw atoms joined together in pairs, they are called diatomic. - - (mark 5 (a) Distinguish between the terms compound and mixture, using specific examples mans) (b) Here isa list of substances: beer brass carbon monoxide cement lemonade limestone methane sodium hydroxide stainless steel sulfuric acid, Which of these substances ae: (compounds? (i) mixtures? (10 marks) (@ Pick the ‘odd one out’ in each ofthe following groups anc explain why is different from the others. (petal ll, water, ar, solder (dd one out EplaNatiON on vse (2 RNOEKS) REP SAXIW ONY SaNNOANOD ‘SANIWETELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES (id lead nitrate, potassium oxide, chromium, hydrochloric acid, sand (Odd one out Explanation (2 marks) HE Fy MgO, FeS, CO, (Odd one out Explanation... (marks) () There are many types of mixtures, including gel, emulsions and foams. They are made by mixing different combinations of solids, liquids and gases. (Complete the table below. Bample “ype of mixture Mixture made from Bread Mayonnaise ely (marks) Aid) Describe the ditference between a foam and an emulsion, G marks) 6 (a) Amixture of zinc metal powder and sulfur was heated strongly in a test-tube. A bright red glow spread very quickly throughout the mixture during the reaction. At the end of the experiment, a white powder was produced. (What safety precautions should be taken when carrying out this experiment? : mars) Ail) Explain what the ‘bright red glow indicates. (1 mark) Ail) ive the chemical name ofthe ‘white powder (1 mark) (iv) Write a word equation and a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction whieh has taken place a G marks) (W) The white solid is a compound. Explain the difference between the mixture of Zinc and sulfur and the compound formed by the chemical reaction between them, vo @ marks) (vi) Many compounds are very useful substances. Slt (chemical name sodium chloride) is one of these useful compounds. It is awhite crystalline solid and has been prized by people fora very long time. Find and make a lis of the sings tat we use salt for In our world today, @ marks)(b) The metal copper can be extracted from its ore, copper sulfide, in a two-stage proces: Copper sulfide reacts with oxygen at a high temperature to form copper oxide and sulfur dioxide gas IN Then the copper oxide is reacted with carbon, again at high temperature, ta form copper metal and carbon dioxide gas. (Name the elements mentioned in the passage above (marks) (i) Name the compounds mentioned in the passage above. (4 marks) (ii) Write word and balanced chemical equations for the reactions described in the passage above. - (@ mars) 7. (@) The table on page 18 shows the formulae for some compound. Compete the table by writing in (i) the symbols present in each formula and the elements they represent Ail) the number of atoms of each element present in the formula {ithe total number of atoms present in the formula, ‘The first one has been done for you. (1 mark for each correct answer) () Balance the following equations. (PIs) + 0,69)» PHOS v. marks) GH) + Oa) > ,00 (marks) Gi. GH,G) + 0,19) > CO,9) + H,000 (2 marks) (Wv) Fe) + Br) —> Fer) (marks) (9) CuO%s) + HCliaq) > CuCl (oq) + H,000 2 marks) (WI) $10.69) + H,fg) — Sms) + 000 @ marks) (i KoH(aq) + H,PO (aq) > K,PO,(aq) + H,0(), os smn marks) (iy 2904) + HClfaq) > ZnCl faq) + H,0() mars) (6) CuO\) + NHYlg) + NG) + Cuts) + H,00) marks) (69 Pb{NO},) -» POI) + NOa) + 0,0) (marks) Per SaunuxiW aN SaNnOUWOD ‘SINIWTE2° [Formula of [Element present Total numberof & gm [substance [Symbot | Name Number of atoms ss stone 2m [NaNO [We | Sodium 1 5 ie ee N Witrogen 7 3s ° Oxygen 3 Se a [UNo, an ge . . = ac, ' . = Tm a [Man . wm | A9:CrO, . . = laterce . . ' ' = | NH,CO,NH, . . . . . © franca, ' ' ' . . . ' . we8 (a) The diagram below shows the apparatus used for fractional distillation. The labels hhave been replaced with numbers. (0 For each number, write down the correct label from thelist below. cold water in coldwaterout distillate | fractionating column heat __Liebig condenser eter (marks) aon “s3unDAIW ONY SaNNOANODSINBWTEELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 8 (i Which ofthe following mixtures can be separated successfully by fractional distillation? Explain your answers. crude oll magnesium and sulfur ‘mixture of dyes air (4 marks) (€) The diagram below shows a simple apparatus used for chromatography. The labels have been replaced with numbers. For each number, write down the correct label from the list below, pencil line beaker solvent samples chromatography paper 1 , 5. (marks) (@) The next part of this question is about the properties cf some materials. The table below gives information about four materials: nylon, Kevlar, polythene and carbon-teinforced plastic, Material ‘| Relative | Relative [Relative [Relative heaviness | strength | sifness | cost Nylon n100| 8 3 [Medium Kevlar 1500/ 300 | 190 | Very high Polythene 360| 20 | 06 |tow Carbon reinforced v600] 780 | 200 [High | {plastic J (Using the relative values shown inthe table and your knowledge of materials ‘generally, describe and explain two reasons for using polythene in packaging @ marks) {A large materials company won a contract to make bulletproof vests fr the police. Using information from the table above, suggest which material they should use for this purpose and explain your answer. marks) Carbon-reinforced plastic i a composite material. What is meant by the term composite material? vw 2 marks)Stretch and challenge 9 The metal zinc can be extracted from its ore, zinc sulfide (zinc blende), in a twor stage process. The second part of the process involves a redox reaction in which Zinc oxide is reacted with carbon, at a high temperature, to form zine metal and Carbon monoxide gos zinc oxide + coke (carbon) -> zinc + carbon monoxide (@) What do you understand by the term redox? ace sa marks) () Which ofthe substances shown in the word equation is being: (oxidised? (mare, (i) reduced? : (1 mark) |Which ofthe substances shown in the word equation is acting a the (i) oxidising agent? (1 mark) (iv) reducing agent? reve (4 ak) (@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction shown in the word equation. (8 marks) (4) The word equations below describe reactions by which te metas lead and tin ‘are obtained from their ores. lead oxide + carbon -> lead + carbon dioxide tin(v) oxide + hydrogen gas > tin + water Ineach ofthese reactions, which of the substances shown is being © oxidised? rococo eG marl Gi) reduced? . @ marks) ‘Which of the substances shown is acting as the: (Gi) oxidising agent? coer sean (2 marks) iv) reducing agent? .. 2 @marks) () Write a balanced chemical equation for each of these reactions. (@ marks each) SaUAxIW ONY SoNNOAMOD SUNBWITAELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES Stretch and challenge 10 Forensic scientists recovered several samples from a crime scene. Chromatography ‘was carried out on these samples. The scientists placed the samples onto ‘chromatography paper. The chromatogram produced was sprayed with a locating agent. ‘The R, values were then measured for each of the samples taken, (2) What do you understand by the term: {locating eget? Se ea ar Seite teat marks) Ryvalue? ae oe = mars) (8) The samples were thought to be amino acid. Use yeur research sills to find ‘out the normal locating agent used for amino acids. ee ee SS Coat) (2 The table below shows R, values for several amino azids thought to be at the ‘rime scene, and for three samples. ‘Amino adid value ‘Alanine 0.65 ‘Ghcine. 0.25 Threonine (057 Proline 0.60 lysine 0.16 Methionine 050 ‘Sample 1 064 Sample 2 0.18 Sample 3 024 ( Identify the samples taken from the crime scene using the data from the table Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 : 8 marks) (i Explain how you made your choices in part (. (1 mark)@ Exam focus Iron is usually extracted from its ore haematite (iron) oxide). The following isa brief ‘utine ofthe reactions involved inthis extraction, 1 coke + oxygen ~ carbon dioxide catbon dioxide + coke ~> carbon monoxide (@) Write balanced chemical equations for: I iron(u) oxide + carbon monoxide ~» iron + carbon dioxide (@ reaction | a reaction fe (©) Which substance is being oxidised in reaction (1 (©) Which substance is being reduced in reaction 17 m lance the following equation for reaction I Fe,0,6) + CO(a) + Fe(h) + CO,(a) eee ial {6) In reaction I, which substance is acting as the reducing agent and which is acting 25 the oxidising agent? a a (9 Complete the table below. Formula of Elements present ‘Total number of substance ‘Name [Symbol [Number of atoms | atoms Fe, co Fe co, 5] (g) Which of the substances shown in the table are @ elements? (compounds? (4) Total: 40] eenemeeeeeee SBunAXIW any saNno4Wo> ‘SANTELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MOXTURES 2. The table below shows some information about four different elements, W, X, ¥ and Z. (Note that W, X, ¥ and Z are not chemical symbols) {) Complete the following table, Element | Metal or ‘Shiny? | Conductor of | Melting non-metal? electricity? _| point w Metal Yes High x Non-metal [No | No Low Y Yes | Yes High z Nonmetal [No Low el (8) Zincis a metal, Give one property of zine, not shown in the table, which shows that iti 8 MEAL, snenne = m {0 Fireworks were invented by the Chinese centuries ago. There are many different types of fireworks, including bangers, Ronan candles, rockets ‘and sparklers. Sparklers usualy consist of a chemical mixture that has been ‘moulded onto a thin wire, One of the main substances found inthe mixture is iron powder, ‘The word equation for one of the main reactions that takes place during the burning of a sparkler is Iron + oxygen — iron oxide (0 Give the name of one ofthe reactants present in the word equation OVE os eee a(t (i) Give the name of the compound present in the word equation above. eee m (i) Give one reason why people should be careful when handling . m (iv) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of iron with oxygen f soet3] Total: 10] sparklers.3 Atomic structure and the periodic table 1 Element ¥ has a proton number of 19 and a relative atomic mass of 3, (@) ()_ How many electrons, protons and neutrons are there n an atom of element Y? marks) (Whats the electronic configuration of ths element? (1 mark) i) In which group of the periodic table would you find ths element? Explain your (marks) (@v) Wat would be the symbol for the ion which element ¥ forms? (marty (8) The proton number of bromine (Bris 35. tis in Group 7 ofthe periodic tabl isa halogen. How many electrons will bromine have in itsouter energy level? (mark (0 When potassium metal is heated and lowered into a gas jar of bromine vapour, ‘a chemical reaction occurs which produces white furnes, (What do the white fumes consist of? (mark (i. Write word and balanced chemical equations for the reaction, (marks) (ii) When potassium is reacted with chlorine ga, the reaction is more vigorous Explain this observation in terms of the reactivity of te halogens mars) 5 18¥1 100}43e 3HL ONY 3uNLDNALS HNOLYATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 2. Use the information given in the table below to ansiver the following questions = 7 Gboureomens Re Bande 5 [lanent[ Pion number [Mudeon number] Hecvorc structure a if a a ny 3 : fe 73 2 : 6 rl ie ‘se 35 27 = Ga) complete he tale by wring i we a the eletonienricure of elements Cand D (amas = Gy theproton numberof element ‘iment 0 wich ofthese elements AtOE ba nobleges (oman) TG which ofthese laments Ato ba Group telement? (smart) . ii) Which of these elements, A to E, is a Group 7 element? (1 mark) TG Whi of ese eements Ao. alumi? (mane . (2 (i) Which of these elements, A to E, will form an ion with a +3 charge? : a (oman = Gh wnicnot thse tens Ato wil fom on onwith 2 ehrge? = ee (1mark) : Fa vient these element A € wl pot frm anion? . = (mark) . 3 The dora blow shows part of he pero ale, . 12 a4 5 6 ro . ‘| cin F [Ne s na [Mg al [els : | : ca. I Mn T [ ar | Kr sng te stones sown above, write down the snboforan ent wih = 5 erhasfor econ nis cuter energy el (9 isa liquid at oom temperature nd pres © G@issoredunderoi : | ~~ : _==—=—se : _ oe : : ys gasecus Group 7 omen — (omar)4 There ae five elements in Group 7 of the periodic table. They are known as the hhalogens. The table below gives the melting and boiling points of the halogens. However, one ofthe values is missing Element _| Atomic number | Melting point/K | Boiling poinv F 9 54 5 a 7 Tm, 29) Br 35 266 L 53 387 58 a 5 576 610. {@) Plot a graph ofthe melting and boiling points of the halogens against their atomic (8) Use your graph to estimate the boiling point of bromine... ‘number. Join the plotted points for the melting points together and, ina different colour, the plotted points for the boiling points. (0 What s the trend in the melting points of the halogens? (@) Which of the halogens would be a gas at room temperature (298K)? (marks) sw (1 mark) sn (1 mark) @ marks) "avi 160194344 ONY UNUDMIS IINOLYATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 5 Copper, element 29 in the periodic table, is found as two isotopes: Cu (69.1%) and cu (0.9%) (2) Complete the table below to show the numbers of electrons, protons {and neutrons in each ofthe isotopes of copper. (@ marks) ‘sotope Number of Electrons Protons Neutrons Bea om Seu (b) What are otopes? nnn (marks) (0 What i the relative atomic mass (A) of an element? a @ marks) {@) Calculate the relative atomic mass (A) of copper from the information given. @ marks) 6 Chlorine gas will react with aluminium metal using the apparatus shown below. coring tofume nin fea a = pba a (@) Write word and balanced chemical equations for the eaction between aluminium metal and chlorine gas a (marks) (©) Why ist necessary to ensure that the unreacted chlor ne gas is passed into a fume cupboard? — (mark (@ Name a halogen which would react with aluminium metal more quickly than hl INE JOE. ann w_(1 mark) (€) Name a metal which would react with chlorine gas more quickly than allminium does. — (mark)7 In 1817, Johann Dabereiner tried to organise the elements that were known at that time into an order which would be useful to other chemists, He put elements into _groups of three called ‘triads. One of these groups contained the elements ithium, sodium and potassium, {@) Describe how the reactions of these elements with water are: @ similar ~ vw (marks) (i ditferent. a nse (2 MAS) Explain your answers in terms of the electronic structure andor size of the atoms of the elements, (8) In another group Dabereiner placed the elements strontium, barium and calcium. (0. In which group of the modern periodic table will you find these elements? — (mark) (i How many electrons will each of these elements have in its outer energy level? ve (mark) i) Which of these elements will undergo the most vigorous reaction when added 10 water? Explain your ansiver in terms af ts electronic structure, a) 8 Complete the following passage. ‘The modern periodic table has been creited to the work of the Russian chemist sone: After many years of chemists across the world ‘ying to classify the elements in useful way, he came up withthe table which we have been using for nearly 150 years. He aranged the elements in order of increasing Occasionally he had to swap elements around so ‘that they were in the same. as other elements with similar properties, for example tellurium (Te) and : ‘ ). The major change that he introduced to his dlssification was that he left {or elements which had not been discovered at the time, Today the elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in order of Increasing (6 marks) s18¥1 10O}w3e 3H2 GNY 38NLDNNS IVOLY8 7 g Stretch and challenge tall ‘9. The diagram below shows the elements in Period 3 of the periodic table. Ci EP Eel] {@) Moving across Period 3, what happens to the metallic character of the elements? (1 mark) (b) In how many energy levels do all these elements have electrons? su (0 mark) (0 (How many electrons does a magnesium atom have?. us (1 mark) ‘What charge does a magnesium ion have? (mark) () Which ofthe elements in Period 3 will form ions with 2 negative charge? 2 @ marks) {@) Argon called a noble, or ner, gs. (What is meant by the term inert? i (mark) i) Explain why argon is inert. @ marks) (ii) Give a use for argon. vn (1 at)Exam focus 1 Displacement reactions occur when a solution containing a halide ion reacts with ‘2 more reactive halogen. This type of reaction can be seen when a solution of Potassium bromide reacts with chlorine. (@) Write word and balanced chemical equations for the reaction which occurs ‘between potassium bromide solution and chlorine. m al (&) Why is chlorine more reactive than bromine? —— BI (@ Which other halogen would react with potassium bromide? m1 (€) Would there be a reaction between a solution of sodium fluoride and bromine? Explain your answer a Total: 8} 2 Inthe periodic table, elements are arranged in vertical column called groups. Within leach group, the elements have similar chemical reactions but show a trend in their physical properties such as reactivity and melting point. (@) Consider the two elements potassium and sodium, both found in Group 1 ofthe. periodic table. {Give the electronic configurations ofthe elements sodium and potassium. a : a (Which ofthese elements, potasium or sodium, isthe more reactive when added to water? Explain your answer in terms of their atomic structure, a (li) Write @ balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of sodium with water —_ BI (6) in Group 7 there are five elements, all of which have the same number of ‘electrons in their outer energy level (How many electrons do these elements have in their outer energy NeVEl? nan m (il) What do all of these elements do when they react and form ions? m (li) What would be the charge on an ion of any ofthe Group 7 ions? oT (iv) Which of the Group 7 elements would be the mest reactive? Explain your answer. B Total: 13], 3 g 3 5 3 :4 Bonding and structure Draw dlagrams to show the bonding in each ofthe following ionic compounds. (2) lithium chloride (Lic) (marks) (©) calcium sulfide (Cas) (4 marks) (4 marks)(2) aluminium fluoride (AIF) (4 marks) 2. For each ofthe following statements about ionic bonding and ionic compounds, write either ‘true’ or false’ {@) lonic bonds are formed between non-metal only. (mark) (6) lonic bonds are formed by transfer of electrons between the elements forming the bond, (mark) (@ onic compounds usually have low melting points and high beiling points senate MAER) (4) lonic compounds contain charged particles called ions... sn (1 mark) (6) Generally, ionic compounds are hard solids : sw (1 mark) (8, Generally, ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity when solid because the ions are not free 10 MOVE. nnn - (mark) 3. (@) The table below shows the valencles of some common fons. Valency = - 1 2 3 Metals “Sodium (Nas) | Magnesium (Mg") | Aluminium (AP) Potassium k:) | Lead Pb) Iron (Fe) silver (Ag') ___| Barium (Ba) ‘Non-metale Fluoride (F) ‘Oxide (0*) Chloride (ct) | Sulfide (>) Bromide (Br) Groups of atoms | Hydroxide (OH) | Carbonate (CO?) _| Phosphate (PO?) Nitrate (NO;) | sulfate (602) ‘Ammonium (NH) BuRLOMMUS ay 9NIONOS[BONDING AND STRUCTURE Use the information in the table to work out the formulz of each of the following compounds, potassium chloride copper) fluoride sodium carbonate silver phosphate lead oxide ‘ammonium sulfate (ii) magnesium phosphate. (iid barium sulfide (8) aluminium hydroxide 60 iron(a) bromide () Using the formulae from your answers to part (@) present for each of those compounds o w «iy w “ wi win i (o o (1 mark) (mark) (mark) (mark) (1 mark) (0 mark) (mark) (mark) (mare, sone (1 math) the ratio ofthe atoms (10 marks) 4 Draw diagrams to show the bonding in each of the following covalent compounds, (6) hydrogen fluoride (HF) (4 marks)(©) nitrogen trichloride (NCL) (© dichlorodifiuoromethane (CCL) (ethyne GH) (marks) (marks) (4 marks) 3unsonuis anv DNlaNOsBONDING AND STRUCTURE 5 For each ofthe following statements about covalent bonding and covalent compounds, write either ‘rue’ or ‘false’. (a) Covalent bonds are formed between non-metals OMY. sna (1 APH) (6) Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons between the elements forming the bond. (mark) (@ Covalent compounds usually have low melting and boiling point. (mark) (@) Simple covalent substances ate often soft or waxy solids (mark (©) Generally, covalent compounds conduct electricity when molten oF dissolved in ae (1 mark) (9 Generally, covalent compounds do not disolve in water (1 mark) {6 The table below shows the melting and boiling points of some substances. “Substance: [ Melting pointi*c Sulfur dioxide 3 ‘Copperti) chloride 20 Barium chloride 963 Ethanol a7 Hexane 35. ‘Aluminium oxide 2072 Potassium chloride 70[ 1500 ‘Ammonia a7 34 Lead sulfide iis 130s Tin(w) chloride 33 114) {a) Which of the substances in the table are most likely tobe: (covalent substances? —— : (marks) (i ionic substances? 2 (6 marks) (Gi) Explain your answers (0 parts (an GD, - (marks)(b) At room temperature, which ofthe covalent substances inthe table willbe: gases? (i Hiquias? a (marks) (© (0 Which substance inthe table would you expect to be ionic, but from its data appears to be covalent in character? (1 mark) Gi Explain the reasoning behind your answer to part (. : (marks) Here isa list of substances: ammonia carbon dioxide chlorine copper sulfate fluorine gold iron(s) oxide hydrogen _ hydrogen chloride lead nitrate lithium magnesium. nickel() bromide nitrogen oxygen sodium chloride sulfvr trioxide ‘in titanium water (Which of these substances ae: (2) covalent elements? 7 7 (S marks) (©) metalic elements? 7 (S marks) (0 covalent compounds? —— - (marks) (@) ionic compounds? _ 7 sone (5 marks) BuN.ONELS NY ONIONOSBONDING AND STRUCTURE 8 8 The diagrams below show two different forms of carbon, A and 8, a {a) Name the two allotropes of carbon shown above, (b) Explain the meaning ofthe term allotrope. (0 (0) What type of bonding is represented by these forns of carbon? @ marks) marks) (mark Ail) What type of structure is represented by these forms of carbon? (4 (9. How many carbon atoms are linked to each other carbon atom Inform a? .. (1 mark) (mark) {How many carbon atoms ar linked to each other carbon atom in form 8? (1 mark) (6) Complete the table below, which relates to the properties of the metal copper and substances A and 8 Substance | Electrical Melting point | Hardness ‘conductivity Copper Good High igh A 8 (6 marks) (1) In 1985, a new allotrope of carbon was discovered. What isthe name ofthis allotrope? (mark)Stretch and challenge at 9. Sllicon(v) oxide has a structure similar to that of diamond, in which each silicon ‘atom is attached to four oxygen atoms. {2 Draw a rough sketch to show the structure of slicon(v) oxide, (marks) (©) What type of bonding would you expect to find in the compound silicon(v) oxide? (1 mark) (6 Explain why silicon(v) oxide (0 Isahard substance mars) (i) does not conduct electricity ae 2 marks) hhasa high metting point. sw (2 marks) SOCCER Sunionus any 9NtaNOSBONDING AND STRUCTURE 8 Stretch and challenge 10 (a) The bonding in metals can be described in the following way: ‘it isan electrostatic force of attraction between free electrons and the regular ~array of positive metal ions within the solid meta. The bonding in metals gives rise to certain properties” Complete the following passage about the properties of metals by writing in ‘words from the list. attractive conductors delocalised ductile energy energy levels high ions malleable negative Metals are good vn of electricity and heat, because the free electrons from the outer. metal atoms CANTY & orcas Change or heat ‘through the metal. The free electrons are often described as “The free electrons allow metal to slide over each other, so metals 240 and They AVE nn melting and boiling points due to the strong forces within the structure of the metal (10 marks) (6) The melting point of calcium (840°) is much higher than that of potassium (63°0). Using the idea of metalic bonding, explain why this isthe case, (4 marks)Exam focus 11 The diagram below shows the structure of sodium chloride (sl). sexiumion chloride on {@) How does the electronic structure ofa sodium atom difer from that of a sodium ion? 12) (8) How does the electronic structure ofa chlorine atom differ from that of a chloride eas : 1 (© What type of chemical bond is found in sodium chloride? ae aa See lt] (@9 Using the diagram of sodium chloride above, explain why sodium chi ( cystals are cubic in shape satiate Ba (@_has a high melting point (801°C) Sees ee ee etal (ii) acts as an insulator when solid, but will conduct electricity when molten. ca} Total: 11] 3uNLOMWLS aN DNIONOS[BONDING AND STRUCTURE 2. One of our most important fuels is natural gas (methane, CH). The diagram below shows the bonding in a methane molecule. ) Ge) ©) () What type of bonding is shown in this methane moleaile? a (b) What type of particle is represented by the dots and ciosses? ae a (@) Methane is a gas at room temperature and pressure. Explain whyy ths is the case, eee By (€) Why are four hydrogen atoms needed for each carbon atom in the methane molecule? ae - a (©) (9) What inert (noble) gas structure do the hydrogen atoms have? es a @_ What inert (nobie) gas structure does the carbon atom have? ee eee} {i When atoms within a molecule form chemical bonds, they normally end up with eight electrons in theie outer energy level. Why do the hydragen atoms have only two? 1 Total: 10]5 Chemical calculations Use the values of , which follow to answer the questions below C=12,N2140 4; A= 27; = 32; (c1=355; Ca = 40; F One mole of any gas at rp. occupies a volume of 24m” 1 (@) Caleulate the relative molecular mass of each ofthe following compounds @ GHoH cH,coocH,cH, ) CH,cH,COOH (vy cH CECH, (@marks) (@) Calculate the relative formula mass of each of the following compounds. @ Ne,co, i) calor), i) (WH),50, WFe, —— (marks) 2 (@) Calculate the number of moles ofthe element in (54g of aluminium G 0.49 of cakium (i 189 of iron. (@) Calculate the number of moles of the compound in: (519 of aluminium oxide (Al,0,) - 1169 of butane C,H,.) 7 i) 4809 of iron) oxide (Fe,0,). G marks) : @ mars) SHOUYIND WO WOINAEDCHEMICAL CALCULATIONS g 3 Calculate the mass of (0) 2 moles of calcium carbonate (8) 0.5 mole of magnesium oxide (0 0.125 mole of aluminium oxide (8) 10 moles of sodium chloride {(€) 0.25 mole of water (9) 25 moles of sodium hydroxide. 4 (2) Calculate the empirical formulae ofthe compounds wth the following ‘compositions by mass (24.09 of caleium and 5.69 of nitrogen {i 50.89 of copper and 6.49 of oxygen (ii) 5:89 of aluminium and 23.39 of ch v) 2.189 of carbon, 0.369 of hydrogen and 1.469 of oxygen (6 marks) marks) @ marks) (@marks) (marks)(8) Calculate the empirical formulae of the compounds withthe following percentage compositions by mass. (82.3% carbon and 7.7% hydrogen (marks) (i) 60.0% magnesium and 40.0% oxygen son marks) Ail) an oxide of ron that contains 70% of iron 2 marks) (@v) 27.4% sodium, 1.2% hydrogen, 18.3% carbon and 87.1% oxygen @ marks) (0 The empirical formula of a compound is CH, Ithas a relative molecular mass of 56 ‘What isthe molecular formula ofthe compound? sw» (2 marks) (€) The empirical formula of a compound is C,H,0. It has a reative molecular mass ‘of 88, What is the molecular formula of the compound? _ (2 marks) See Ssnouvin>w2 TINH(CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS monn a 5. (@) Calculate the number of moles of solute in each of the following solutions () 05d’ of 0.25moldm* NaOH 100m of 0.5moldmr NaCl (Gi) 250m? of 0.75moldmr® HC (@v) 500m? of 1.5moldm? NaNO, : : (4marks) (6) Calculate the concentration (in moldm”) of each of the following solutions (0.5 mole of sodium hydroxide in 500er? {i 0.25 mole of coppert sulfate in 250em? {ii 0.1 mole of sodium carbonate in 250m" {§v) 0.3 mole of itr aid in 100em? : (marks) (6 (How many grams of sodium hydroxide would be needed to make 250cm? of, solution of concentration 0.1 moldim-”” — marks) {i How many grams of sodium nitrate would be needed to make 5OQcm? of solution of concentration 0.25moldm=? - su marks)6 Tofind out the concentration of a solution of hydrochloric acid, a student carried ‘outa titration. She found that 18.95¢m* of the hydrochloric acid was needed to neutralise 25cm? ofa 0.1 moldnrsodium carbonate solution. (a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction betwxen hydrochloric acid ‘and sodium carbonate, - @ marks) (©) Describe how the titration procedure was carried out, (marks) {@ Use the information given to find the concentration of the hydrochloric acid solution. G mars) 7 When nitrogen gas (N,) and oxygen gas (0,) react together, they form an oxide of nitrogen. When 1.404 of nitrogen gas reacted with oxygen gas, 4:60g of the nitrogen oxide was formed. (@) Use the information given to write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place —— . (a marks) (8) 0.24g of magnesium metal reacts completely with some hydrochloric acid solution of concentration 1.0moldm”. (Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction. G marks) {i How many motes of magnesium are used in the experiment? mars) {ii Wat volume of hydrochloric acid would be needed to react with the magnesium metal? sna marks) (iv) What mass of magnesium chloride would be made inthe experiment? Ss = marks) (¥) What volume of hydrogen gas would be produced? @ mans) Ssnouyinawa WWDCHEMICAL CALCULATIONS 8A student carried out a reaction between iron and hydrochloric acid to make ‘some ironi) chloride crystals, She started with 5.6g of iron and used an excess of hydrochloric ac, (2) (0. Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction sn marks) (i How many moles of ron did she start off with? oe (mark) (Gi) What mass of irons) chloride could she have expe:ted to obtain from this reaction? vo (marks) (i) She actually obtained 9.179 of the iron) chloride. What was her percentage yield? (marks) (©) Ion is extracted from its ore haematite (Fe,0,) inthe blast furnace. The reaction Which produces the iron is: Fe,0\6) + 3C0(G) + 2Fe(s)+ 3609) 100 tonnes of haematite gave 7 tonnes of iron. Calculate the percentage yield of the process. (4 marks)Stretch and challenge ‘9. When sodium chloride reacts with concentrated sulfuric ac, hydrogen chloride {935 (HCD is one of the products, H,S0,() + NaCl) > NaHS0,6) + HCIQ) If hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water, a solution of hydrochloric acid is ‘formed, What would be the concentration ofthe hydrachlorie acid obtained it ‘the reaction was carried out using 11.7g of sodium chioride, and the hydrogen chloride gas was dissolved in 250¢m? of water? v= (4 marks) 10 A student carried outa titration between sulfuric acid and potassium carbonate solution to find out the concentration of the acid, She found that 23.55¢m? of the sulfuric acid was needed to neutralise 25cm of a 0,05moldm” potassium carbonate solution, {@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction. cedtuathon Gmarks) (©) ()_ How many moles of potassium carbonate solution were used in the experiment? @ marks) {9 How many moles of sulfuric acid would this number of moles of potassium carbonate react with? (1 mark) (@ Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid used inthe titration. weeneene SNOUYIND WO TONNE5 mi Exam focus 3 i ee de CuO(5) + Hg) + Cuts) + H,0() 38 Atekoh aie Septic cits See mnl see ladllAacnn Gx Salowrtheteted one produce copper meal 6 (What volume of hydrogen gas would be needed to react with : onan : . : ere 131 © eke eee : : : a : Te stent stained 339 of cpa What was percentage yi? : eee a serene Gece 9 sempre ielcasonatio cabo ¢ Oo . GHy(a) + 50,(g) -» 3C0,(9) + 44,010) . (2) What volume of oxygen gas would be needed to react completely eleanor punbadar : & . oo. ot a (ii) What would be the total volume of gases produced from the reaction of : perenne : : : “BI : Tota 13 : :2. Ths question is about a titration involving the neutralisation ‘eaction of 25cm? of llute sodium hydroxide with dilute sulfuric acid ‘The initial concentration of the dilute sodium hydroxide was 02Smoldn”. ‘The solution inthe burette was dilute sulfuric acid. The indicator used was henolphthalein, The table shows the titration results fowgh [i [2 [3 Final burete readinglen™ 2175| 7035 | 7235| 2750 Ina burete readinglen™ 000 600 coo] 5.00 Volume of sufi acd sedan? {) Complete the table by calculating the volume of dilute suifuric aid used in ‘each titration. ny (b) From the three most accurate results, calculate the average volume of sulfurle ‘cid used, (0 Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction Se : 8) (@) From the information given, calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 25en® of solution. ie acy (6) How many moles of sulfuric acid were neutralised? — m (8 Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid co (otal: 11] snouvino ws TINKELECTROLYSIS AND TS USES 6 Electrolysis and its uses ‘The diagram below shows an electrolytic cll that could ke used to study the electrolysis of molten lead) bromide, The labels have been replaced with numbers 4 (a) For each number, write down the correct label from thelist below. (41marks) anode cathode electrolyte heat 1 2 3 4 (8) Define the term electrolysis marks) (0) Explain the meaning of each ofthe following terms @ anode (mark (i cathode (mark) i electrolyte @ marks) (@) The anode and cathode are referred to as electrodes. What do you understand by ‘that term? mars) (6) What substance would the anode and cathode be made from? (1 mark) (9 In the electrolysis of lead) bromide, explain why the substance has to be molten for electrolysis to happen. mars)2 Explain the meaning of each term shown in italics in the following paragraph, Electrolysis is often defined as the decomposition ofa substance, called the electrolyte, caused by the passage of an electri current. For tls process to take place, ‘the substance has to be either in aqueous solution or molten. During electrolysis, the anions are attracted to the positively charged electrode whilst the cations are attracted to the negatively charged electrode. The electrades are usvally ner. (Oxidation takes place at the anode, Reduction takes place at che cathode, (2) decomposition marks) (©) aqueous solution marks) (8 anions marks) (@) cations marks) (e) inert (marks) (9 oxidation (2 marks) (6) reduction (marks) 3 The equations below show either oxidation or reduction taking place at the electrodes during an electrolysis process. For each equation, write down whether itis oxidation or reduction, and at which electrode the reaction takes place. (2) 244204, @ marks) (6) 2ch 01, +28 @ marks) (9 20" 0, +4e marks) kK +e 4K marks) (0) Mg? +26 + Mg mars) () FoR 2e marks) aeenoeeeeee ee sasnsulanvssmounaELECTROLYSIS AND TS USES g [4 Balance the following ionic equations for pracesses that take place at the electrodes during electrolysis (a) Nar + Na (1 mark) WW) ee Br sons 20 (marks) Ce (marks) @ + stu (@ marks) (0) roo Po + (@ marks) es OM nen HOH oe (a marks) For each of the following statements about electrolysis, write either ‘true’ or “ase (2) Covalent substances generally undergo electralyss. (1 mark) (&) Molten salts can conduct electricity because thelr ionsare free to move. . (1 mark) {0 During electrolysis, if oxygen gas is produced it comes off at the anode, ssn (1 mark) (4) inert electrodes are generally made from carbon or platinum, 7 son (1 mark) {€) When solid copper chioide is electrolysed, copper is produced at the cathode. senna) (9) During electrolysis, if iydrogen gas is produced it comes off at the cathode. v_(1 mark) “The table below shows the results of testing a numberof solid and liquid substances ‘to see if they conducted an electric current. The electrodes used were made from platinum in each case. ‘Substance [Physical state | Conductivity | Products T Liquid Yes Hydrogen and chiorine: u Liquid Yes Silvery metal and green vapour v Liquid No None w Liquid Yes Hydrogen and oxygen x Liquie Yes None ¥ solid Yes None Zz Liquid Yes Pink-brown metal and oxygen () Which of these substances, Tto , are electrolytes... (marks) (b) Which of these substances, T to Z, may be metals? marks) (@) Which of these substances, T to Z, may be sodium chloride? (1 mark) (2) Which of these substances, To 2, may be MeFCUY? «gms (1 NBER)(6) Which of these substances, T to Z, may be sugar solution? (mark) (9 Give the name of a substance that W may be. ee (1 mark) (6) Give the name of a substance that Z may be. (1 mark) Complete the table below about a series of electrolysis experiments, ‘Substance Material of — | Substance formed | Substance formed electrodes | at the cathode | atthe anode ‘Molten lead) chloride | Carbon = Platinum | Hydrogen Oxygen ‘Molten calcium bromide __ Sodium Ghiorine | ‘Copper() sulfate solution | Copper = (10 marks) Explain the following, (@) In the purification of copper by electrolysis itis essential that alittle dilute sulfurig acid is added to the electrolyte, (1 mark) (6) In the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution, it fs necessary ‘to keep the chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide separated. (2 marks) {@ In the extraction of aluminium from aluminium oxide, the anodes are replaced regular @ marks) {€) in any electroplating process its necessary to degrease the metal to be plated before the process is started, marks) sasn sulany sisouanaELECTROLYSIS AND TS USES Stretch and challenge 9 The diagram below shows an electrolysis cel chlorine hydrogen t t concentrated at sed at oa en one rode membrane cottose () Name the materials used to make: the anode on. {i the cathode son (8) (Hydrogen is produced atthe cathode, Balance the following electrode equation for this process. Haq) +e Hyg) — w= (@ marks) (i) Chlorine is produced at the anode. Balance the following electrode equation for this process. Chiaq) Cl, +e (ii) Give two large-scale uses for hydrogen and for chlorine, (0 The overall chemical equation which represents whet is happening inthe ‘electrolysis cel shown above is 2NaCl(aq) + 2H,O(1) ~» 2NaOH(aq) + CL) + H,) 12349 of sodium chloride was elecrolysed, calculate the mass of each of the following substances that would be formed. (A, values: H= 1; = 16; Na = 23; l= 35.5) () sodium hydroxide = (2 marks) 4 chlorine = @ marks) hydrogen : @marks) (00) Give two large-scale uses for sodium hydroxide, (2 marks)Stretch and challenge 410 On the industrial scale, pure zinc is obtained by electrolysis of acidified zinc Sulfate solution using inc cathodes and lead anodes. (@) ()_ Write a balanced ionic equation for the process that is involved in the depositing of zinc atthe cathode. (@ marks) (i). Give two uses for pure zine eee eee ee ee Cm (©). What substance do you think is produced atthe lead anodes? (mark (i) Write a balanced ionic equation for the process thats involved inthe production of the substance you have named in your answer to part. ee @ marks) (i Give two uses for the substance you have named in your answer to part. (marks) {0 The voltages are adjusted to ensure that a dangerously explosive gas isnot produced. What isthe name of this gas? a (tna {€) During the electrolysis proces, zinc sulfate is passed continuously ‘through the electrolysis tanks containing the electrodes. Why does the zine sulfate have to be passed continuously through the tanks? «(2 marks) Smee ee s3snsulONY isKIOWD313a @ Exam focus 1. Aluminium isan extremely useful metal tis the most abundant metalic element ‘ound in the Earth’s crust, Its extracted by electrolysis from its ore, bauxite. Pure aluminium oxide is separated chemically rom bauxite and dissolved in molten ‘ryolite tis then electrolysed in a steel cell ined with carbon (8) Why i aluminium extracted from its oxide by electrolysis rather than by using a chemical reducing agent such as the element carbon? eee eel (8) The electrolysis cell operates at about 1000°C. This i well below the melting point of aluminium oxide, which is 2070°C, How isthe molten state maintained 50 that electrolysis can take place? eee a (0. Atwhich electrode isthe aluminium produced? 1 {il Balance the following equation for the depositing of aluminium. AD se Al rom 0 (4) 0) Onygen gas s produced at the other electrode. What i this electrode made from? m1 {Gi Balance the following equation forthe production of oxygen gas at this electrode, OF 50,4" — 2] (6) () What further chemical reaction takes place atthe electrode where oxygen is produced? fe a (i Write a balanced chemical equation for ths reaction. 2] (9 Why are aluminium smelters situated in hilly or mountainous areas? 2 a (@) Large amounts of aluminium are recycled. Suggest two advantages of doing this. ea Total: 1712 Food cans are usually made from mild stee! with a thin layer af tin deposited on its surface by electrolysis. A simplified diagram of the electroplat ng process i shown below. \—=——_ __pure tn steel an tae (@) (9 How does the mas of the cathode change during the groces? aes mT {Why does the mas of the cathode change? neue 0 (©) () What charge do the tn ons in the tn) sulfate solution cary? m (i) How did you decide on your ansiver to part (i —— m (0 () Does the concentration of the tin() sulfate solution difer at the end of the process compared to the beginning? E m (i) Explain your answer to part (. sel) (€) (0 Write a balanced equation for the electrode process that takes place at the cathode for the depositing of tin, Se oy} (i Write a balanced equation forthe electrode process that takes place at the anode. ae | (@) steel used to be plated by dipping It into molten tin. Whyhas this method been replaced by electroplating? eae a (9 Suggest a reason why food cans are made from mild see! electroplated with tin rather than from mild steel alone. m (otal: 161 sasnsuianvsismiowoaT3‘ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS a 7 Acids, bases and salts 11 Write word and balanced chemical equations for the rea:tions between each of the following pairs of substances (2) sogium carbonate and nitric aid (©) magnesium and hydrochloric acid (@ potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid (9 copper(e) oxide and nitric acid (marks) (4 marks) (4 marks) (4 marks) 2 Complete the table below, which is about the different methods of preparing soluble and insoluble sats, Substances used to make the salt Salt prepared | Other products [Calcium oxide Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid | Sodium sulfate | Water Potatsium carbonate Potassium nitrate | Water and carbon dioxide Hydrochloric acd | Zine chloride | Hydrogen Lead nitrate Sodium chloride Sodium nitrate [Barium chloride Potassium sulfate (marks)3 The diagram below shows some reactions of iron “7 ayo. = [Name and give the formulae ofthe substances P to T shown in the diagram. (a) solid ee marks) ana) solution R986 hie prepa T sod p SKE WAN MOMS ys bronm precise Q () rust brown precipitate Q marks) (@ solution & — mars) (ass mars) (©) white precipitate Trsnnnnannann mars) 4 Explain how you would identify the presence, in solution, of each ofthe following (2) chloride, bromide and iodide ions on .(@ marks) 4) Br (marks) id @ marks) (6) carbonate ions marks) (@ sulfate ions S sw marks) (2) iron) and iron(u) ions @ Fee sw marks) i) Fe an - marks) 5 g & a é[ACIS, BASES AND SALTS amen 5. (@) Use the data given in the table below to plot a solubility curve for potassium nitrate, Temperature wo] 20] 30] 20] 50] 60 Solubility/g per 100g of water | 20| 31] 45] 60] #2] 104 1 | J (a marks)Use your solubility curve from part (a) to answer the following questions. (b) What is the solubility of potassium nitrate at: © 25°c axe Gna. marks) (0) At what temperature does potassium nitrate have a solubility of (509 per 1009 of water? 759 per 1009 of water? 959 per 100g of water? (marks) (4) ()._ What mass of potassium nitrate would dissolve in 25cw of water at 35°C? —— @ marks) (What mass of potassium nitrate would dissolve in Adc” of water at 55°C? —- @ marks) (6) 100¢m’ ofa saturated solution of potassium nitrate is cooked from 47°C t0 23°C. Calculate the amount of potassium nitrate that would crytallse out of solution, (Assume that the density of waters 1 g/cm) vs marks) (@) Write down the names of two chemical solutions that could be added together to form each of the following insoluble salts by a precipitation reaction (silver chloride marks) {barium sulfate mars) (ii) caleium carbonate mars) (8) Give full experimental details to explain how you could prepare a sample of the yellow insoluble sat lead) iodide. In your account, you should name the reactants and give a balanced ionic equation, with sta symbols, for the reaction you would carry out - (@ marks) sLIvs anv saswa ‘sayACIOS, BASES AND SALTS 7. (@) What isthe characteristic feature of an acid? (@ marks) (b) Describe what is meant by each of the following ters. (0 aweak acid )_astrong acid (marks) (@ Write equations to shove {the ionisation of hydrochloric acid mars) i) the ionisation of ethanoic acid marks) (2) Explain the difference between the terms strong and weak acids compared with concentrated and dilute acids _ (marks) 8 The following passage describes the preparation ofthe silt potassium chloride, Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. Put 25cm’ of hydrochloric acd into a beaker. Add powdered sodium carbonate a small amount ata time until the reaction stops. Filter, and then evaporate the solution Carefully on a water bath to remove some of the water. Leave the concentrated solution to crystllse (@) What is seen as the sodium carbonate is added to the hydrochloric aid? (1 mark) () How do you know when all of the aid has been usee up? (mark) (@ What i removed by filtering? : ee —— (1 mark) (€) Why i it important not to evaporate all the water away? (mark) (6) There are three products in this reaction. Water is one of them. Write a word ‘equation for the reaction, @ marks) (9) Write a balanced symbol equation forthe reaction @ marks)Stretch and challenge 9A chemistry teacher arrived in the laboratory to find thatthe labels had fallen off ‘the bottle containing some solutions. He knew from the latels thatthe bottles contained hydrochloric ai, iron(y) sulfate, sodium bromide, potassium carbonate, and potassium iodide, but he did not know which was which Using simple tes-tube reactions, explain how he could identify which chemical ‘was in each bottle. You should give a clear account of the steps you would carry out. marks) gACIDS, BASES AND SALTS 1 Exam focus 1 (@) Areactionis ated out to prepare a sample of sodium sulfate crystal starting {rom due sodium hydronge and dle sulfuric aid. The reaction i carried ‘ut using a tivation Explain clearly how you would prepare the sodium sutfate “ryt. ee m (6) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulfuric aid Bi) ‘otal: 10] 2 (@) Complete the following paragraph. Acids dissolve in water to produce a bens) which can be written as Alkalis are scluble ‘They dissolve in water to produce Tons, which can be written as ‘Acids and alkalis react together ‘to produce solutions with a pH of 7; these ae called reactions. tel (8) Write anionic equation for the neutralisation reaction which takes place when an acid reacts with an alkali : ey (@ Ina reaction between potassium carbonate and hydrachlorc acid to produce potassium chloride crystals, the following method wes used. 25cm of hydrochloric acid was placed in a beaker. Solid potassium carbonate ‘was added to the acid and effervescence was seen, The mixture was stirred and potassium carbonate was added until some remainec at the bottom of the beaker, ‘The mixture was then filtered and the fitrate collected in an evaporating basin, The filtrate was heated until about one halt had evaporated and crystals were. starting to form. The solution which remained was allowed to cool, and crystals formed (Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction, tS 1 |G. Why was potassium carbonate added until some remained at the bottom of ‘the beaker? m Gi. what was the name ofthe ftrate? oe m (iv) what name is given to a solution which has crystals starting to fotm from it? m Total: 15)8 Inorganic carbon chemistry 1 For each ofthe following statements, write either ‘tru’ or fale! (2) Chalk isnot a form of calcium carbonate. (1 mark) (©) Marble i a sedimentary 10Ck (mark) (4 When limestone is subjected to high temperatures and pressure, marble Is formed, (mark) (@) Calcium carbonate, CaCO,, contains three elements and has a total of four atoms that make up the formula, (1 mark) (@) Limestone was formed in a marine environment. (1 mark) (8. Chalkis a soft natural form of calcium carbonate. (1 mark) 2. Limestone isa very important raw material in a number of industries. {(@) What do you understand by the term raw material? (@ marks) {(b) Name three important uses for limestone, - G marks) (2 Limestone is obtained by open-cast mining, What are the advantages and disadvantages to the local community of an open-cast limestone mine in thelr (6 marks) 3. (@) (0 Calcium hydroxide, oF slaked lime, i a cheap industrial alkali. Explain the ‘meaning of the term alka marks) (i Name two large-scale uses for calcium hydroxide 2 marks) (8)(9_ A weak solution of calcium hydroxide in water is called limewater. tis used to test for carbon dioxide gas. Explain what happens in this test, giving the chemical name and formula of the major substance preduced during the test. marks) -AUSINAHD NOMWY 2INYOHONIINORGANIC CARBON CHEMISTRY (i) carbon dioxide is passed through limewater continuously, a further change ‘takes place. Describe what happens to the limewater solution and give an ‘explanation of what is happening, along with the name and formula of the ‘major product. v= (@ marks) (ip 1 calcium hydroxide i mined with sand, what useful building material is produced? : (1 mark) 4 (a) Explain how you could test forthe presence of a carbonate such as calcium ‘carbonate, In your explanation, give word and balanced chemical equations to help with your explanation. soon . sow (7 marks) (8) carbonates are generally uite useful substances. For example, sodium carbonate isa very important industrial chemical (0 Give the chemical formula of sodium carbonate (mark) (i) Name three uses for this important carbonate, @ marks) (0 (Almost all nydrogencarbonates are known only i solution. Why i this the son - (mark Al) Name two hydrogencarbonates that are found only in solution, tt) i) Sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO,) isthe most common solid hydrogencarbonate. tis found in indigestion rervedies. Why i this substance Ut into these remedies? ——)6 {@) Biologically, water is essential for the existence of al life on Earth ts also extremely important in the manufacture of some bulk ind.strial chemicals, Name ‘two important industrial chemicals that require water in their manufacture. Also sive the chemical formulae of your chosen substances os (4 marks) (8) Water is also an excellent solvent and will dissolve a whole range of solutes. (Explain what the terms solvent and solute mean, a (marks) (Which ofthe following substances would be classifieds a solute with water asthe solvent? iron petrol potassium nitrate sodium chloride sugar sn @ marks) Ail) Describe the effect on the solubility of a solute when the temperature of the solvent (for example water is increased. (1 mark) (© ater can be classified as hard or soft. What i the difference between these two types of water? (a marks) In recent years, scientists have detected an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide isa greenhouse gas and has been linked to global warming. {@) Explain the meaning of each of the following terms. (greenhouse gas @ marks) {global warming mans) AUSINAH9 NORV 2INVDUONIINORGANIC CARBON CHEMISTRY (6) Describe the effect that global warming will have on the Earth overtime. @ marks) 7. (@) Carbon dioxide is one of the gaseous oxides of carbon. Name and give the formula of the other oxide, ee marks) (©) Carbon dioxide isthe more important of the two oxides. Large amounts are produced annually worldwide. Give two large-scale uses for carbon dioxide, (2 marks) (0) Which common mixture is carbon dioxide i obtained from? oun (1 Bek) (4) The diagram below shows the bonding in carbon dioxide, C29) (What type of bonding is present in this substance? (1 mark) ) Carbon dioxide contains two double bonds, Explain the term double bond with reference to catbon dioxide, (2 marks)8 (2) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used to prepare a sample of carbon dioxide (6 marks) () Ifyou wanted a dry sample of the gas, how would you alter the apparatus to allow you to obtain this dry sample? Name any chemical substances you would (a marks) (0 (Carbon dioxide will only allow very strongly burning substances, such as ‘magnesium, to continue burning int. Describe what you would see during this reaction. @ marks) {Balance the following chemical equation for this reaction, Mg(s) + COQ) > MgO) + Cl) @ marks) (il) Write the word equation for ths reaction, (1 mark) (iv) This isa redox reaction. What do you understand by the term redox: (2 marks) (¥) Name and give the formulae of the reducing and oxidising agents inthis reaction. sn (4 marks) “RUISIN3HD Nosu¥> IINWDLON!INORGANIC CARBON CHEMISTRY Stretch and challenge 9. (a) Draw a simplified diagram ofthe carbon cycle. Include the following labels in ‘your diagram: ‘aerobic respiration combustion photosynthesis (6 marks) (b) Explain the meaning ofthe three terms given in part (a). an fe (11 marks) (@) Name and give the formula of the substance that carries the carbon around the carbon cyl. marks) (4) Give the names of two other cycles that influence Ife on ths planet. @ marks)Stretch and challenge 10 (@) Burning fosi fuels makes a large contribution to the amount of carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere, © Coalis a fossil fuel. What isa fossil fuel? (2 marks) (i) Methane gas is also a fossil fuel. It usually occurs together with a further fossil fuel. Give the name of this other fos fuel 2 v- (1 mark) ‘The balanced chemical equation for burning methane in aris: CHa) + 20,00) > €O,(a) + 24,010 Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 32g of methane is ‘burned, (A,values: H= 1; C= 12: O= 16) marks) (iv) What volume of carbon dioxide would be produced when 329 of methane is burned? (¥ mole of gas occupies 24cm at room temperature and pressure.) .~ (2 marks) (©) The formula of the major constituent of petrol is GH, Explain why you. ‘would expect petrol to produce more carbon dioxide then methane ‘when itis burned inside car engines. (1 mark) “RUISIN3HO NORV SINVDNONIINORGANIC CARBON CHEMISTRY 1 Exam focus 1 Marble isa naturally occuring form of calcium carbonate, CaCo,. When marble i hheated, it decomposes in a chemical reaction to form quicklime by an endothermic aable “peice (lau carbonate) Slated ine) (2) (Give the chemical name and formula of substance A. (i) Give the name and formula of the further substaxce that is produced ‘during the decomposition of marble. (i) What has to be added to substance A to make substance B? (iv) Give the chemical name and formula of substance 8, () Explain the term endothermic reaction as applied to the decomposition of marble, (@ Name a further naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate. (@) Give one use for each of substances A and B ay ra m pi oy 11 pa (otal 12]2. Limestone isa very important industrial substance. It can be converted into quicklime ina kil, a simplified diagram of which s shown below. exhaust Fe aap, mestone and ce bia [ | ofr a (2) How isthe kiln heated? m (&) Why do you think hot ait is blown through the kiln? ee ca (@ The main reaction in the kiln involves the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. The balanced chemical equation i aC)» C201) + €0,(9) (0 What do you understand by the term thermal decomposition? carer: cy {i What mass of quicklime can be made from 100 tonnes of limestone? (Ayvalues: Ca = 40) : m (@) In addition to the above reaction inthe kiln, there is a further reaction taking place in which carbon dioxide is produced. Write word and balanced chemical equations for this reaction, ta (6) Modern kilns have been converted to be heated with a geseous fuel. Name and give the formula ofa possible gaseous fuel that coule be used safely inthis process eI (Total: 121 g 8 3wry 3 z & i g 9 Metal extraction and chemical reactivity 1. Complete and balance the following chemical equations @ +H,50 (aq) > MgS0,(00) + H,0(0 + mars) () 2019) + 00) > (1 mark) (a MgGs) + + Mg50,2q) + 2n15) (1 marly @ + > 2Mg015) marks) () 2015) +2 (aq) +HYo) marks) 2 The list below shows four metals in order of their chemical reactivity. Use it to answer the questions which follow. {most reactive) zine iron tin copper (least reactive) (@) (Write a chemical equation for the reaction which occurs when zine powder (grey) is added to copper) sulfate solution (bu. (@ marks) (What changes would you see when the zinc is adsed to copper) sulfate solution? (marks) Explain what happens to cause the changes you have described in your answer to parti. (2 marks) (©) Ion cans for containing food are usually coated with a layer of tin, Give two reasons why tins a Suitable metal for this purpore (@ marks)3 Write balanced chemical equations forthe reactions between each of the following pairs of substances. (@) lithium metal and water (marks) (6) zinc metal and hydrochloric acid sw (3 marks) (@) magnesium and copperti) oxide —— @ marks) (2) lead and silver nitrate solution —— G marks) (6) zinc metal and steam marks) (magnesium metal and water mars) 4 This question concerns the extraction of ion from its ore haematite (Fe,0,) in the blast furnace, (2) The coke that is added to the furnace fulfils two functions, What are they? 7 - @ marks) (8) Why is limestone added as a raw material to the furnace? 7 : - (1 mark) (0 Write chemical equations for each ofthe following processes, which occur inthe blast furnace. {the thermal decomposition of limestone : @ marks) {ithe oxidation of carbon (coke) mars) ) the formation of carbon monoxide (marks) (iv) the extraction of iron from the haematite . @ marks) () the formation of calcium silicate (slag) son mars) (4) What role does the carbon monoxide play inthe extraction process? (mark) [AUIAUDWR4WDIM3HD GN NOUDVULX WAI[METAL EXTRACTION AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY 5. Magnesium metals reacted with steam in a suitable apparatus. When the reaction ‘occurs, a colourless gas Y is produced along with a white solid 2. Gas ¥ gives a squeaky ‘pop’ when mixed with air and ignited (2) Name gas ¥. (1 mark) (©) Waite a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction which occurs when gas Vis burned in ar — (@ marks) (0 Name solid z (1 mark) {@) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction which occurs when ‘magnesium metal reacts with steam, 7 (marks) {@) Name another metal which could safely be used to produce gas ¥ by reaction with steam, (1 mark) ‘A student carried out an experiment to find the order of reactivity of sx different ‘metals, labelled A to F. Small strips of each metal were paced into solutions of the nitrates ofthe other five metals. The student looked fora reaction occuring in each (@) What would the student be looking for to see if resction was occurting? (1 mark) (6) Ifa reaction did occur, what type of reaction would the student be observing? - sone (1 mark) (oThe table below shows a record of the student’ results, ‘Metal | A nitrate | B nitrate | Citrate | D nitrate F nitrate A = e * * ¥ B x = * x ¥ € 7 7 = z ¥ D ¥ v : = v E x a x F 5 * * z = ¥ reaction occurred _x no reaction — reaction not done Put the metals A to Fin order of their reactivity, withthe least reactive metal fist. += @ marks)7. The table below gives the compositions and properties of some diferent types of, steel and cast iron. "AUALDW3U 1VDINHD ONY NOUDWHXE THI ‘ype of steel | Composition Properties Cast iron 36% Fe, 4% C ~ [Very brittle, easily moulded, hard Mild steel 98.5% Fe, 0.5% C | Easily worked, itl brittleness, springy a Hardstecl | 99% Fe, 1m C Tougher than mild ste! brittle Stainless steel | 7496 Fe, 18% Cr, 8% Ni | Tough, does not rust | Tungsten steel | 9594 Fe, 59% W_ “Tough even at high temperatures (2) (9 Which element that is present in steels and cast ron makes them brittle? (1 mark) {i How isthe amount of the element you have named in our answer to part () reduced during the steel-making process? ssn @ marks) (©) stainless stet isa mixture of three different metas. What name do we give to substances such as stainless steel? —— (1 mark) (@ Cars and ships made from steel often suffer from rusting, stainless steel, however, does not rust, Why do we not make cars or ships out of stenles steel? a += @ marks) {(€) Complete the table below to give the properties required forthe objects listed and the type of steel you would choase to make them out of Object [Properties —[ateel chisel Tough Hard sel Car body : ie 7 Surgia knife : (marks)[METAL EXTRACTION AND CHEMICAL REACTIVITY 8 A student set up the experiment below to find out what conditions were needed for rusting to occur tube a eee tube e tubeD tae of sir ryan ‘neo pure open ited water anton bole water stiles (lou ehoride water (@ryng agen (2) What was the purpose of {the anhyérous calcium chloride in tube 8? —— a mars) {i boiling the water in tube €? ee (i) the ayer of oil in tube C2 - marks) () What conditions were present in each ofthe tubes? Put ticks in the table below to show if oxygen or water was present in each ofthe tubes. Water____| Oxygen (4 marks) (0. inwhich tube() wil the nails not rust? so (marks) Explain your answer to part (). a (2 marks) (€)() in which tube wil the nails rust the most? seo mark) (1 mark)Stretch and challenge as 9. When a mixture of copper(s) oxide and zine metal reacts, a pink-brown solid is formed along with a yellow solid which changes colour to white when it gets col. (@) Write word and balanced chemical equations for the reation which oceurs = sem 3 MarR) (8) Name the pink-brown solid that is formed In the reaction. _ Soe eee (mark) (0) Name the solid which is yellow when hot and white when cold : : a (mare, (€)()_ Which ofthe reactants is being oxidised in ths reaction? te : (1 mark) (i) Explain why ths reactant i being oxidised. pone = (mark) What is happening to the other reactant when the reaction occurs? s vow (Y mark) 410 One way of extracting ron from iron\u) oxide isto react it with the more reactive ‘metal aluminium, When 1089 of aluminium powder and iren(v) oxide react ‘together, 180g of ion is produced. (@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction. rl : marks) (©) Which reactant has been oxidised and which has been reduced during the reaction? . marks) (© (What mass of iron could be produced from the reacion described? @ marks) (i 1809 of ron was obtained from the reaction. What was the percentage viele? (mars) anon [ALINUDW34 WOIW3HD QNY NOUDWWUXS TI= 8 m Exam focus 3 1 Lookatthe flow diagram shown below. 3 Soliton D6 Gas ge y, 3s ue el 38 heat inair heat wth powdered Mg Br sah couse saec ge ge a eee fs 2 Siveryet + Gas gs : Cus04e : [bee ht Brown-pink solid H + Solution 1 s (a) Name and give the formulae of substances A to I. i: m 0 . is 0 . ve (1 = a . U1) . . 0) . m : : a {S_) Write balanced chemical equations forthe reactions in which SG) solid 8 was formed eee cy * (ii) solution D and gas E were formed. a a 8 (0 Write anode and cathode reactions forthe processes which take place during the electrolysis of molten B. . . te (Total: 20}2. Use the reactivity series below to answer the questions which follow. sodium magnesium Iron increasing lead reactivity hydrogen copper silver (2) When lead) oxide reacts with ron, a redox reaction occu's. (Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. (What isa redox reaction? a (i) Describe wnat is happening to the iron and the lead\) oxide when the reaction occurs a a {(b) Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to give a salt and hydrogen gas (Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction. oes Bl (i Copper metal does nat react with acid. Explain why the reaction does not ‘occur for copper but does occur for magnesium, fs pe Cl {Gly Name another metal that will not react with hydrochloric acid. m (€ Zinc oxide is unusual in that it changes colour when it is heated. tis yellow ‘when hot but white when cold. When zine oxide reacts with magnesium metal, a white solid is obtained 10 minutes after the reaction has ended, (Whats the white slid? m {Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction, : pl {Gy What would happen to the white solid obtained iit were heated? m Total: 161 [ALINUDY34 TWOIN3HD GNY NOLDWHX WLANATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS 10 Atmosphere and oceans 1 The composition ofthe air has changed aver millions of years. The table below shows the approximate composition ofthe Earth’ atmosphere every 500 milion yeas from when the Earth was formed, 4500 million years ago. Wlllions of [Approximate | Approximate | Approximate years ago _| percentage of CO, | percentage of 0, | percentage of gas A 4500 30 ° 10 4000. 40. ° 30 3500 2 05: 40 3000 15 1 55 2500 10 ss 60 2000. 7 10 70 1500 5 18 75 "1000 2 20 76 500, 1 21s | secre 0 0.04 2 78) shown in the table have changed over time (@) Draw a line graph to show how the approximate percentages ofthe three gases (7 marks)(©). Whatis the name of gas A? (mark) Ail) Explain the reasoning behind your answer to part (. @ marks) (4 On the time axis of your graph, mark the point where: {the fist forms of bacteria appeared (1 mark) {ithe fist land plants appeared (1 mark) (il) the oceans fist appeared. (mark) (4) Explain why the appearance of the first land plants caused a change inthe amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, (marks) ‘Oxygen gas was discovered independently by Joseph Priestley in Britain and by Cari Wilhelm Scheele in Sweden in 1773-74, However, the gas was named by the French scientist Antoine Lavoisier. It is now known to be the essential gas inthe atmosphere for lfe to exist on this planet. {@) ttis ow known that oxygen atoms have an atomic number of 8. What information does this give you about atoms of oxygen? (marks) (8) Oxygen molecules that exist in the atmosphere are diatomic. Explain the meaning ‘of the word diatomic marks) (0 What type of bonding is present in oxygen molecules? (1 mark) (€) Draw a bonding diagram of an oxygen molecule, showing the outermost energy levels only @ marks) (@) Give two uses for oxygen, (marks) sone SNVaDO ONY ¥BHASORUYATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS 36 3. Nitrogen gas was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Its now known to be a very important gas in the atmosphere. It is also an essential element necessary for the ‘well being of animals and plants {@) Its now known that nitrogen atoms have an atomic number of 7. What information does this give you about atoms of nitrogen? (marks) (©) Nitrogen isa diatomic gas and contains a tiple bond between the nitrogen atoms. ‘With the aid of a bonding diagram, showing the outermost energy levels only, show that you understand the meaning of the phrasein italics. (marks) (0 (0 Which of the bonds found in the oxygen and nitrogen molecules isthe strongest? (mark) (id. Explain your answer to part (). G mars) (4) Give two uses for nitrogen, marks)4 Helium, neon and argon are noble gases found in the atmosprere, {) Which group in the periodic table do these elements belong to? {(b) The atomic numbers and mass numbers of these elements are given below. tHe = @Ne Ar (What are the electronic structures of each ofthese elements? (i) Why are these elements classified as inert gases? (lip When elements combine by means of covalent bonds, what electronic (1 mark) (@ marks) (1 mark) structure do they try to achieve in their outer electron energy level? @ marks) (0 Give a use for each of these gases based on their inert nature. @ marks) 5 Sea water contains about 3549 of dissolved substances per kilogram, The table below shows a typical analysis of some ofthe elemental ions present in sea water. Tons Concentration’ ‘aper dm of sea water Bromide ‘007 (Calium m7 Chore 192. Magnesium | 13 Potassium oa Sodium 707. ‘Other ions 23 | (2) Calculate the mass of the dissolved elemental ions in 100cm? of sea water. 7 (2 marks) (0) The concentrations of those ions found in sea water are much greater than those found in ver water. Explain why this should be the case, - @ marks) (0) Write down the formulae of the following ions. © bromide (id chloride (i) potaesium (iv) caeiurm v= (1 mark) ~ (mark) a mare) : (mark) snvibo on 38BH4SOMLLY[ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS (Using your answers to part (9), write down the formule of the following ‘compounds. (potassium chloride (1 mark) calcium bromide (mark) (€) (2) What do the data in the table indicate about thesolubiltes in water of calcium and sodium compounds? (mark) (Explain your answer to part (. sw marks) (9 Explain in terms of electron transfer what happens tosodium and potassium when they are converted into their respective fons (@ marks) Water pollution has become a real problem. Water is sucha good solvent that many substances will disolve in it, including fertilisers, (2) Explain how fertilisers get into rivers, @ marks) (8) Give the names and formulae of the nitrogen-contairing ions, from chemical fertilisers, that pollute water in rivers. (marks) (0) Name and give the formula of an artificial fertiliser that contains the ions you have ‘named in your answer to part (b) (marks) (4) (9. What materials are encouraged to grow in riversby the presence of artificial fertilisers? @ marks) (il) What effect does the growth of these materials have on lfe in the river? @mars)7. Carbon monoxide is produced in quite large quantities by petvol and diesel engines. t is formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels in these engines. (@) What do you understand by the term incomplete combuston? 2 marks) (©) Equations forthe incomplete combustion of the main component in petrol are shown below. fctane + oxygen > carbon monoxide + water D4 7OG) ec COQ) ae LO Balance the chemical equation above (marks) (© (0 To remove the carbon monoxide from the exhaust fumes of a car, a catalytic converter is introduced into the exhaust system, Whats the catalyst that this contains? —— (mark) {itn this catalytic converter, the carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide by reaction with oxygen. Write a balanced chemical equation for this @ marks) seeeeeeeoeee SNVAD0 NV 3¥BHASOMLYATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS 8 As wel as the substances you would expect in pure dry alr other substances called pollutants are found in the atmosphere. These pollutants cause air pollution, (@) Explain the meaning of the two sentences above, usirg specific examples where possible —o @ marks) (6) Sulfur dioxide sa pollutant. Major sources of this gasare heavy industry and ower stations {From which three substances would sulfur dioxide be produced in these industries? . G marks) (The word and balanced chemical equations for the production of suifur dioxide are given below. sulfur + oxygen sulfur dioxide 56) +0,) ~ S0,@) Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide produced by 32kg of sulfur (A, values: O=16;5=32) (1 mark) i) The sulfur dioxide dissolves in water inthe atmosphere and produces an acid ‘This acid is then oxidised to a further acid. What are the names and formulae ofthe initial acid and the final acid produced on oxidation? (mars) (iv) What problems do the acids produced from sufi dioxide inthe air cause in the environment? 7 marks) (©) Units are being added to some power stations to prevent the emission of sulfur dioxide. What is the name given to these units? (1 mark)Stretch and challenge 9 Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Motor vehicles are responsible for ‘much of the pollution by these oxides that is found in the atmosphere in towns and cites. (@) Nitrogen monoxide is formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen inside the car engine. The word and symbol equations are giver below. nitrogen + oxygen — nitrogen monoxide Nig) +0,g) + 2N0(9) (Calculate the volume of nitrogen monoxide produced at room temperature from 48cm? of nitrogen. (1 mark) (id. Asitexits the exhaust, the nitrogen monoxide produced inthe car engine ‘then reacts with oxygen from the air and forms the brown gas nitrogen) ‘oxide. This isan acidic gas. The word and symbol equations are given below. nitrogen monoxide + oxygen ~»nitrogen() oxide NOG) +0,@) > nNO,C) Balance the chemical equation above. (marks) (Gi) What attachment to a car would help to eliminate the problem of pollution by oxides of nitrogen? i so (1 mark) (©) When nitrogen) oxide reacts with water from the atmosphere, an acid is produced along with some nitrogen monoxide. (@) Name and give the formula ofthe acid produced. Q marks) (Write word and balanced chemical equations for the production of this, acid, (mars) 3[ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS Stretch and challenge 10 The gases in the air can be separated by fractional distilation of liquid ar. In this process, water vapour and catbon dioxide are removed from the ait. The remaining 'ga5e5n the alr are then liquefied and separated by fractional distillation. The table below shows these gases, along with their boiling points. Gas Bolling point" Argon =186 Helium 268 Krypton =157 Neon 206, Nitrogen =196 ‘Orygen =183| enon =108 {@) How are sold particles removed from the air before the carbon dioxide ‘and any water vapour are removed? : (mark (8) To what temperature isthe air cooled to remove the carbon dioxide and water vapour? (1 mark) {0 Before distiling the air itis cooled to below -200°Cat high pressure. (Why isitmnecessary to remove the carbon dioxide and water vapour from the air before the temperature is taken down to-200°C? v= marks) (W)_ Which of the gases will not became liquids at 200°C: eee - (2 marks) (li) Which two gases are difficult o separate by this method? pas marks) (iv) Explain your answer to part (i). a (1 mark) (€) Explain how the liquid air is separated by fractional distillation, (4 marks) (©) Which two gases are likely to be found in small quantities within the first gas ‘to be produced in the distillation process? (2 marks)Exam focus 1 Water is very good at dissolving substances. ti, therefore, very unusual to find realy pure water on this planet. The questions that follow are abou: the purification of, water from a reservoir (2) () Hows fitration ofthe water from the reservoir carried out? ae : m (i What isthe purpose of filtering at this stage? eee | (©) Chlorine is added to the water near the end of the purfiation process. Why is chlorine added? ae i} (@ Chiorine produces an acidic solution containing two acids. The incomplete chemical equation is shown below. The acid shown as a product i called chloric() ac, Cie) +#,00) > (aq) + HOCKaq) \What are the name and formula of the other acid that is produced? a (€) Why is sodium hydroxide added after chlorination? osu ta ay {€) To prevent tooth decay, an ion is often added to the water before its supplied to homes. Name ths ion and give its formula, : et (8.0 Tap water usually contains some chloride ions rather than chiorine, Describe a chemical test which would show that tap water does contain chloride ions Seen 8 {i Explain in terms of electronic configurations what happens to chlorine when it 's converted into chloride ions. al otal: 141 SNYIDO NY 3¥BHASONLYATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS 2. Active voleanoes produce many substances that are thrown out into the atmosphere. ‘The table below shows the percentages of the gases coming from an active voleane in Iceland. The temperature just inside the voleano is above 1000°C. Name of ga Percentage of ga | Nitrogen 32 Water 356 sulfur dioxide 117 Carbon dose aa vydrogen 039 carbon monaide i (2) Scientists now recognise thatthe early atmosphere ofthe Earth came from active volcanoes, (Use the table above to decide which gas is present inthe largest quantity Inthe gases that come from the volcano. Write down its name and its formula f : a (id) Which process do you think causes the removal of much of this gas from the atmosphere? i ia te Pa eee a Ali) Give three important differences between the quantities of gases from the Icelandic voleane and those in our modern atmosphere. el (©) Explain why water isin the gas phase when it comes out of the voleano, Sees = m (@ The Earth’ early atmosphere contained a large propertion of water vapour Explain what you think happened to al this water vapour ae eee te ri (@) The frst oceans were quite acidic. Name and give the formulae of two acids Which may have been present in these oceans. : a Total: 15]11 Rates of reaction (@) Chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures. xolain why this the (a marks) (6) State four other factors which may affect the rate at which a chemical reaction, (4 marks) (© Explain the meaning of each of the following terms. (activation energy mars) (i successful collision (marks) Explain each of the following using the collision theory. {@) Reactions in solution occur faster if the solution has a high concentration @ marks) (©) Powdered zine metal reacts faster with hydrochloric acd to give hydrogen gas ‘than strips of zinc metal do. (a marks) (@ A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction. (3 marks) g 5 gRATES OF REACTION, g 3. The graphs below were produced by carrying out reactions between sulfuric acid and 2g of magnesium in five different experiments. a ¢ 5 2 $ é 3 The experiments carted out involved 12g of magnesium ribbon and 40cm of 01 mold” sulfuric acd a 25°C M1 2g of magnesium ribbon and dem? of 0.0Smoldm- sulfuric sid at 25°C IW. 2 of magnesium powder and 40cm of 0.1 mol dm sulfuric acid at 25°C IV 2g of magnesium powder and 20cm of 0.1 mol dm? sulfur acid at 25°C \V_29 of magnesium powder and 20cm of 0.1 moldm sulfur acd at 50°C (2) Which ofthe two reactants isin excess? mars) (©) In the table below, write in the number of the experiment which is represented by teach of the lines on the graph, tine a [s fe [o fe Experiment (6 marks) (0 Explain why the reaction shown by line B occurs more rapidly than the reaction shown by line C @ marks) (4) Explain why the reaction shown by ine D occurs more rapidly than the reaction shown by line E @ marks) Magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid react together to give magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.{) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction, @ marks) (8) Give a method by which you could follow the rate at which this reaction occurs. marks) ( Give two ways by which this reaction could be: ( speeded up marks) (i slowed down. marks) Hydrogen peroxide can be quickly decomposed to water and oxygen gas by adding the catalyst manganese(o) oxide or by using the enzyme catalase, {a) How do both ofthese substances speed up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide? evn (marks) (©) Draw an energy level diagram to show what you have described in your answer to part (a), marks) (0 Why does catalase not speed up the reaction when the ternperature is raised above 40°C? @ marks) z 4 3ATES OF REACTION ‘A student carried outa reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and marble chips {calcium carbonate, CacO,) of diferent sizes. He placed a conical flask containing 50cm’ of hydrochloric acid solution onto a digital balance and then added 109 of large marble chips He inserted a piece of cotton wool it the neck of the flask. He recorded the oss in mass (in grams) against time, He repeated the experiment but this time used 10g of smaller marble chips His results are shown in the table below. Loss in massig 109 of large | 109 of sma Time/min __| marble chips | matble chips [aero ° ° % 022 045 1 oat 02 we 058 15. 2 078 135 iz 2 093 150 3 107 161 | 3 118 166 4 133 168: a 128 169 5 135 170 5m 140 170 é a 170 oh 17 170 {) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between the marble chips and hydrochloric acid (@ marks) {(b) What was the purpose of the cotton wool which the student placed into the neck of the flask? (0) Why did the mass decrease? (marks) (mark){2 graph of the loss in mass (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis). You will need to draw two lines on the same axes, one for the small chips and one for the large chips (4 marks) (@) Which ofthe reactions was the fastest? How can you tell this from the graph? mars) iRATES OF REACTION 7 When zinc metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric aid, hyérogen gas is produced. A student recorded the time for 50cm? of hydrogen gas to be collected, He carried out the reaction at different temperatures. The results of the various experiments are shown in the table Temperature/°C_ | Time to collect Sdem’of | Rate/s™ hydrogen gas/s 310 [032 10° 155 76 [132% 10- 37 19 10 (2) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of zinc metal with dilute hydrochloric acid. sass is|s 7 —— @ marks) (©) Complete the table by calculating and writing in the ate foreach of the other ‘experiments, (marks) (© Pot a graph of the rate (vertical axis) against temperature (horizontal axis). Le (4 marks) (4) What i the rate of reaction at @ asrcr a 6s-cr sons (2 marks) {) Use your graph to find the time it would have taken ‘or 50cm? of hydrogen gas to be collected at @ 38% a 85°C, us svn (4 MARS)8 Astudent caried out a reaction between sodium and water. Te results she obtained are shown in the table below. Timels 0 [10 [20 [30 [ao [50 [60 [70 [a0 Volume of Hfavem [0 |13 [25 [36 [a5 [48 |50 [50 |50 (@) Plot a graph of the volume of hydrogen produced (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis) | 1 (4 marks) (©) 9 When was the reaction the fastest? . —— vow (Hark) (i How can you tll this from the graph? ssn vo (1 mark) (@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction between sodium and water @ marks) {(€) What mass of sodium did the student use in the experimert? sn G marks) {€) How much hydrogen was produced in the experiment aft ( 25 seconds? nn (1 mar) (0 65 sec? vn nnn (Yak) (Which other Group 1 metal could the student have used, instead of sodium, to give a slower reaction with water? (1 mark) NouDvau 40 sav = 1018 Stretch and challenge 9. Cars are now fitted with catalytic converters to prevent carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide gases from passing into the atmosphere with the exhaust ‘gases. The catalyst speeds up the reaction between carvon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide to produce carbon dioxide and nitrogen, {) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between carbon monoxide {and nitrogen monoxide gas. @ marks) (0) The reaction you have writen in part () shows both oxidation and reduction. Which of the reactants has been (0 oxidised? nat) (ip reduces? (1 mark) (0 What catalyst is used in the catalytic converter? (1 mark) (@) Sam’ of petrol s combusted ina cat engine. Assume that tis octane (CH, which has a density of 0.70gem- {). Write a balanced chemical equation for the conbustion of octane. @ marks) (i) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide which would be produced, @ marks) {Gly Vohat would be the total volume of carbon diocde gas that would be produced? @ marks) (Gt) ifthe car produced 100g of carbon monoxide, what mass of carbon dioxide ‘would ths be converted to in the catalytic converter? x .- (@ marks) 10 A student was trying to find out which of two transitcn metal oxides would be the best catalyst to decompose hydrogen peroxide (H,0.). Hydrogen peroxide is a «colourless solution which decomposes to give water ard oxygen gas. (2) What isa catalyst? (marks) (0) write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide eee (@ marks) (0) The table below shows the students results. Times ‘o| 30] 60] 90] 120] 150] 180] 210] 240 Volume of [5g of 0] 9) 17] 23] 26] 2a] 29] 30] 30 ‘oxygen gas _ | manganesa(n) collectediem | oxide ‘sgof copper) | of 3] 5] 7] 9) 11) 13] 15] 17 oxide Plot a graph of the volume of oxygen produced (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis) You will need to draw two lines o> the same axesStretch and challenge Nouv so saiv4 a (marks) (€) Which of the two catalyst isthe best? Explain your answer. marks) (6) Draw an apparatus (8, What mass of copper) oxide would be obtained at the end ofthe experiment? Explain your answer. @ marks)ATES OF REACTION m@ Exam focus 1 This question is about a series of experiments involving the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and dilute hydrochloric acid. Na,S,0,{aq) + 2HCiaq) -> 2NaClaq) + H,0() + 50,(q) +519) ‘The same amount of dilute hydrochloric acid was used in each experiment but the concentration of sodium thiosulfate was changed. ‘The volumes of water and sodium thiosulfate shown in the table below were put Into a conical flask, which was placed on a pencil cross 01 a piece of paper. The acid ‘was added and a stopwatch started. The student carrying out the experiment looked ddown through the flask atthe cross and stopped the stopwatch when she could no longer see it [ Experiment | Volume of | Volume | Concentration | Time for cross | Rate of O2moldm- | of water! | of sodium |tobecome | reaction/s* sodium |en | thiosulfater | invisble/s thiosulfate” moldm” ai 100) ° oz | __35|_anxi0 aan 30 20 0.16 a 3 60 40, 012 5. 4 40 60 ‘0.08 102 5 20 80 0.08 160 (a) Why was it important to keep the total volume of soution used in each experiment the same? (©) Why did it become more difficult to see the cross on the paper asthe reaction proceeded? (0 Complete the table by calculating and writing inthe rate of reaction for each of experiments 2to 5. a a a(€) Piota graph of the rate of reaction (vertical axis) against concentration of sodium thiosulfate (horizontal axis [ T : a (@) Use your graph to find: (@ the concentration of sodium thiosulfate for which the cross would become Inisble ater 50 seconds eae —— a {i the volume of sodium thiosulfate for which the cross would become invisible after 90 seconds {the time you would expect ifthe concentration of sodiam conical flask was 0.10moldan”. m {otal 15), seeeeeeeeoee NOUDW3N40 S2:¥4RATES OF REACTION 106 “Michael carried outa series of reactions between zine metal and dilute sulfuric acid. In leach ofthe reactions he used the same mass of zinc (an excess) and the same volume ‘of sulfuric acid. The graph below shows his results © volun of hyérogen pastor? timeinin (2) Which was the fastest reaction? Explain how you can tell this from the graph, me fe 2 a (©) Which ofthe reactions was carried out () atthe highest temperature? — a m Using sulfuric acid of half the concentration used inthe other two? ae sw 1 (@ How could the rate of reaction A have been increased? “ cia ee fo} (9 What volume of 0.05 mold sulfuric acid was used for reaction C? — freon 8 (6) What was the total mass of hydrogen gas produced in reaction A? 2 oot) (Total: 10}12 The petroleum industry 1. Crude ili avery important mixture. There are many substance inthis mixture ‘hich are used a5 fuels or a5 the starting materials for the production of a variety of important chemicals. Oil can be separated by fractional distllation. A simplified diagram ofthis process is shown below. reine 93s used as fet Tgeolne ue forintral a Coniston engines ® for making cesias Terosene fuel fore engines crate of fue foros Tusloi! fel for sips Tubing ol lbrcaton ttumen (@) Why are oil refineries usually found near ports? (©) (0. What change to the crude oil takes place in part A? (Name the fraction 8 i Give the vee (lv) Name the fraction D. (0) Which ofthe fractions shown in the diagram contains: (0 the biggest molecules? A the smallest molecules? (€) Which ofthe fractions represents liquids with the lowest tolling points? (mark) (marks) (mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (1 mark) (mark) (1 mark) (e) The gasoline is eel a mixture of substances, How are these different substances separated? (mark) SECC ;auisnan wnnou.34 3H = 107‘THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY 2. The table below shows information about several fractions from the distillation of crude ol, Fraction ‘Approximate | Approximate percentage in | percentage crude oil” | demand Refinery gas 2 3 ‘Gasoline = 2 28 Kerosene 13 3 Diesel cil 17 5 Fue! oll and bitumen a7 34 (2) Which fractions are inthe greatest demand generally? — (@ marks) (6) (9. Which ofthe fractions has the lowest demand and is present in the smallest amount in crude oil? - (1 mark) (i What is the comparative size of the molecules ofthe compounds in this, fraction? (1 mark) (0, What isthe total demand for fuels for cars and lorries? (1 mark) (4) Using the data from the table, explain how an oil industry manager could ensure ‘that the demand for diesel and gasoline is met, vo ——— 2 marks) (6) Using the data from the table, what do you think the oll industry manager ‘would do to ensure thatthe excess of the fuel ail ana bitumen fraction i rot wasted? : marks) 3. (@) Alkanes are unreactive compounds. They are not affected by many substances, Name two common clases of substance that they do not react with . : marks) {(b) The most important property of alkanes is that they will generally burn quite easily. The gaseous alkanes are some of the most useful fuels, When a gas like "methane burns in a plentiful supply of air, which type of combustion does it ‘undergo? . (mark) (0) What i the common name for methane? wesw (1 mark)(4 The balanced chemical equation forthe burning of methane ina plentiful supply of airs given below. CH,(g) + 20,9) > €O,(6) + 21,019) AH =-ve (] What does the sign of tell you about the reaction? (mark) (W How many moles of carbon dioxide are produced by 1 mole of methane? (mark) (ii) what mass of carbon dioxide would be produced by 64g of methane burning in a plentiful supply of air? (4, values: H= 1; C= 12;0= 16) bn marks) (Gv) What volume of carbon dioxide would be produced when 100m? of methane is burned in a plentiful supply of air? (1 mole of any gas occupies 24m? at room temperature and pressure) . @ marks) 4 Cracking using a catalyst is one of the most important chemical processes carried cout by the oil industry. Cracking involves the thermal decomposition of the fractions Containing the larger alkane molecules, The process produces a mixture of saturated ‘and unsaturated molecules Explain the meaning of each of the following terms. (2) cracking sw (2 marks) (catalyst : (marks) {0 thermal decomposition : - marks) (@) alkane - marks) (@) saturated marks) (9 unsaturated | @ marks) 5 (a) Name the homologous series represented by the general formula GH, (mark) (©) Complete the following chemical formulae, which represent molecules ‘that belong to the homologous series in part (a). © oe . seeeeeee susnaiwnav0u134 34 09“THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY 110 (@) Draw the structural formula of the frst of the molectles shown in part (b). @ marks) 6 (a) What structural feature does an alkene possess that an alkane does not? (1 mark) (©) The diagram below shows the outer energy levels of he elements present inthe ‘compound ethene. Complete the bonding diagram by drawing dots and crosses to show the electrons in the overlap areas. QS (marks) 7 For each ofthe following statements about methane and ethene, write either ‘true’ or false (a) Methane isa greenhouse gas. os (1 mark) (0) Methane is added tothe atmosphere by burning fos fuels (1 mark) {0 Ethene is used for making a commonly used plastic. (mark) (4) Methane cannot be cracked. (1 mark) {) Ethene contains a triple covalent bond, o (1 mark) (8 Ethene does not burn easly (1 mark) ‘8 Draw ines to link each molecule on the left with the contect statement on the right. @ CAB, ‘A Contains a total of 12 atoms ©) cH,0H_| B Undergoes adition reactions 00, € Formed in cracking (@ GHOH Undergoes substitution reactions CHa E Produced in atest for an alkene OCH, F Reacts with chorine atoms in the upper | atmosphere | On, G Produced whe ethene reacts with steam marks)Stretch and challenge a 9. Give the name and structural formula of the main organic product(s) formed when ‘each of the following chemical procedures is carried out. (@) A mixture of equal amounts of methane and chlorine is exposed to ultraviolet light. = eas (mars) (b) A mixture of ethene and steam is passed over an acid catalyst at high ‘temperature and pressure. ee Cee (@ Armixture of ethene and hydrogen is passed over a metal catalyst at a high temperature. eee met ubbled into a Solution of bromine in 1,1,1-triehloroethane. pee ores i marks) (€) Decane is passed over a heated catalyst. eae sn (4 ans) 10 (a) Explain the meaning ofthe term isomer with reference o the molecule CH, Name and draw the structures of any substances you indude in your answer. = (6 marks) senmueee “xuisnaNtivnaTOu134 3H m“THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Stretch and challenge (©) ()_ What would you expect to be the relative boiling points ofthe isomers you hhave drawn in part (a)? vw (1 mark) (i Explain wy the Somers you have dawn in part (a) have differen bling points. (@ Explain why there isan extremely large number of organic compounds. @ marks) na» (1 mark) (4 Carvone isan organic substance which is found in fresh mint and in caraway seeds. The tase is created by the presence of carvons in both, but they have dlifferent tastes. Explain why the taste isso different. @ Exam focus (marks) 1. (@) The alkanes form a homologous series of hydrocarbors obtained from crude ol \what do you understand by the terms homologous series and hydrocarbons? = zs vo (5) (©) () The first four members of the alkane family are shown in the table below. ‘Alkane | Formula | Stucture Methane Ethane | GH, Propane 1 aw is adler itt HH Butane ‘Complete te tbe by filing in dhe mising formulae and structures. (3) {Name the typeof bonding present in alkanes nn .B)(ii) By showing the outer electron energy levels, draw a diagram to show the chemical bonding in a molecule of ethane. a (iv) All the alkanes shown in the table above are gases. What would be the physical difference between these four alkanes and the alkane decane, CH? mm m Total: 18] () What s the general formula for the alkane seri 2 The diagram shows the apparatus used inthe cracking of labels have been replaced with numbers. liquid alkane, Some of the porean chips a 8 © > al (b) What is the purpose ofthe porcelain chips in this experiment? z 2 (€ Give an explanation of the following observation: ‘The substance collected inthe ‘esttube was found to decolorse bromine dissolved in an organic solvent. — By (9 Draw a star on the diagram above to show the position were you would introduce a further piece of apparatus to collect any liquid product. m (6) An explosive element gas can aso be produced in this prozess. Give the name and formula of tis gas. a (8. (0. Complete the following symbol equation for a possible cracking of dadecane. CHa > Gy # nn m (i) Name the products of the reaction shown in the equation in part a (Total: 15), oonn ‘nulsnowtwnaTowsa4 3HENERGY SOURCES 4 13 Energy sources 1 (@) Whatisa fuer? (6) Give four properties of a good fuel. (0 Name: aliquid fuel (a solid fuel Ail) 3 gaseous fue. @ marks) (marks) (mark) (mark) (1 mark) (2) Write word and balanced chemical equations for the burning of the gaseous fuel you have named in your answer to part (2 i. (4 marks) 2 Complete the table below by writing in two advantages and two disadvantages of ‘each ofthe following alternative sources of energy. Source ‘Advantages Disadvantages Nuclear power 1 1 a 2 Wave power 1 7 . 2 2 Hydroelectric power [1 7 ~ 2 2 Wind power — T 2 2 J (16 marks)3 The reaction between methane and oxygen is exothermic. The standard heat of combustion of methane is-728kImot” CHG) + 20,(@) > COG) +2H,0() A =-7281I mol (@) Calculate the amount of energy produced when each ofthe following amounts of, methane is completely combusted, 2 moles of methane en (mark) {i 0.25 mole of methane sows (4 mark) Ui) 3g of methane son (1 mark) (0) 649 of methane sone (1 mark) (©) Draw an energy level diagram to represent the complete combustion of 1 mole of methane, @ marks) sunos ADwan asENERGY SOURCES 4 Use the bond energy data given in the table below to answer this question. Bond Bond energy/idmol” cH aa (O=0 498 0 205 HO 468 m4 347 (6) Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of propane. GHG) + 50,(6) > 3C0,6) + 44,019) ssn (6 marks) () Draw an energy level diagram to represent this combustion process. @ marks) (0 How much energy i released when each of the following amounts of propane is burned? (4 values: H = 1; C= 12) (05 mole of propane 1 (0 mark) (i 5 moles of propane (mark) (ii) 119 0f propane 1 (1 mark)5. Water is formed and energy is released when hydrogen combines with oxygen. (@) Write a balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for this reaction. (marks) (6) In this reaction, the covalent bonds in the molecules of hydrogen and oxygen are broken. Is the bond breaking process exothermic or endotermie? Explain your (@ marks) {0 Use the bond energies in the table below to calculate the snergy change for the reaction you have shown in part (a) [Bond [Bond energyiidmol® HoH 436 (O=0 498 oH 460 (6 marks) ‘unos A9¥aN 71g © 6 Thetable below gives the enthalpies of combustion of four alohol. ee 3 = [Akohol | Moleilar formula [Entalpy of g ombustondmel* Ba [iemanor [enon 7 == [ethanol [eHow “1370 5 rroponstat [enon 2010 = [Butantot [eon “570 . (a) Plot a graph of the enthalpy of combustion against relative molecular mass for : ‘these four alcohols, . a ] ] : | : : : a : | : ae) . | Hi | - | : il ' | | . | : | J (4 marks) (0909 From your graph, predict the enthalpy change of combustion of penta : : ee mars) . Gil) Explain how you obtained your answer to part (i). ' : marks) (© What can you say about the energy produced when alcohols of progressively sO Fgher molecular massare burned Ina? (mare ' {7 tnsome countries, including Bra, ethanol is mixed withpetol (010) Wte a balanced chemical equation forthe complete combustion of ethanol . vs sosnnnnnenenn (3 marks) 5 ay Use the bond energy data the table on the nest page to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethane : ' 18 8[Bond Bond energy/kimol* cH aia (O=0 ~498 | 0 805 HO 464 oe 347 0 358 marks) (0) nthe manufacture of cars, an important factor which i considered is known as. the energy density. This is the amount of energy released when 1kg of the fuel is ‘burned, and it can be used to compare the energy efficiencies of different fuels Using your answer to part (a) (i) and given that the enthapy of combustion of lnydrogen gas is -286KImol”, calculate the energy density of both hydrogen and ethanol in kd kg (4 marks) (0) Compare the energy density of hydrogen with that of ethanol and give a reason for the difference. ven (3 MARS) ‘The enthalpy of neutralisation isthe enthalpy change which takes place when 1 mole ‘of hydrogen ions (H'(aq)) are neutralised, Haq) + OH(aq) > H00) 4H =-S7Imol This process occurs, for example, inthe titration of an alkali by an acid to produce a neutral solution, How much eneray is released when: (@) 2 moles of hydrogen ions are neutralised? (1 mark) (©) 0.25 mole of hydrogen ions are neutralised? (mark) (0) I mole of sulfuric acid is completely neutralised? @ marks) {(€) 2 moles of sodium hydroxide are neutralised? (mark) uno ADMINenc sources 3 Stretch and challenge _ ‘8 Use the bond energies inthe table below to help you answer this question. [Bond Bond energy/iimol” cH 413 (=O 498 0 805 Ho 464 aq 387 ce 612 <0 358 HoH 454 {) (9. Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of ethene with hydrogen to form ethane. enamel 2 (marks) (it Calculate the energy change for the reaction between ethene and hydrogen. (marks) (6) (0. Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of ethene with water to form ethanol Bae ee ee mars) (id Calculate the eneray change for the reaction between ethene and water. (marks)Stretch and challenge 10 The diagram below shows an electrochemical cell which istased on the first ever chemical cell. high esisance voteter ‘magnesium metal 7 copper meta “at copper uate soktion {) The electrode reaction taking place atthe anode is: Cu(aq) + 26°» Cus) Does this equation show oxidation or reduction? Explain your answer. marks) (b) Write an equation to show what occurs at the cathode, including state symbols, oe eee ee (marks) (0) Which way would the electrons flaw in the wire - from :opper to magnesium ‘or from magnesium to copper? (1 mark) (@) What carries the electric current through the solutions? (1 mark) (©) What is the purpose of the porous pot? (1 mark) sabunos ADWaN2 ma= ml Exam focus 1. An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy of combustion of butan-1-ol. The apparatus that was used is shown below. The heat source was a spirit burner containing butan-1-1 ENERGY SOURCES ‘The mass of the spirit burner and butan-1-ol was recorded. It was allowed to burn for 4 minutes, under a copper beaker which contained 500cm" thermometer ‘of water, whose inital temperature was also recorded, Lf mesa After 4 minutes, the mass of the spirit burner ate {and the remaining butan-1-ol was recorded as came ‘well asthe final temperature of the water. water The results are shown below. Initial mass of spirit burner and & aught bbutan-1ol= 29.429, ‘ett Final mass of spirit burner and butan-1-01=27.519, Initial temperature of the water = 21.2°C Final temperature of the water = 42.0°C (2) What mass of butan-1-o1 was burned during the expeviment? m (©) What was the temperature rse of the water during the experiment? a : 1 (Use the following relationship to find the energy trareferred during the experiment in joules. (The density of water is 1 germ? energy transferred = mass of water x 4.2 x temperature rise 8) (4) How many moles of butan-1-ol were burned during the experiment? (A, values; 1; C= 12; 0= 16) ene ee] (6) Using the results from this experiment, what i the enthalpy of combustion of butan-tol? a1 (Total: 11 1m2 Hydrazine, H,NCNH, has been used as a rocket fuel for many years, When it burns in ‘oxygen gas, it reacts to form nitrogen gas and water as the only products, (@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe combustion of hydrazine, () When hydrazine undergoes combustion, alot of energy is produced. Use the bond a ‘energies in the table below to calculate the magnitude of this energy change. [Bond Bond energy/klmol* NH 390 NEN 158, NEN 346 ‘O-H 464 (= 498 1 (0 1F 240g of hydrazine was burned completely, what amount of heat energy would be released? (A, values: H = 1; N= 14) BI Total: 11] ‘unos 494343"THE (WIDER) ORGANIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 14 The (wider) organic manufacturing industry 1 When small molecules such as ethene join together to form long chains of atoms, called polymers, the process scaled polymerization, Thesmall molecules lke ethene, Which join together in this way, are called monomers. The polymer formed with ethene isan aduition polymer Polymers are often referred to as macromolecules Explain the meaning of each ofthe following terms. (@) polymer (marks) () polymerisation @ marks) (@ monomer @ marks) {€) adition polymer @ marks) (6) macromolecule (1 mark) 2. (@) Other addition polymers include PVC and PTFE, Give the chemical name of: @ eve (mark) (i pre. (mark){(b) Name and draw the monomer unit that each of these polymers is made from. @ Pvc marks) (o) erre marks) (@ Draw part of the polymer chain for each ofthese two adaltion polymers. o me ore (mata (mar (d) Give two uses for: 7 : @ we (2 marks co Pre marks ALSTOM ONIANUDWAAINYHN DINYDUO (wRCINN 3H“THE (WIDER) ORGANIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 26 3. For each of the following statements about addition polymers, write either “true! or alse’ (@) They are generally thermosoftening, (mark) () They cannot be recycled (mark) (0 The price ofthese polymers is dependent on the price of (1 mark) (4) Especially high temperatures need to be used for their safe incineration (1 mark) (6) Ethene isthe starting material for many addltion polymers (1 mark) (0) The chains in addition polymers can easly pass over each other when the Plastic is stretched, : (1 mark) 4 (a) Name the polymerisation process that is used to make both nylon and Terylene. — srs (1 MAHA) (6) Name the starting materials for making: (nylon - @ marks) i) Terylene. . @ mars) (© Give the name and formula of the small molecule preduced during the polymerisation reactions to produce both nylon and Terylene et (marks) (€) Give the name of the chemical link that holds together: © nylon (1 mark) Terylene, (1 mark) {€) Give two uses for: (nylon, (marks) (i. Terylene ae) (A) Explain the difference between the type of polymerisation you have named in part (a) and addition polymerisation. marks)5. The table below shows some of the properties of the first four alcohols {@) Complete the table by writing in the missing names and formulae, ‘Alcohol | Formula | Melting | Boiling poiat’c | pointrc | Methanol 98 | HOH a7 78 | Propanol =26 7 | rr =| 7) (marks) (b) The functional group of alcohols is OH. Explain what is meant by the term functional group, (marks) (@ By considering the structures ofthe alcohol molecules, exglain why there is an increase in boiling point from methanol to butanol 7 = mars) (4) What isthe general formula for the homologous series of alcohols? (1 mark) 6 The structure ofthe cholesterol molecule is shown below. cH, oy oy 0. (2) What type of bonding is present in this molecule? (mark) (©) Which part of the molecule will react with: (0 steam? — (mark {ethanol acid? . (mare) (@ If an addition polymer was to be made with this cholesterol, which part of the ‘molecule would be likely to react? (1 mark) (@) 2 condensation polymer ike Terylene was to be made wth this cholesterol “which part of the molecule would be likely 9 react? (1 marl _AULSaN! ONIUNADvINNW DINYOYO W3ALN) HL“THE (WIDER) ORGANIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ue 7. (a) Starch can undergo a process called hydrolysis. Explain what you understand by the term hydrolysis, (marks) (©) (0. Identify and give the formulae ofthe substances & to C in the chart below, Which represents the breaking down of starch and subsequent reactions of the products. ihe acd yeast stach——> A > Becaton done sided poasiam sevomate A « (6 marks) (i) What test could be used to identify substance C? @ marks) Gi What type of reagent is potassium dichromate(vi? (1 mark) (i) A different substance will be produced instead of A if an enzyme is used in ‘the frst stage. Name the different substance that would be produced it an enzyme was used. sn (1 mark) (W) Name an enzyme that could be used instead of te dilute acid. (1 mark)8 Drawines to link each substance on the left with the correct description on the right [aqua ‘A.A monosaccharide (©)CH.0H B Found in stinging nettles (@ cH,cOOH = C An ester (a) CH,COOGH, D Monomer for PVC (@) Starch E A biopolymer (0 GH,0, | F carbonic aid (HCOOH - G An excellent solvent @ marks) Stretch and challenge : 9 The amount of ethancic acid in vinegar can be determined by carrying out a titration. The results below came from a titration ofa vinegar solution with sodium hydroxide solution. The neutralisation reaction tak ng place is: (CH,COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) ~> CH,COONataq) + H,0(0 25,00cm* of vinegar was just neutralised by 20,00¢m* ofa 0.10moldm? sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate: (@) the concentration of ethancic acd inthe vinegar solution @ marks) (8) the mass of ethanoic acid in a1 ite (1 dm) bottle ofthis vinegar, (A values: 1;C= 12; 0= 16), marks) SEPP _AUISMaNI SNIUNLDWINNYH DINYDNO (430M HL = 29“THE (WIDER) ORGANIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SEPP 10 Stretch and challenge 10 (8) Amino acids are essential forthe formation of proteins. How many amino acids fare there? ree = (1 mark) (8) Each amino acid contains two functional groups. What are the names of these functional groups? marks) (9 The structure of the fist amino acid, glycine, is shown below. 0. \_! Pope hog Redraw the structure to show a bonding diagram fo: ths substance, showing the outer electron energy levels only ” (@ marks) (€) Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins. Proteins are long-chain molecules or natural polymers. {Name the polymerisation process that s required to form proteins. : eee mart (i, Wich industrial polymer contains the seme link as that found in proteins? ee (1 mare) The diagram below shows a dipeptide. Ho H tccilba Mclain Za) NC —C—N—c~c ee 1 Sow \What do you understand by the term dipeptide? Le : (mark) (iv) Draw a circle around the lnk that holds this dipeptide together. (mark)Exam focus 1 (@) Ethene, GH, isthe starting material for making plastic carier bags HoH Lt He ri (Name the type of chemical change taking place in the diagram above. m (id) Name the product formed by this reaction, vw (ii) The alkene, ethene, is made by cracking large alkane molecules. Describe a simple chemical test to show that ethene i present. a (6) The majority of carrier bags are difficult to dispose of. (Explain why carrier bags should not just be thrown away. @ (i) Explain why the majority of plastic carrer bags are reqcled. a (il) Give one advantage that a plastic carrer bag has aver one made out of paper. a (0 A label ike the one below is found on some plastic carrier bags. ‘This plastic carrer bag is made from a substance that is made from the ‘chemical elements carbon and hydrogen only. When the carrier bag Is burned it produces carbon dioxide and water. These substances are | natura and wil not harm the environment. (What is the meaning ofthe term element? s a (What s the name given to the type of compound that contains the elements ‘carbon and hydrogen only? ee ae i a (ii) When the plastic bag burns, heat eneray is given out. What name is used to describe reactions that give out heat energy? aaa eee m (Gv) The plastic bag will probably give off a toxic gas when it is burned. Why is this, the case? Bh (Total: 13) weueeeee _RuISTaN! SRD WENNWA DINVONO (UBQUN) HL aa“THE (WIDER) ORGANIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 132 2 Ethanol (alcoho) is a product of many fermentation reactions and of the hydration of ethene, The molecular formula of ethanol is C,H,OH, {) Draw the structural formula of ethanol. 0 (©) Balance the following chemical equation for the fermentation reaction. COQ) > one GHJOH(D + orn COQ) a {Name the substance C,4,.0, m “ Calculate the M, value for GH,,0,-(A, values: a : m (0 When ethanol is heated with potassium dichromate(y), iis converted to ethanoie ac, GH,OHID > CH,COOHN) (What type of reaction is this? m {)_Ethanoic acid belongs to a homologous series of organic aids, What is the name given to this homologous series of acids? pao m ‘When ethanoic acid is reacted with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst, 2 new substance is produced. Give the name and fermula ofthis new substance. a (dv) Name the catalyst you would use for the reaction in part (i. — vw (0) The reaction in part (iis known as a reversible reaction. Explain the meaning of the term reversible reaction, ta) otal: 14)15 Nitrogen na + 9g 2 : = : : : : : ; : : — : cvsnnnnnnnnnne os | (marks) © ae ee : : : ; 7 . [Products . : L_ : Is the Haber process an exothermic or an endothermic reaction? Using the 2 diagram, explain your answer. . . Se (marks) © i) the energy change (AM) for the reaction? seventies eanee CV Mae) |Beatport on cee ge (0) Why is 2 catalyst used in the process? é | ema San yea iat ced ton catia wad ' : mate : 52s cca be used to mae tate sas 3 (wie ptsces cher! uations forthe ean been each of the = otowing prs of submances So ce ne pou yond (2 mans) BG ed ae 2 —— (3 marks) © a nic act and copper aide Von (emacs) 1 (oexsibe hon you would cary ova eacton betwen nition coppers) lr : : : : : (mans) 2 Lookat the reaction heme belo : cau sous : br one ' : owe : : : : : me(@) Give the name and formula of each ofthe following substances. gas —— i) gasc D gas —— (iv) gas — - (@ marks) (Name: (catalyst catalyse F sn (marks) (0 Name and explain process B by which gas Cs obtained frem ar, vs a) (€) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of ammonia and dilute hydrochloric acid marks) (@) Liquid undergoes 2 neutralisation reaction with sodium hydroxide, Write @ balanced chemical equation for the reaction. - marks) Ammonium nitrate fertiliser can be manufactured by reacting aqueous nitric acid ‘with ammonia, (2) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction. renee (Barks) (©) 00 ifthe proces started with 1 tonne of nitric acid, what mass of ammonia would be needed to react with it? (a marks) 135NTROGEN % {i What mass of ammonium nitrate would be made from this reaction? @ marks) (0 What is the percentage of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate? marks) 5 Ammonia gas can be made in the laboratory by the reaction of an ammonium ‘compound with an alkali using the apparatus shown below. moun ok cron ny) sc ne \ yng toner (a) Name a suitable ammonium compound which could be used. os - ssn (4 aR) (b) Name a suitable alkali - v- (4 mark) (©) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, using the ammonium ‘compound and alkali you have named in your answers to parts (a) and (b). evennnnns (3 markS)(4) As the ammonia is produced, it is passed through a drying tower to remove Water, another product from the reaction, Give the name ofa suitable drying {agent which could be packed into the tower, (1 mark) {) The damp universal indicator paper is used to indicate when the collection vessel s fll. What colour would it turn? (mark) (9 By looking at the apparatus, what can you say about the censity of ammonia 3s? (1 mark) titration was carried out using 0.05moldm® nitric acid solution to find the Concentration of a solution of potassium hydroxide. (@) Describe the steps you would take to carry out the titration. marks) In such a titration, 21.65 of the 0.05moldmn® nitric acid was needed to neutralise 25,00cm? of potassium hydroxide solution, (©) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction. : a marks) (@ How many moles of nitric acid were used inthe reaction? @ marks) (@) How many moles of potassium hydroxide would this number of moles of nit ‘acid react with? (1 mark) (6) Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide sclution, @ marks) N390uLIN1 7. Car exhaust fumes contain nitrogen monoxide gas. When ammonia gas is injected into the hot exhaust gases, a reaction occurs which changes nitrogen monoxide, NO, 1 nitrogen gas as shown in the equation below. NO ce NH, ce Ny ee HO (@) Balance the equation above. (4 marks) (©). What mass of ammonia would react with 169 of nitrogen monoxide, NO? ( marks) (What mass of nitrogen gas would be produced? Qmars) ‘What volume of nitrogen gas would be produced? (1 mole of gas occupies 2édm’ at room temperature and pressure) (marks) (0 A family car gives out 209 of nitrogen monoxide per kilometre. What mass of ‘ammonia would be needed to change the nitrogen monoxide produced during a 200km journey to nitrogen gas? marks)8 (a) Nitrogen is one ofthe three essential elements needed by plants {What type of compound in plants, essential for their giowth, contains nitrogen? bo . (1 mark) {i What are the other two essential elements needed by plants for healthy growth? (marks) (8) The nitrogen needed by plants can be obtained by two different routes, Some plants are able to take nitrogen directly from the ai whilst others ‘obtain their nitrogen from the soil (0 Name a plant which is able to take nitrogen directly from the air. . o (1 mark) (i Hovr do farmers ensure that there is sufficient nitrogen inthe sil for their ‘crops to grow healthily? (mark) (€ Cakcuiate the percentage of nitrogen in each of these nitrogen compounds sed by farmers. (sodium nitrate, NaNO, (_ammonium phosphate, (NH),PO, (ii) urea, CONH, (iv) ammonium sulfate, (WH),50, (marks) nasouun40 Stretch and challenge 9 Ammonia isa very important industrial chemical. tis used to manufacture ‘ertliers, dyes and explosives Its made from nitroger and hydrogen gases by the Haber process (@) Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen to give ammonia, : (marks) (@) In order to produce sufficient ammonia ata fast enough rate from the reaction, certain conditions of temperature and pressure are used. The forward reaction is exothermic. (@Atwhat pressures would the most ammonia be produced? Explain your (marks) (i) What pressure is used in industry? (1 mark) (0) Atwhat temperatures would the most ammona be produced? Explain your answer, (@ marks) (Gd. What temperature is used in industry? soe (mar) Gi) Comment on the dference between your answers to parts () and (i). sone (3 marks) {(@) What catalyst, other than iron, can be used In the Industral preparation of (1 mark)Stretch and challenge e 10 An analytical chemist was asked to identity three colourless solutions which had been found. He carried out various tests in an attempt to identity the solutions. The results of his tests are shown in the table below. Solution [Fame [Dilute [Adltion of Wiaq) | Dilde [Dilute test |HC@e) [Few drops Excess] HNO.) + | Hag) + colour pee AgNO,(aq) | BaCl(aq) [erick [No |White | Precptate | white [No red | reaction | preciptate_| dissolves | precptate | reaction [Uae [No [Noreaction| No eacton |No | White reaction reacion | precipitate © [Green |Fizses | Blue | recptate [Fizz | Fizes precipitate | ssohes | {) Look at the result that were obtained from solution A. (0. Which metal ion is present inthe S01UtION? ove (1 mark) (i. What does the formation of a white precipitate when acidified silver nitrate is added tell you? (1 mark) (Gi) Write a balanced ionic equation forthe formation ofthe white precipitate, Including state symbols. ss (2 marks) (8) Look atthe resus that were obtained from solution. (Which metal ion is present inthe solution? : (1 mark) Which anion must be present for a white precipitate to form when dilute hhydrechlorc acid and barium chloride solution are added to solution 8? (1 mark) (Gi Write a balanced ionic equation for the formation ofthe white precipitate, Including state symbols. aot : marks) (0 Look atthe results that were obtained from solution ©. (Which metal ion is present in the solution? iesnesvnennnanennene (1 mark) (i. Which anion must be present to give fizzing when hydrochloric acid is added to solution ©? (1 mark) {€) Using the information in the table, give the formula ofthe chemical present in ‘each ofthe solutions (solution a (i) solution 8 = i) SO1UION C ssn «(3 marks) Na90uLN a1wa Exam focus 1) Ammonia i @ gas, NH, which is manufactured by the Haber process. It has many Uses including the production of nitric acid and the production of many important ‘ammonium salts, (@) Which chemicals are the feedstock for the Haber process? a (b) Ammonium sulfate isan important fertiliser. To produce it, ammonia is reacted with sulfuric acid (Write a balanced chemical equation forthe reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid to produce ammonium sulfate i) What isthe maximum mass of ammonium sulfate which could be formed ey . hen 49g of sulfuric acid is completely reacted with ammonia? . . . ay (li) When this experiment was carried out inthe laboratory, only 40g of ‘ammonium sulfate was produced. What was the percentage yield of the ‘experiment? 2 (Total: 1)Gaseous ammonia is manufactured in large quantities. The process by which its manufactured was developed by Fritz Haber in 1911 and used industrially n 1913. The production of this important chemicals affected both by the temperature and by the pressure at which the process is run, The equation which represents the synthesis of Ng) + 3H(9) = 2NH(Q) ‘An iron catalyst is used ‘The graph below shoves how the percentage yield of ammonia changes with ‘temperature and pressure. Gio ie 3 300. ' 3 0 Tak E ee ie - wo 200 300 ato {@) Using the graph, state: () the effect of increasing the pressure on the yield of ammonia, : a (il the effect of decreasing the temperature on the yield ef ammonia, v1 (8) Explain why the change you have described in part (a) ()eccurs with increasing pressure f 31 {0 Using your answer to part () (i), deduce the sign of the energy change which ‘curs during the production of ammonia, Explain your ase. — 3] {€) The conditions used in industry for the production of ammonia are a pressure of 200 atmospheres and a temperature of 723K. What isthe oercentage yield of| ‘ammonia under these conditions? ee oT (©) Why isa temperature lower than 723K not used? 21 Total: 12) na50uLNsuLEUR 16 Sulfur Sulfur has an atomic number of 16 and is represented as: BS (@) How many electrons are there ina sulfur atom? nn (mark) (&) How many neutrons are there ina sulfur atom? (1 mark) (© How many electrons will there be in the outer energ} level ofa sulfur atom? : . (1 mark) (4) To which group of the periodic table does sulfur belong? (1 mark) (@) Write down the names of two other elements found 1 the same group as sulfur. = (marks) (9 Give two large-scale uses for sulfur (marks) 2. When sulfur is burned in ai, it forms the choking gas, sufur dioxide {) Write word and balanced chemical equations forthe formation of sulfur dioxide G marks) (©) Complete the bonding diagram for sulfur dioxide shown below, Only the outer energy levels are shown, (.).°). ) YM) (@marks) (0 What type of bonding is present in sulfur dioxide? ssn (1 mark) 3 (@) Rainwater is naturally acidic. (Explain why ths s the case : @ marks) (i) What isthe expected pl of naturally acidic rainwater? (mark) Another acid is found in rain, whichis caused by human activity producing oxides of nitrogen, Give the name and formula ofthis al @ marks) (©) In many parts of the world, the pH of rainwater has fallen to a lower value. {What s the pH of acid rain in many parts of the world? : : (1 mark) {i Give two problems associated with acid rain. marks)4 The scheme below shows some reactions of dilute sulfuric aie. Dilute suri ace ae Magnesium Substance A substance 8 subsonce 8 Secu aut subsonce€ ome vite {) Name and give the formulae of substances A to a 8 c > e (marks) (marks) (@ marks) marks) @ marks) (8) Write word and balanced chemical equations forthe reactons in which substance ‘A reacts and substances B,C, D and Eare formed. (€ Describe a chemical test to confirm the identity of gas C sw (9 marks) marks) ansins vassuueuR aon 5. There are two diferent sodium salts for sulfuric acid. (@) Sodium sulfate is a normal salt. What does this tetm mean? (marks) (8) Describe a chemical test which could be used to show that an unknown substance: was a soluble sulfate : ee @ marks) (0 (0 Name and give the formula of a further sodium sat of sulfuric aid, commonly known as an acd salt Gres) {i What does the term acid salt mean? bn 7 marks) 6 Sodium sulfide isa yellow to red colour, and its main useis in the paper industry. tis an ionic solid with the Formula Na,S, (@) Draw electronic structures of the ions created when tre compound is formed, showing the electrons in the outer energy levels only. (marks) (©) Give three properties which you might expect for this substance, given its bonding. — (marks) (0 Would you expect this substance to conduct electri in the molten state? = (1 mark) (i Explain your answer vo o (marks) 7. For each of the following statements, writ either “rue” a false (6) Sulfur is a metallic element. ssonnsnnsnn (1 mark) () Sulfur reacts with burning magnesium to form magnesium sulfide sonnnnnnne ( MaP) (€ Initially when sulfur dioxide dissolves in rainwater it forms sulfurous ac (1 mark) (2) Concentrated sulfuric aid cannot remove the water of eystalisation from cus0, 54,0. a) {) In medicine, magnesium sulfate is used a$ 2 1&XBtIVE, cane (mark) (9) The formation of 50, in the Contact process isa reversible reaction, (mark)Draw lines to link each substance on the left with the correct description on the right. @HSO, ‘A. Formed when testing for a sulfate (0) 6250, B_A powerful dehydrating agent (@ 50, ‘CWill react with dilute sufurie acid () KHSO, D_Amain cause of acid rain (e) MAZIT metals E_ Used in meking detergents (8250, F_Anormal salt of sulfuric acid (6) Concentrated #50, © An acid salt (marks) Stretch and challenge 9 The real acidity in acid rain is mainly caused by sulfuric acid. The amount of this acid can be determined by carrying outa titration. The results below came from a titration ofa sample of acid rain with sodium hydroxide solution. The neutralisation reaction taking place i: H,50,(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Na,S0,(aq) + #,0() 25,00cm’ of acid rain was just neutralised by 15.00 cm? ofa .10moldm sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate: (@) the concentration of sulfuric acid in the acid rain solutior @ marks) () the amount of sulfuric acid in 1000 litres of acid rain @ marks) (0) Acid rain (mainly sulfuric acid) attacks stee! structures (manly iron), Write word {and balanced chemical equations forthe reaction that taces place @ marks) unnns “7Stretch and challenge 10 Car body parts are made from sheet stel. Before the car body parts are painted, ‘the metal must be free from rust, Fe,0,, To ensure thatthe steels rust free, the sheets are dipped into sulfuri acid. An unbalanced chemical equation for this, process is: Fe,0,(8) + H,$0,(aq) ~> Fe,S0),(aa) + #,000) (2) Balance the chemical equation above. marks) () The steel sheets are only lft inthe acid for a short time. Why are they not left Infor longer? pees Sethe mars) (@) Sulfuric acid is used in the manufacture ofthe fetiser, (NH,),SO,, What is the ‘name of this substance? tt cet (1 mark) (€) To make the fertiliser in part (0, sulfuric aid has tobe neutralised by an alkaline substance. In ths case, a possible alkaline sabstance to use is ammonia. solution, NH,OH (9 Explain what you understand by the term neutralised with respect to this reaction prcreststecherrermiee marks) {i The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between ammonium hydroxide and sulfuric acid is .2NH,OH(aq) + H,50,(aq) ~ (NH)),SO,(ag) + 2,010) Calculate the amount of ammonium sulfate fertliser produced from 196 tonnes of sulfuric acid (4 values: H= 1; C= 12: N= 14; 0= 16) (4 marks)™ Exam focus 11 When manufacturing sulfuric acd, sulfur dioxide i fist made into sulfur trioxide. ste onygen layers of eaalst (2) Give two reasons why a catalyst is used inthis reaction. 8) {(b) Name and give the formula of the catalyst used inthis proces. (0 Write word and balanced chemical equations for the making of sulfur trioxide. S 4 (4) The reaction in part () goes almost to completion. What does this mean with respect to this reaction? 2 {€) The sulfur trioxide produced is then dissolved in concentrated sulfuric ac, 50,6) + H,50,00 > 4,5,0,0 (0 Give the name of the substance H5,0,, ee (Gd Why is sulfur trioxide not dissolved directly into water to form concentrated sulfuric acid? a eee a (9 With the aid of a balanced chemical equation, explain how concentrated sulfuric acid is made from H.S,0,. eee ricer rear @ (6) Give two uses for concentrated sulfuric acid a (Total: 20) seeemeeeoeeeee unains = 9SULFUR 150 2 thas been found in recent years thatthe suifuri acd in acid rain reacts with limestone, which is eaten away by the following process. CaCO.) + H,50,faq) ~> 250.5) + H,O(0 + CO,(9) (@) Write the ionic equation for the above reaction, pees ees 8) (©) What other pollutant gases contribute to acid rain? cae 0 (6. How many moles of calcium carbonate are there in 1509 of calcium carbonate? (4 values: C= 12; 0 = 16) a (il) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide formed wher 150g of calcium carbonate reacts with excess sulfuric acid, a Ati) The amount of sulfuric acid in rainwater has increased over the years. Explain the reasons for this, Bl (otal: 13)Past exam questions ; 1 All about matter | 2 1 The diagram shows models of various elements : pes © ia) : 8 . ' . oe eee JAE : ar) : 5c es (2) Define the term element | m (0) which one ofthe model Ato E represents a solid contining diatomic (0) Which two of the models Ato E represent gases? and - a (4) Which one of the models A to € represents diamond? 0 (id State the name of the element present in diamond, m Ai) State a use of diamond other than in jewellery. tm {@) Structure E is a metal. State three physical properties which are characteristic of all metals. Bl m5PASTEXAM QUESTIONS (9) Metals are sometimes mixed with other elements ir order to change their properties. (© Whats the name given to a mixture of metals with other elements? 0 (Match up the metals in the boxes on the left with their uses on the ‘ight. The frst one has been done for you, th foc raking chemi plans ase for plating tin cane stan see! for car boies ‘or lca vring| annum inhouses copper tor ara bes @ Total: 14] (Cambridge ICSE Chemis 0820, Paper 029 1 une 2006) 2 Elements, compounds and mixtures .2_The following table gives information about sx substances. ‘substance | melting point"C | boiling point” | electical | electrical conductivity | conductivity __|asasolid — | as aliquid a a9 1484 | good ‘good 5 210 =196 | poor poor c 776 1487 | poor ‘good D a7 78 | poor poor E 1607 2227 | poor poor F 5 102|| poor ‘good (@) Which substance could have @ macromolecular structure similar to that of silicon(u) oxide? - m (b) Which substances are solids at room temperature? m(0 Which substance could be a metal? fo} (€) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride? - - = nm (6) Which substance isan ionic compound? ssn os 0 (Which substances are liquids at room temperature? m Total: 61 (Cambie 1GCSE Chest 0620, Paper 32.0 November 2010) 3 Atomic structure and the periodic table 3 The following is list ofthe electron distributions of atoms of unknown elements. ‘element | electron distribution 25 284 28.82 28.188 281881 2.818 18,7 nlm one» {) Choose an element from the ls for each of the following descriptions. © isa noble gas. (itis a soft metal with alow density. It an form a covalent compound with element A. (iv) thas a giant covalent structure similar to diamond. () ean form a negative ion of the type X* 7 6) (8) Elements C and F can form an ionic compound. (0 Draw a diagram that shows the formula ofthis compound, the charges fon the ons and the arrangement ofthe valency electrons around the negative on, Use to represent an electron from an atom of C Use x to represent an electron from an atom of F Bl 2 2PAST EXAM QUESTIONS (i) Predict two properties of this compound, a Total: 10] (Cambdoe 1638 chemisy0820, Paper 31 0.3 sune 2009) 4 Bonding and structure 4. Carbon and sicon are elements in Group V. Both elements have macromolecular structures, (@) Diamond and graphite are two forms of the element carbon. {Explain why diamond isa very hard substance. a (Give one use for diamond, —— n (i) Explain why graphite isa soft material vw 2) (iv) Give one use of graphite ee a (6) Two of the oxides ofthese elements are carbon dioxide, CO, and silicon(w) oxide, si, {0 Braw'a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in ‘one molecule ofthe covalent compound carbor dioxide. Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom, Use 6 to represent an electron from an oxygen atom, B)i) A section of the macromolecular structure of si below. | : Use this diagram to explain why the formula is SiC, not SiO, = o =o) (ii) Pregict two differences in the physical properties of these two oxides. a Total: 13) (Cambie 163 Chemisty 0620, Paper 31 95 une 2010) 5 Chemical calculations 5 Quantities of chemicals, expressed in moles, can be used to find the formula of ‘compound, to establish an equation and to determine rearting masses. {) A compound contains 72% magnesium and 28% nitrogen. Whatisits empirical formula? iy (6) A compound contains only aluminium and carbon. 0.03 moles of this compound reacted with excess water to form 0.12 moles of AI(OH), end 0,09 moles of CH, \rite a balanced equation for this reaction g z 3 assPAST EXAM QUESTIONS 156 (0 0.07 moles of silicon reacts with 259 of bromine. Si+ 261, Sir, (Which one isthe limiting reagent? Explain your choice 8 (i How mary moles of Sir, are formed? a (Total: 8) (Combndge CSE Choris 0620 Paper 31 @9 hme 2005) 6 Electrolysis and its uses 6 Aluminium i extracted by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide. ecto ain ide desohed inmoteneyeit) CLL ZL (@) Hydrated aluminium oxide is heated to produce pure aluminium oxide. A,0,3H,0 ~ A0, + 3H,0 hydrated aluminium oxide What type of reaction is this? Put aring around the correct answer. decomposition neutralisation ‘oxidation reduction a (©) Explain why the electrolyte must be molten for electrolysis to occur . il (@ What s the purpose of the cyalite? m(4) Which letter inthe diagram, A, 8, Cor D, represents the cathode? so 0 (6) State the name ofthe products formed at the anode and cathode during this electrolysis anode 7 cathode. so a {) Why do the anodes have tobe renewed periodically? 7 a {g) Complete the equation forthe formation of aluminiun from aluminium ions. AP + non 9A a {h) State one use of aluminium, = il Total: 10] (Cambie 1SC3E Chemisty 0620, Pane 020 6 Novembe 2009) 7 Acids, bases and salts 7. Oxides are classified as acidic, basic, neutral and amphoteric. (2) Complete the table. ‘ype of oxide | pl of solution of oxide | example ‘acidic basic neutral oy (©)(_ Explain the term amphoteric. — a a Name two reagents that are needed to show thatan oxide is amphoteric 2 Total: 9} (cambvdge ICSE Chey 0620, Pipe 31 0 2 November 2008) ae al 2 a = 457PASTEXAM QUESTIONS 8 Inorganic carbon chemistry '8 Calcium carbonate, CaCO,, is the raw material used in the manufacture of lime, 0. () (0. Describe how lime is manufactured from calium carbonate, 7 (1 (i). Write a symbol equation for ths reaction. (Gi) state one large scale use of lime. m . vw hf {(b) A student investigated the speed of reaction of caldum carbonate with hhydrochloric acid using the apparatus shown below (Complete the labelling of the apparatus by filing in the three boxes. [3] waterbath sto (i The equation forthe reaction is \rite the word equation for this reaction, aco, + 2HCI + CaCl, + C0, + HO 2 otal: 8] (Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry 0620 Faper 02 03 November 2008) | | | | | |9 Metal extraction and chemical reactivity 9 Iron is extracted from its ore in a blast furnace. | (State the name ofthe or rom whch Won extracted | m | (2) The clagram shows lat uae, | | SNOUSENO Wevxa 1S¥a coke + neste frtickning Which one of the raw materials is added to the bast furnace to help remove the impurities from the iron ore? - vane ‘The impurities are removed as a slag. Which letter on the diagram shows ‘thesiag? _ m (@) Carbon monoxide is formed in the blast furnace by reaction of coke with, ‘oxygen, (Complete the equation for this reaction. ce oo ri | (0) state the adverse affect of carbon monoxide on human health, — o | 159PASTEXAM QUESTIONS (4) Inthe hottest regions of the blast furnace the following reaction takes place. Fe,0,+3¢-+ 2Fe + 3C0 Which two of these sentences correctly describe thisreaction? Tk two bones. The ron oxide gets reduced QO The reaction is a thermal decomposition. Oo The carbon gets oxidised QO ‘The carbon gts reduced QO Carbon neutralise the iron oxide, QO (©) Aluminium cannot be extracted from aluminium oxide in a bast furnace, | Explain why aluminium cannot be extracted in ths way. ca (9 (0) State the name of the method used to extract aluminium from its oxide m {i state one use of aluminium. m {Totak: 11) (Cambie 1636 Chemisty 0520, aper 02 0.4 November 2008) 10 Atmosphere and oceans 10 (a) The major gases in unpolluted air are 78% nitrogen and 20% oxygen. {@) Name another gaseous element in unpolluted si. —— nm (i) Name two compounds in unpolluted air. ca (b) Two common pollutants in air are carbon monoxide and the oxides of, nitrogen. ‘Name another pollutant in air —— fo} (i. Describe how carbon monoxide is formed, a(i) How are the oxides of nitrogen formed? ee . a Gv) Explain how a catalytic converter reduces the emissons ofthese two gases. a (otal: 10} (Cambridge (GCSE Cems 0620, Pazer 31.0 1 November 2009) 11 Rates of reaction 1 Hyérogen peroxide decomposes slowly at room temperature to form water and ‘oxygen ‘The reaction is catalysed by manganese(IV) oxide, 2H,0,-+2H,0 +0, [A student used the apparatus shown below to study how changing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide affects the speed ofthis reaction ven collects hee 8s yinge manganese M1 oxide (@) Apart from the volume of hydrogen peroxide, state two things that the student must keep the same in each experiment. 2 sna ea SRE C UEP SNOUSaNO W¥KE 5¥a = 161PASTEXAM QUESTIONS (essen mung ene ngen ved ina ee oe oe ai velue efongen ime ae (Describe how the speed of the reaction varies with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, - a Explain why the final volume of oxygen given off is less for graph 8 than ‘for graph A. (i) From the graph, determine ‘the time taken for the reaction to be completed when 3 gidm* hydrogen peroxide (line A) was used. 1 ‘the volume of oxygen produced by 2 gdm? hydrogen peroxide (line B) Inthe first 15 seconds. 0{0 The student then tested various compounds to see how well they catalysed the reaction. He used the same concentration of hydrogen peroxide in each ‘experiment. The table shows the time taken to produce 20 cm3 of oxygen Using each compound asa catalyst. ‘compound “ime taken to produce 20 em of oxygenis copperil) oxide 130 lead(v) oxide 15 magnesium oxide | did not produce any oxygen manganese(IV) oxide | 18 Put these compounds in order of their effectiveness as catalysts, wast aaat est cata IL Jim otal: 71 (Cambridge GCSE chemi 0620, Page 2 0 3 November 2011) 12 The petroleum industry 12 Petroleum isa mixture of hydrocarbons which can be separated int fractions such as petrol, paraffin and desl {@) state the name ofthe proces used o separate these factions 0 (b) Name two other fractions which are obtained from pecroleu. . : and e) (©) Give one use forthe paraffin fraction, ” (@) Many of the compounds obtained from petroleum are alkanes. ‘Which two of the following structures are alkanes? SNOUSANO WAG Lsv = 163PAST EXAM QUESTIONS z (6) Use words from the lst below to complete the following sentence, ethane ethene hydrogen nitrogen ‘oxygen reactive unreactive water Alkanes Such a5 sosnsnsnsnnnnnnne ae generally vox but they can be burnt in ‘0 form carbon dioxide and i) (9 Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. What do you understand by the terms ( saturated {id hydrocarbon? a (otal: 11 (Cambie GCSE Cheistyy0620, ape 02 0 3 une 2008) 13 Energy sources 13 The diagram shows a simple cel. voltmeter 7 ion eectroce tin electrode bubbles of hydrogen _— dite Suc acid (@) Write an equation forthe overall reaction occurring in the cel,() Explain why al cell reactions ae exothermic and redox. (©) Which electrode, zinc or iron is the negative electrode? Give a reason for your choice, pi (€) Suggest two ways of increasing the voltage of this cell an) (Total: 3} (Cambidge GCSE eis 0620, Paper 32.0 5 Noverber 2017) 14 The (wider) organic manufacturing industry 114 Methanoic acid isthe fist member ofthe homologous seres of carboxylic acids. (2) Give two general characteristics of a homologous series a (6) In some areas when water is boiled, the inside of kettles become coated with a layer of calcium carbonate. This can be removed by adding methanoic acid {Complete the equation HCOOH + CaCO, > CACO), sssnnin Frnnnne 2 {)Methanoic acid reacts with most metals above hycrogen in the reactivity Complete the word equation. zine + methanoie acld + 2 ‘Aluminium i also above hydrogen inthe reactivity series ‘Why does methanoie acid not react with an aluminium kettle? 0 i 165PAST EXAM QUESTIONS 166 (@ Give the name, molecular formula and empirical formula ofthe fourth acid in this series re m molecular OFLA nnn m : m Total: 10] (Cambridge ICSE Chemistry 9620, Faper 31 08 June 2010) empirical formula 15 Nitrogen 15 Ammonium sulfate is used in fertilisers, {@) State the names ofthe three elements found in mo fertilisers, 1 2 3 — 8) (8) Suggest why farmers use fertilisers. ee - ba (0) Ammonium sulfate isa salt which is soluble in water (What do you understand by the term soluble? m Wich ofthe folowing methods is used to make this salt in the laboratory? Tick one box adding an acid toa metal Oo adding an aid toa metal oxide oO by precipitation reaction QO by the tivation of an acid with an aka] m (@) A mixture of ammonium sulfate and sodium hydrovide was warmed ina ‘esttube. A gas was given off which turned red litmus paper blue, State the name of this ga. ty (c) Fertilisers containing ammonium salts are often slightly acidic (State the name of a compound which farmers add to the soil to make it less acidic(@_Explain why itis important for farmers to control she acidity ofthe soll. a (9 The formula of ammonium sulfate is (NH), 50, In this formula stat: (the number of different types of atoms present, oy {i _the total number of atoms present. a (otal: 13) (Cambridge ICSE Chemis 0620, Paper 21 95 kine 2010) 16 Sulfur 16 (a) Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process. 250, +0, = 250, Thisis carried out inthe presence of a catalyst at 450°C and 2 atmospheres pressure (How isthe sulfur dioxide made? oe m Ail) Give another use of sulfur dioxide : m (ii) Name the catalyst use. m (iv) Ifthe temperature is decreased t0 300°C, the yield of sulfur trioxide Increases. Explain why this lower temperature is not used, ee - m (Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acd. This is added to water to make more sulfuric acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water? SnOUSanO Wx IS aPAST EXAM QUESTIONS (@) Sulfuric acid was frst made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green \itrol,Fe50,7H,0. The gases formed were cooled. FeS0,.7H,0(8) > FeS0,() + 74,016) ‘green crystals yellow powder 2FeSOA5) ~ Fe, 0,5) + 80,69) + 50,60) on cooling 50, +H,0-+HS0, sulfuric acid 50, +H,0-+HS0, sulfurous acid (How could you show thatthe first reaction is reversible? a a (W_Sulfurous acid isa reductant. What would yousee when acidified potassium manganate(w) is added to a solution containing this acid? soos a (ii) Suggest an explanation why sufurous acid in contact with air changes int sulfuric acid, m (6 9.129 of anhydrous iron) sufate was heated. Calaulate the mass of iron) oxide formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at tp, formed, 2FeS0(5) > Fe,0,(8)+ 50,6) +50,(9) ‘mass of one mole of FeSO, = 1529 number of moles of FeSO, used = umber of moles of Fe,0, formed ‘mass of one mole of Fe,0, 9 mass of iron(n) oxide formed = sssnnnnnnn 9 ‘number of moles of $0, formed =. volume of sulfur trioxide formed = wnsnsnnnnnnnnnnnne OM (6) (Total: 16) (Cambie ICSE Chemisty 0520 Paper 31 96 November 2009)