Q1. (a) Data communications errors can be generally classified into three categories, briefly
explain these categories.
(b) Error performance of a communication system can be expressed as :
(i) P(e) = 10 -4
(ii) BER = 10-6.
Name and explain the type of error value and briefly interpret the values.
Ans:
Data communications errors can be generally classified as:
Single bit only one bit in data string is in error
Multiple bit two or more nonconsecutive bits within a given data string are in error.
Burst two or more consecutive bits within a data string are in error
(b)
expected value pertains to probability of error as expected in a system. Ex: P(e) 10 -4 means
1 bit is expected to be with error out of 10000 bits transmitted
empirical value pertains to actual error performance of a system which is called bit error
rate (BER). Ex.: If 1 bit has an error out of 1 million bits transmitted, then BER is equal to 10 6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Communication Link
Data communications network
Communications Medium
Data Communication Code
e. Bandwidth
F
Path for transmission of signals between communicating devices
G
Systems of interrelated computers and computer equipment that are interconnected to one
another, for the purpose of transmitting and / or receiving information.
H.
Transmission path between DCEs, or between DTE and another DTE
I.
Used to represent characters and symbols, Includes character codes, character sets, symbol
codes, character languages
J
Range of frequencies contained in a frequency spectrum
Equal to highest frequency minus the lowest frequency which could be used / transmitted
(b)
(a)
Uses serial data transmission.
Does not use start and stop bits.
Usually uses start and ending flags.
Receiver clock is synchronized with transmitter clock.
Usually, more than one character is transmitted in one packet.
Relatively fast if a lot of data are to be transmitted continuously.
Synchronous Data Transmission Protocols
developed by IBM
developed by IBM
(B)
Error control can be divided into two general categories which are:
Error detection - process of monitoring data and determining when transmission errors have
occurred.
Error correction - Process of correcting the errors which occurred during the transmission
of data.
Q6. Electronic communication Systems can be of two basic types with four different
transmission modes, state and explain briefly the two basic types and the four transmission
modes.
Simplex
Transmissions can occur only in one direction
Also called one-way-only, receive only, or transmit-only systems A
location may be a transmitter or receiver but not both.
Example: AM and FM radio
Half Duplex
Transmissions can occur in both directions, but not at the same time
Also called two-way-alternate, either-way, or over-and-out systems
A location may be a transmitter and a receiver but not both at the
same time.
Example: two way radios that use push-to-talk (PTT) buttons to
activate their transmitters such as citizens-band and police-band
radios
Full Duplex
A location can transmit and receive at the same time. However, the station it
is transmitting to must also be the station it is receiving from.
A station can transmit and receive simultaneously, but not necessarily to and
from the same station. One station can transmit to a second station, and
receive from a third station, at the same time.