Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

This print-out should have 17 questions.

Multiple-choice questions may continue on
the next column or page find all choices
before answering.
AP B 1993 MC 6
001 10.0 points
If Spacecraft X has twice the mass of Spacecraft Y , then what is true about X and Y ?
I) On Earth, X experiences twice the gravitational force that Y experiences;
II) On the Moon, X has twice the weight of
Y;
III) When both are in the same circular orbit,
X has twice the centripetal acceleration
of Y .

Let : Te = 1 year ,
re = 150 million km ,
ra = 483 million km .

and

From Keplers laws,

Ta2
Te2
=
re3
ra3
 3/2
ra
Ta =
Te
re
3/2

483 million km
(1 year)
=
150 million km
= 5.77808 year .

1. I only
2. I, II, and III
3. I and II only correct

003 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

What is the orbital velocity of the asteroid?
Assume there are 365 days in one year.

4. II and III only

Correct answer: 16654.7 m/s.

5. III only
Explanation:
I) gravitational force mass.
II) weight mass.
III) The centripetal acceleration is determined by
v2
ac =
,
r
so X and Y should have the same centripetal
acceleration when they are in the same circular orbit.

Explanation:
2 ra
Ta
2 (4.83 1011 m) 1 y
=
5.77808 year
365 d
1d 1h

24 h 3600 s
= 16654.7 m/s .

va =

Asteroid in Orbit
002 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
The period of the earth around the sun is
1 year and its distance is 150 million km from
the sun. An asteroid in a circular orbit around
the sun is at a distance 483 million km from
the sun.
What is the period of the asteroids orbit?

Circular Moon Orbit

004 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
A satellite is in a circular orbit just above the
surface of the Moon.
What is the satellites acceleration?
The value of gravitational constant is
6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 and the mass
of the moon is 7.36 1022 kg and its radius is
2740.2 km .

Correct answer: 5.77808 year.

Correct answer: 0.654045 m/s2 .

Explanation:

Explanation:

Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

Let : G = 6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 ,

Mmoon = 7.36 1022 kg , and
rmoon = 2740.2 km = 2.7402 106 m .
Fc = m ac = FG , so
G m Mmoon
r2
G Mmoon
ac =
r2
= (6.67259 1011 Ncdotm2 /kg2 )
7.36 1022 kg

(2.7402 106 m)2

m ac =

= 0.654045 m/s2 .

007 10.0 points

Which are the correct statements regarding
Keplers laws?
A. They were obtained first by Tycho Brahe.
B. They were obtained by Kepler from
Brahes observations combined with Newtons second law.
C. They were deduced by Kepler from
Brahes observations.
D. They were derived by Newton from his
gravitational and second laws.
E. They were derived by Newton using his
gravitational and second law together
with Brahes data.
1. C and D correct
2. B and D

005 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

What is the satellites speed?
Correct answer: 1338.74 m/s.

3. A, B, and C
4. A and E
5. C and E

Explanation:
v2
ac =
r

v = ac r
q
= (0.654045 m/s2 )(2.7402 106 m)
= 1338.74 m/s .

006 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points

What is the period of the satellites orbit?
Correct answer: 3.57244 h.
Explanation:
2R
v
1h
2 (2.7402 106 m)

=
1338.74 m/s
3600 s

T =

= 3.57244 h .
Kepler

6. A and D
7. B and E
Explanation:
Energy in Lifting
008 10.0 points
Energy is required to move a 987 kg mass
from the Earths surface to an altitude 2.11
times the Earths radius RE .
What amount of energy is required to accomplish this move? The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 .
Correct answer: 4.18027 1010 J.
Explanation:

Let :

m = 987 kg ,
h = 2.11 RE , and
g = 9.8 m/s2 .

Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

m ME
ME
and g = G 2 , so the
R
RE
change in the potential energy of the massEarth system is

(856 kg) (7 1022 kg)

1.7 106 m
= 2.35189 109 J .

U = G

U = Uf Ui


1
1

= G m ME
Ri Rf


1
1

= G m ME
RE
3.11 RE


m G ME
1
=
1
RE
3.11
2.11
= m g RE
3.11


= (987 kg) (9.8 m/s2 ) (6.37 106 m)

2.11
3.11

= 4.18027 1010 J .
Moons Gravitational Field
009 10.0 points
Given: G = 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2
A 856 kg meteor comes in from outer
space and impacts on the a moons surface
(this moon is not necessarily the Earths
moon). The mass of this moon is M =
7 1022 kg, and the radius of this moon is
R = 1.7 106 m.
How much work is done by the Moons
gravitational field?
Correct answer: 2.35189 109 J.

Explanation:
Using the formula relating the work W done
by the Moons gravitational field on the meteor with the change U in the potential
energy of the meteor-Moon system,
W = U
= (Ufinal Uinitial )


GmM
=
0 ,
R

Estimate a Black Hole 01

010 10.0 points
A black hole is an object so heavy that neither
matter nor even light can escape the influence
of its gravitational field. Since no light can
escape from it, it appears black. Suppose a
mass approximately the size of the Earths
mass 4.7 1024 kg is packed into a small
uniform sphere of radius r.
Use:
The speed of light c = 2.99792 108 m/s .
The universal gravitational constant G =
6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 .
Hint: The escape speed must be the speed
of light.
Based on Newtonian mechanics, determine
the limiting radius r0 when this mass (approximately the size of the Earths mass) becomes
a black hole.
Correct answer: 0.0069788 m.
Explanation:
Basic Concepts: Energy conservation
E=

GmM
R
= (6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 )

GmM
+K.
r

At minimum escape velocity, E = 0 (the projectile has just enough initial kinetic energy
to overcome the gravitational potential).
Solution: Technically speaking, in a region where gravity is extremely intense, Newtons mechanics cannot be used. Rather, one
needs to apply the general theory of relativity developed by Albert Einstein. Knowing
this is the case, we still would like to see
what Newtonian mechanics tells us. Setting
vesc = c, the limiting radius is given by
1
1
GmM
2
,
m vesc
= m c2 =
2
2
r0

where M is the mass of the Moon, we obtain

W =

or
r0 =

2GM
.
c2

Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

It turns out that the theory of relativity gives
the same expression for this limiting radius,
referred to as the Schwarzschild radius. In
Newtonian mechanics, however, the description of what happens to objects attracted to
this sphere is often highly inaccurate. But in
any case,
2GM
c2
= 2 (6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 )
(4.7 1024 kg)

(2.99792 108 m/s)2

r0 =

= 0.0069788 m .

Hewitt CP9 10 E48

011 10.0 points
If the Earth shrank in size, with all other
factors remaining the same, how would the
escape velocity from its surface change?
1. smaller
2. greater correct
3. Cannot be determined
4. the same
Explanation:
The gravitational field at the surface of the
Earth would increase if the Earth shrank;
escape velocity would be correspondingly
greater.
AP B 1998 MC 40
012 10.0 points
What is the kinetic energy of a satellite of
mass m that orbits the Earth of mass M in a
circular orbit of radius R?
1 GM m
2 R2
GM m
2. K =
R2

1. K =

1 GM m
correct
2
R
Explanation:
The gravitational force on the satellite provides the centripetal force needed to keep it
in circular orbit:
5. K =

v2
GM m
= FG = Fc = m
R2
R
GM m
2
mv =
, so
R
K=

1 GM m
1
m v2 =
.
2
2
R

Apollo 11 in Orbit 01
013 (part 1 of 2) 10.0 points
When it orbited the Moon, the Apollo 11
spacecrafts mass was 12500 kg, and its
mean distance from the Moons center was
1.93304 106 m.
Find the orbital speed of the spacecraft.
Assume its orbit to be circular and the
Moon to be a uniform sphere of mass
7.36 1022 kg. The gravitational constant
is 6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2 .
Correct answer: 1593.92 m/s.
Explanation:
The gravitational force supplies the centripetal force:
GM m
v2
=
m
d2
r d
GM
v=
q d
=

6.67259 1011 N m2 /kg2

s
7.36 1022 kg

1.93304 106 m

= 1593.92 m/s .

3. K = 0
4. K =

1 GM m
4
R

014 (part 2 of 2) 10.0 points

What is the minimum energy required for the

Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

craft to leave the orbit and escape the Moons
gravitational field?
Correct answer: 1.58786 1010 J.
Explanation:
The total energy is
1
GmM
E = K + U = m v2
2
d

1
GmM
GmM
GM
= m

=
2
d
d
2d
11
2
2
= 6.67259 10
N m /kg
(12500 kg)(7.36 1022 kg)

2(1.93304 106 m)
= 1.58786 1010 J .
The minimum energy required for the craft to
leave the orbit and escape the Moons gravitational field is
~ = 1.58786 1010 J .
Emin = kEk
New Satellite Orbit 02
015 (part 1 of 3) 10.0 points
What is the kinetic energy of a satellite of
mass m which is in a circular orbit of radius
3 Re about the earth?
G Me m
1. K =
3 Re
G Me m
2. K =
Re2
m v2
3. K =
3 Re
4. K = m g Re
5. K =

G Me m
correct
6 Re

6. K = 3 m g Re
7. K =

m v2
6 Re

8. K = 3 G Me m
9. K =

G Me m
3 Re

G Me m
6 Re2
Explanation:
The acceleration of the satellite in circular
v2
orbit of radius 3 Re is ac =
, so the force
3 Re
on the satellite is
G Me m
m v2
=
F = m ac =
3 Re
(3 Re)2
G Me m
m v2 =
e Re
and the kinetic energy is
1
G Me m
K = m v2 =
.
2
6 Re
10. K =

016 (part 2 of 3) 10.0 points

What is the total energy of the satellite?
1
m v2
2
G Me m
=
correct
6 Re
G Me m
=
Re
G Me m
=
3 Re
G Me m
=
6 Re2
Gm
=
Re
G Me m
= 3 m g Re +
3 Re

1. E = m g Re +
2. E
3. E
4. E
5. E
6. E
7. E

8. E = 3 G Me m
G Me m
3 Re
Explanation:
The potential energy of the satellite is
G Me m
U =
3 Re
so the total energy is
G Me m G Me m
E =K +U =

6 Re
3 Re
G Me m
.
=
6 Re
9. E =

Version 001 test #2 Gravitation tubman (19112)

017 (part 3 of 3) 10.0 points
How much work must an external force
do on the satellite to move it from a circular orbit of radius 2 Re to 3 Re , if its mass
is 2000 kg?
The universal gravitational
constant 6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 , the mass
of the Earth 5.98 1024 kg and its radius
6.37 106 m.
Correct answer: 1.04361 1010 J.
Explanation:
Let :

G = 6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 ,

Me = 5.98 1024 kg , and
Re = 6.37 106 m .

The work done by an external force to move

the satellite from the closer orbit to the further orbit will be the work against gravity (a
positive number which yields the change in
potential energy) plus the change in kinetic
energy (a negative number since the kinetic
energy is smaller in the orbit with the greatest
radius):


G Me m
G Me m
W = Ef Ei =

6 Re
4 Re
G Me m
=
12 Re
1
=
(6.67 1011 N m2 /kg2 )
12

(5.98 1024 kg)(2000 kg)

6.37 106 m
= 1.04361 1010 J .