database, but does not require that the identifier of that other entity be included as part of its own
identifier?
Weak entity
2)What is an ERD?
A ERD or Entity-Relationship Diagram, is a chart that visually represents the relationship
between database entities.
3)What is entity?
An Entity can be any object, place, person or class. In E-R Diagram, an entity is
represented using rectangles. Consider an example of an Organization. Employee, Manager,
Department, Product and many more can be taken as entities from an Organization.
4)What is weak entity?
Weak entity is an entity that depends on another entity. Weak entity doesnt have key
attribute of their own. Double rectangle represents weak entity.
5)What is attribute?
An Attribute describes a property or characteristic of an entity. For example, Name, Age,
Address etc can be attributes of a Student. An attribute is represented using eclipse.
6)What is relationship?
A Relationship describes relations between entities. Relationship is represented using
diamonds.
7)Key attribute vs Composite attribute?
Key attribute represents the main characterstic of an Entity. It is used to represent
Primary key. Ellipse with underlying lines represent Key Attribute.
An attribute can also have their own attributes. These attributes are known
as Composite attribute.
8)What is genralisation?
Generalization is a bottom-up approach in which two lower level entities combine to
form a higher level entity. In generalization, the higher level entity can also combine with other
lower level entity to make further higher level entity.
9)Define Sepcialization?
Specialization is opposite to Generalization. It is a top-down approach in which one
higher level entity can be broken down into two lower level entity. In specialization, some higher
level entities may not have lower-level entity sets at all.
10)What is aggregration?
Aggregration is a process when relation between two entity is treated as a single entity.
Here the relation between Center and Course, is acting as an Entity in relation with Visitor.
11)Draw a er diagram for library management system.
1)Numeric
2)Character-string
3) Bit-string
4)Boolean
5)Date
6)Timestamp
7)Interval
2. What is the date type of CLOB and Maximum length for CLOB ??
Ans: CLOB is a character-string data type
CLOB- CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT
CLOB maximum length can be specified in kiloBytes(k) or megaBytes(m) or
gigaBytes(G).
For example:
CLOB(20K) specifies a maximum length of 20 kilobytes.
5. What is catlog?
Ans:
Collection of Schemas in an SQL enivornment.
A catlog always contains a special schema called INFORMATION_SCHEMA.
In addition to key and referential integrity constants, which are specified by special
keywords, other table constraints can be specified at end of CREATE TABLE statements.
<table list>
WHERE
<condition>;
where
<attribute list> is a list of attribute names whose values are to be retrieved by the query.
<table list>is a list of the relation names required to process the query.
<condition>is a conditional (boolean) expression that identifies the tuples to be retrieved by the
query.
Ans:It is used to retrieve all the attribute values of the selected tuples.
19.
Sol.
In its simplest form INSERT command is used to add a single tuple to a relation or table.
Relation or table name has to be specified along with the list of values for the tuple. The
same command can also be used to insert more than one tuple by slightly changing the
syntax.
20
Give the syntax for INSERT command in its simple form (Inserting a single tuple).
Sol.
INSERT INTO <table name> VALUES (<attr value1>, <attr value2>,<attr vlaue3>,
..,<attr value n>);
21
Give the syntax for INSERT command where multiple tuples can be inserted.
Sol.
22
Sol.
This command is used to delete tuples from a relation or a table. It includes a WHERE
clause to specify the tuples to be deleted.
23
Sol.
24
Sol.
This command is used to modify attribute values of one or more selected tuples. WHERE
clause is included in this command to specify the tuples to be modified.
25
Sol.
UPDATE <table name> SET <attribute 1=new value, attribute 2=new value,..attribute
n = new value>WHERE <attribute=some value>;
3.Define database.
i)A database is a collection of related data.
ii)A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called the miniworld or
the universe of discourse (UoD).
iii)A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning.
iv)A random assortment of data cannot correctly be referred to as a database.
4.Define DBMS.
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to
create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general purpose software system that facilitates
the processes of defining,constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users
and applications.
5.Define metadata.
The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS in the
form of a database catalog or dictionary.It is called meta-data.
7.What is DBA ?
14.What is denormalization ?
By placing all the data together,we do not have to search multiple files to collect this
data.This is known as denormalization.
Some database systems provide capabilities for defining deduction rules for inferencing
new information from the stored database facts.Such systems are called deductive database
systems.
19.Define a trigger.
A trigger is a form of a rule activated by updates to the table,which results in performing
some additional operations to some other tables,sending messages,and so on.
the definition of base table or other named schema elements can be changed by using the alter
command .for base tables the possible alter actions are
include adding or dropping a column ,changing a column definition and adding or dropping a
table
whenever a condition in the WHERE clause of a nested queries references some attribute of a
relation declared in the outer query
the two queries are said to be correlated...
15.) WHAT ARE AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS IN SQL.?
the concept of aggregate function is introduced as a relational operation .because grouping and
aggreation are requried
in many database applications sql has features that incoporate these concepts...
16.)WHAT IS THE USE OF AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS IN SQL.?
the COUNT function is used return the number of tuples or values as specified ina
the functions SUM,MAX,MIN and AVG are applied to a set of muliset of numeric values and
return respectively...
representational data model is known as record based data model.as it represent the data using
record structures