CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Thecommunicationscapabilityofdevicesandcontinuous transparentinformationroutesare
indispensablecomponentsoffutureorientedautomationconcepts.Communicationisincreasing
rapidlyinindustrialenvironmentevenatfieldlevel.
Inanyindustrytheprocesscanberealizedthroughsensorsandcanbecontrolledthrough
actuators.Theprocessismonitoredonthecentralcontrolroombygettingsignalsthroughapair
of wires from each field device in Distributed Control Systems (DCS). With advent in
networkingconcept,thecostofwiringissavedbynetworkingthefielddevices.Butthelatest
trendiseliminationofwiresi.e.,wirelessnetworks.
Wireless sensor networks networks of small devices equipped with sensors,
microprocessorandwirelesscommunicationinterfaces.
In1994,EricssonMobilecommunications,theglobaltelecommunicationcompanybased
in Sweden, initiated a study to investigate, the feasibility of a low power, low cost ratio
interface,andtofindawaytoeliminatecablesbetweendevices.Finally,theengineersatthe
EricssonnamedthenewwirelesstechnologyasBlue toothtohonourthe10thcenturykingif
Denmark,HaraldBluetooth(940to985A.D).
The goals of blue tooth are unification and harmony as well, specifically enabling
different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wire less
connectivity.
The communications capability of devices and continuous transparent information routes
are indispensable components of future oriented automation concepts. Communication is
increasing rapidly in industrial environment even at field level. In any industry the process can
be realized through sensors and can be controlled through actuators. The process is monitored on
the central control room by getting signals through a pair of wires from each field device in
Distributed Control Systems (DCS). With advent in networking concept, the cost of wiring is
saved by networking the field devices. But the latest trend is elimination of wires i.e., wireless
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 1
capabilities in order to
and extend their usage, opening up novel interaction patterns and applications. The goal of
the Smart-Its project is to add smartness to real-world objects in a post-hoc fashion by
attaching small, unobtrusive computing devices, so-called Smart-Its, to them. While a single
Smart-It is able to perceive context information from its integrated sensors, a federation of ad
hoc connected Smart-Its can gain collective awareness by sharing this information.
Sharing information requires a suitable communication technology, which preferrably
should be wireless in order to be in line with the unobtrusive nature of the devices. Since there is
no central authority in a Smart-Its sensor network, nodes within the network must also be able to
communicate in an ad hoc fashion, i.e., without a priori knowledge of each other, and without the
help of a background infrastructure (though they may utilize services when available). Moreover,
the communication technology must be robust, scale well, and must efficiently use the limited
energy of the autonomous device. Finally, the communication technology employed should
adhere to a broadly-used standard to leverage from existing communication services in the
environment. These needs have prompted a search for a suitable communication technology for
the Smart-Its sensor network. After a brief survey of the existing technology, we decided to take
a closer look at the emerging Bluetooth standard as a potential candidate.
Bluetooth is an emerging communication standard that provides ad hoc configuration
of master/slave piconets including eight active units at most. It supports spontaneous
connections between devices without requiring a priori knowledge of each other. Bluetooth
allows data transfers between units over distances of nominally up to 10 meters. The gross data
rates of 1 Mbps is shared among all participants of a piconet. Bluetooth operates in the license
free 2.4 GHz ISM spectrum (2.4002.484 GHz) and uses frequency hopping spread spectrum
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 2
In , a vision, called ubiquitous computing, of the world where humans and computers
were seamlessly united is described. The essence of the vision was the creation of environments
saturated with computing and communication in an unobtrusive way. Recently, WWRF (Wireless
WorldResearch Forum) and ISTAG (IST Advisory Group) released their visions of the future
communication networks .Both institutions envisage a vast number of variousintelligent devices,
embedded in the environment, sensing, monitoring and actuating the physical world,
communicatingwith each other and humans.Today, we are witnessing a rapid proliferation of
variouswireless devices with considerable computing power andfairly small size. These devices
are still not, to paraphraseMarc Weiser , indistinguishable from the fabric ofeveryday life, but are
becoming a part of that fabric (Bluetooth headset built as a part of jewellery for
example).Various sensors are already in a broad use today as part of different devices
(temperature sensors in home or car heating system, smoke alarms, etc.) or as standalone
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 3
collaboration of smart sensornodes.In the next section the main principles of wireless
sensornetworks are given and research issues are explained. Section3 presents Bluetooth issues
related to its use in sensornetworks. An implementation of a Bluetooth based sensornetwork is
described in section 4 along with some of the implementation issues and solutions. Section 5
concludes the paper.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 4
error probability
is high. That is why a redundant number of smart nodes observing the same phenomenon is
deployed in the field. These nodes then communicate, collaborate and share data,thus ensuring
better results (each sensor has its own view of the phenomenon when these views are combined
a better picture of the phenomenon is obtained). Having this in mind, it is more reasonable for a
user to send a data request to all sensors monitoring the phenomenon than to send it to one
specific sensor node. Using a multicast routing protocol to send messages to all relevant nodes
would require unique addressing scheme in the network. However, due to the sheer number of
sensors and user requirements (user needs information about the phenomenon, does not need
information about the phenomenon from a particular sensor), data-centric approach is used
where sensors are designated using description of data they can provide instead of using
unique IDs. Messages are directed to nodes using routing protocols that can find the route based
on the data description contained in the message. Power efficiency is one of the main
requirements for allprotocols and algorithms used in these networks. As power resources of each
node are limited and required lifetime for many scenarios is measured in months and even years,
it is of paramount importance to design system in such a way to ensure power savings whenever
possible.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 5
sensor
networks
(WSNs)
are
becoming
ubiquitous
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 6
Page 7
QUERING- Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the
observation
TASKING- More complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be
observed over a large period of time.
PRESSURE SENSOR;
The Bluetooth based Pressure Sensor is use sense the pressure through
Bluetooth.Thegoalsofbluetoothareunificationandharmonyaswell,specificallyenabling
different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wire less
connectivity.
1.2 BLUETOOTH:
In 1994, a study was conducted to investigate, the feasibility of a low power, low cost ratio
interface and to find a way to eliminate cables between devices. Finally, it was named the new
wireless technology as "Blue tooth" to honor the 10th century king if Denmark, Harald Blue
tooth (940 to 985 A.D). The goals of blue tooth are unification and harmony as well, specifically
enabling different devices to communicate through a commonly accepted standard for wireless
connectivity .
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 8
The seemingly endless entanglement of data wires connecting todays electronic devices
has become slightly less jumbled with the introduction of Bluetooth technology and the creation
of a wireless data link. This article delves into the implementation and architecture of Bluetooth.
It also describes the functional overview and applications of Bluetooth. It gives significant
advantages of Bluetooth over other data transfer technologies such as IrDA and Home RF. It
illustrates how a connection is made in Bluetooth between two environments. It mainly
emphasizes the architecture of Bluetooth. It gives over all Bluetooth packet structure and
different communication and data information protocols such as WAP, UDP, IP, TCP,
RFCOMM, and L2CAP etc. It also explains Link Security by Data Encryption. Finally it
narrates how Bluetooth will bring a new level of connectivity and convenience when operating
electronic devices. These details in the article establish the growing need for Bluetooth
technology.
Bluetooth is a method for data communication that uses short-range radio links to replace
cables between computers and their connected units. Bluetooth is a radio frequency technology
utilizing the unlicensed 2.5GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. Bluetooth is an
open standard for wireless connectivity with supporters mostly from the PC and cell phone
industries. Not surprisingly, its primary market is for data and voice transfer between
communication devices and L.M.Ericson of Sweden invented PCs. Bluetooth in 1994. The
standard is named after Harald Blaatand"Bluetooth"2nd,king of Denmark.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 9
WHY BLUETOOTH?
Bluetooth attempts to provide significant advantages over other data transfer technologies
such as IrDA and HomeRF. IrDA is already popular in PC to peripherals,but is severely limited
by the short connection distance of 1m and the line of sight requirement for communication. Due
to its RF nature bluetooth is not subjected to such limitations. In addition to wireless device
connections up to 10-100m, devices need not be within line of sight. Also it is designed to be low
cost i.e under $10/unit.
The name "Bluetooth" is an Anglicised version of the Scandinavian Bltand/Bltann (Old
Norse bltnn), the epithet of the tenth-century king Harald Bluetooth who united dissonant
Danish tribes into a single kingdom and, according to legend, introduced Christianity as well.
The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would
allow mobile phones to communicate with computers. At the time of this proposal he was
reading Frans G. Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald
Bluetooth.[10][11] The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols,
uniting them into one universal standard.
The Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes
(Bjarkan) (), Harald's initials.
(Hagall) () and
Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and
2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the bottom end and 3.5 MHz wide at the
top.This is in the globally unlicensed (but not unregulated) Industrial, Scientific and Medical
(ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band. Bluetooth uses a radio technology
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 10
Page 11
Page 12
Devices
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 13
24002480 MHZ)
ISM
BAND FROM
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 14
Blue tooth operates in the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4 GHZ frequency band
and use frequency hopping spread spectrum technique. A typical Blue tooth device
has a range of about 10 meters and can be extended to 100meters. Communication
channels supports total bandwidth of 1 Mb / sec. A single connection supports a
maximum asymmetric data transfer rate of 721 KBPS maximum of three channels
CHAPTER-2
OVERVIEW OF BLUETOOTH BASED SMART NETWORKS
Page 15
Depending on the type of connections established between various Bluetooth device, 2 main
topologies such as :
1. PICONET TOPOLOGY
2. SCATTERNET TOPOLOGY
\
To any techno, there are two prime components:
1. MASTER device
2. SLAVE device
When piconet is established , one device sets up frequency hopping pattern and other
devices synchronize there signal to same pattern
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 16
MastersBluetoothaddressisusedfordefinitionofthefrequencyhoppingsequence.
Slavedevices usethemasters clocktosynchronizetheirclockstobeabletohop
simultaneously
Primary devices: Those device which set the frequency hopping pattern.
When more than 7 device need to communicate, then one or more devices are put in
park state.
The master consistendly sends warnings to invite a slave to rejoin the piconet.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 17
Here,device can be slaves in all piconets or master in one piconet and slave in
other piconets.
2.3.1ADVANTAGES OF SCATTERNET:
Higher throughput
The technology of Bluetooth centres around 9mm x 9mm microchip, which functions as a low
cost and short range radio link. Bluetooth Technology provides a 10 meter personal bubble that
support simultaneous transmission of both voice and data for multiple devices. Up to 7 devices
can be connected in a piconet, and up to 10 piconets can exist within the 10 meter bubble. In
Bluetooth the transceiver transmits and receives in a previously unused frequency band of 2.45
GHz that is available globally. Each device has a unique 48-bit address from the IEEE 802
standard. Connections can be point-to-point or multipoint. The maximum range is 10-100 meters.
Data can be exchanged at a rate of 1 megabit per second.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 18
2.4APiconet
FIG:2.3 PICONET
WhenadevicewantstoestablishaPiconetithastoperforminquirytodiscover
otherBluetoothdevicesintherange.Inquiryprocedureisdefinedinsuchawaytoensurethat
twodeviceswillaftersometime,visitthesamefrequencysametimewhenthathappensrequired
informationisexchangedanddevicescanusepagingproceduretoestablishconnection.
Whenmorethan7devicesneedstocommunicate,therearetwooptions.Thefirstoneis
toputoneormoredevicesintotheparkstate.Bluetoothdefinesthreelowpowermodessniff,
holdandpark.WhenadeviceisintheparkmodethenitdisassociatesfromandPiconet,but
stillmaintainstimingsynchronizationwithit.ThemasterofthePiconetperiodicallybroadcasts
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 19
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 20
CHAPTER-3
BLUETOOTH NETWORK MANAGEMENT
3.1 BLUETOOTH NETWORK ARRANGEMENT
Bluetooth network arrangements (topology) can be either point-to-point or pointto-multipoint. Any unit in a piconet can establish a connection to another piconet to form a
scatter net.
FIG:3.1 SCATTERNET
See
the
figure,
TOPOLOGY
In
whichscatternetis
shown
units).
Note
that
the
master unit of A is 1,whereas 2,3,4 will acts as slaves. But, In unit B master/slave can be either
1 / 2.
ScatternetconsistsofseveralPiconetsconnectedbydevicesparticipatinginmultiple
Piconet.ThesedevicescanbeslavesinallPiconetsormasterinonePiconetandslaveinother
Piconets.Usingscatternetshigherthroughputisavailableandmultihopconnectionsbetween
devicesindifferentPiconetsarepossible.i.e.,TheunitcancommunicateinonePiconetattime
sotheyjumpfrompioneertoanotherdependinguponthechannelparameter.
3.2 SENSOR
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 21
PRESSURE SENSOR
TEMPERATURE SENSOR
SOUND SENSOR
WIND SENSOR
MOTION SENSOR
LIGHT SENSOR etc.
Page 22
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 23
nature.
Many smart sensor nodes scattered in the field collect data and send it to users via
gateway using multi-hop routes.
CHAPTER-4
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 24
QUERING- Queries are used when user requires only the current value of the
observation
TASKING- More complex operation Used when a phenomenon has to be
observed over a large period of time.
AWIRELESSSENSORNETWORK
sensor network
Internet
Users
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 25
methodsofsendingandreceivingdatatoandfromsensors,routing.
Gatewaylogic
Itcontrolsgatewayinterfacesanddataflowtoandfromsensornetwork.
Itprovidesanabstractionlevelthatdescribestheexistingsensorsandtheir
characteristics.
Itprovidesfunctionsforuniformaccesstosensorsregardlessoftheirtype,
locationorN/Wtopology,injectqueriesandtasksandcollectreplies.
CommunicationWithUsers
Gatewaycommunicationswithusersorothersensornetworksoverthe
Internet,WAN,Satelliteorsomeshortagecommunicationtechnology.
Fromtheuserpointofview,queringandtaskingaretwomainservicesprovidedbywireless
sensornetworks.Queriesareusedwhenuserrequiresonlythecurrentvalueoftheobserved
phenomenon.Taskingisamorecomplexoperationandisusedwhenaphenomenonhastobe
observed over a large period of time.Both queries and tasks of time to the network by the
gatewaywhichalsocollectsrepliesandforwardsthemtousers.
Wireless sensor networks comprise number of small devices equipped with a sensing
unit, microprocessor, wireless communication interface and power source. In contrast to the
traditional sensor networks that are carefully planned and deployed to the predetermined
positions, wireless sensor networks can be deployed in an ad-hoc manner.
Of course, such deployment requires adequate communication protocols that are able to
organize the network automatically, without the need for human intervention.
Beside self-organization capability, another important feature of wireless sensor networks
is collaboration of network nodes during the task execution. In contrast to the traditional sensor
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 26
Page 27
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 28
Bluetooth Device
Sensors
Microcontroller
TEDS-Transducer Electronic Data Sheet
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 29
CHAPTER5
SENSORNETWORKIMPLEMENTATION
Themaingoalofourimplementationwastobuildahardwareplatformandgenericsoftware
solutionsthatcanserveasthebasisandatestbedfortheresearchofwirelesssensornetwork
protocols.
Implementedsensornetworkconsistsofseveralsmartsensornodesandagateway.Each
smartnodecanhaveseveralsensorsandisequippedwithamicrocontrollerandabluetooth
radiomodule.
GatewayandsmartnodesaremembersofthePiconetandhencemaximumsevensmart
nodescanexistsimultaneouslyinthenetwork.
Forexample,apressuresensorisimplemented,asbluetoothnodeinafollowingway.
The sensor is connected to the bluetooth node and consists of the pressure sensing
element,smartsignalconditioningcircuitryincludingcalibrationandtemperaturecompensation,
andtheTransducerElectronicDataSheet(TEDS).Thesefeatures arebuiltdirectlyintothe
sensor microcontroller used for node communication control plus memory for TEDS
configurationinformation.
The main goal of our implementation was to build a hardware platform and generic
software solutions that can serve as the basis and a testbed for the research of wireless sensor
network protocols. It supports ad-hoc deployment of sensors, sensor characteristics are
automatically collected and presented in a structured way using XML, there are no limits
in terms of sensor type and number of sensors, generic functions for querying sensors and
collecting replies and the basis for attribute-based routing are provided. Software
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 30
5.1SMARTSENSORNODEARCHITECTURE
Thearchitectureshowninfigurecaneasilybedevelopedforspecificsensorconfigurationssuch
asthermocouples,straingauges,andothersensortechnologiesandcanincludesensorsignal
conditioningaswellascommunicationsfunctions.
FIG:5.1BLUETOOTHWIRELESSSMARTPRESSURESENSOR
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 31
ConditionedalongsensorsignalisdigitizedanddigitaldataisthenprocessedusingstoredTEDS
data.Thepressuresensornodecollectsdatafrommultiplesensorsandtransmitsthedatavia
bluetoothwirelesscommunicationsinthe2.4GHZbasebandtoanetworkhuborotherinternet
appliancesuchasacomputer.
Thenodecansupplyexcitationtoeachsensor,orexternalsensorpowercanbesupplied.Upto
eightchannelsareavailableoneachnodeforanaloginputsaswellasdigitaloutput.Thesensor
signalisdigitizedwith16bitA/DresolutionfortransmissionalongwiththeTEDSforeach
sensor.Thisallowseachchanneltoidentifyitselftothehostsystem.Thenodecanoperatefrom
eitheranexternalpowersupplyoranattachedbattery.Themaximumtransmissiondistanceis10
meterswithanoptionalcapabilityto100meters.
TheIEEE1451familyofstandardsareusedfordefinitionoffunctionalboundariesand
interfacesthatarenecessarytoenablesmarttransducertobeeasilyconnectedtoavarietyof
networks. The standards define the protocol and functions that give the transducer
interchangeabilityinnetworkedsystem,withthisinformationahostmicrocomputerrecognizeda
pressuresensor,atemperaturesensor,oranothersensortypealongwiththemeasurementrange
andscalinginformationbasedontheinformationcontainedintheTEDSdata.
Withbluetoothtechnology,smalltransceivermodulescanbebuiltintoawiderangeof
productsincludingsensorsystems,allowingfastandsecuretransmissionofdatawithinagiven
radius(Usuallyupto10m).
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 32
Abluetoothmoduleconsistsprimarilyofthreefunctionalblocksananalog2.4GHz.,Blue
toothRFtransceiverunit,andasupportunitforlinkmanagementandhostcontrollerinterface
functions.
ThehostcontrollerhasahardwaredigitalsignalprocessingparttheLinkController
(LC),aCPUcore,anditinterfacestothehostenvironment.Thelinkcontrollerconsistsof
hardwareandsoftwarepartsthatperformbluetoothbasedbandprocessing,andphysicallayer
protocols. The link controller performs lowlevel digitalsignal processing to establish
connections,assembleordisassemble,packets,controlfrequencyhopping,correcterrorsand
encryptdata.
FIG5.2BLUETOOTHHOSTCONTROLLER
The CPU core allows the blue tooth module to handle inquiries and filte page request without
involving the host device. The host controller can be programmed to answer certain page
messages and authenticate remote links. The link manager(LM) software runs on the CPU core.
The LM discovers other remote LMs and communicates with them via the link manager protocol
(LMP) to perform its service provider role using the services of the underlying LC. The link
manager is a software function that uses the services of the link controller to perform link
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 33
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 34
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 35
5.4BLUETOOTHMODULEHARDWAREARCHITECTURE
TheCPUcoreallowsthebluetoothmoduletohandleinquiriesandfilterpagerequestwithout
involving the host device. The host controller can be programmed to answer certain page
messagesandauthenticateremotelinks.Thelinkmanager(LM)softwarerunsontheCPUcore.
TheLMdiscoversotherremoteLMsandcommunicateswiththemviathelinkmanagerprotocol
(LMP)toperformitsserviceproviderroleusingtheservicesoftheunderlyingLC.Thelink
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 36
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 37
Whenthegatewayisinitialized,itperformsbluetoothinquiryprocedure.Whentheblue
toothdeviceisdiscovered,themajorandminordeviceclassesarechecked.Theseparametersare
setbyeachsmartnodetodefinetypeofthedeviceandtypeoftheattachedsensors.Serviceclass
fieldcanbeusedtogivesome additionaldescriptionofofferedservices.ifdiscovereddeviceis
not smart node it is discarded. Otherwise service database of the discovered smart node is
searchedforsensorservices.Ascurrentlythereisnospecificsensorprofile,thendatabaseis
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 38
Page 39
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 40
CHAPTER 6
ADVANTAGES
MERITS of Bluetooth based Smart Sensor Networks:
Low Cost
Low Power Consumption
Short Range
Wireless Technology
Reasonable throughput
Low maintenance cost
Easy link establishment No line of site restrictions for signal tranmitting.
Interoperability.
Mass Production at Low Cost
Ease of Use
End User Experience
Less power consumption makes its usage in battery powered devices very practical.
2.4 GHz radio frequency ensures worldwide operability.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 41
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 42
CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE
Bluetooth is a continually expanding technology. There are plans to add many new application
profiles. With over 15000 companies working on Bluetooth, the future is very bright. With a
strong special interest group behind Bluetooth, the standardization of the application profiles is
almost assured. But, to sustain Bluetooth should keep on adding consumer needed applications.
Because in the era of Android, people prefer applications rather than technology.
Futureworkisaimedtodevelopanddesignabluetoothenableddataconcentratorfor
dataacquisitionandanalysis.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 43
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Blue tooth represents a great chance for sensor-networked architecture. This architecture heralds
wireless future for home and also for industrial implementation. With a blue tooth RF link, users
only need to bring the devices with in range, and the devices will automatically link up and
exchange information. Thus implementation of blue tooth technology for sensor networks not
only cuts wiring cost but also integrates the industrial environment to smarter environment.
Today, with a broader specifications and a renewed concentration on interoperability,
manufacturers are ready to forge ahead and take blue tooth products to the market place.
Embedded design can incorporate the blue tooth wireless technology into a range of new
products to meet the growing demand for connected information appliances.
Wireless sensor networks are an interesting research area with many possible
applications. They are based on collaborative effort of many small devices capable of
communicating and processing data. There are still many open issues ranging from the choice of
physical and MAC layer to design of routing and application level protocols.Bluetooth is a
possible choice for data communication in sensor networks. Good throughput, low-power, lowcost, standardized specification and hardware availability are Bluetooth advantages, while slow
connection establishment and lack of scatternet support are some of the deficiencies. An initial
implementation of a Bluetooth based sensor network platform is presented. Implemented
functionality and various problems experienced during the implementation are described.
Implemented platform presents a goodenvironment for further research and development of
sensor network protocols and algorithm.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 44
REFERENCES
[1] ETSI HIPERLAN/2 Standard. http://www.etsi.org/technical activ/hiperlan2.htm.
[2] IEEE 802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) .
http://www.ieee802.org/15/.
[3] Spike Homepage. http://www.spike-wireless.com/.
[4] Atmel Corp. Atmel ATmega103/103L Datasheet, 2000.
[5] Axis Communications. Axis Bluetooth Driver Software.
[6] Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Specification of the Bluetooth System v1.1, December
2000.
DEPT OF ECE,MIST
Page 45