Experiment 4 : Fluid Friction Test

OBJECTIVE :
1. Investigation of pressure losses in pipes
2. Influence of flow speed on pressure loss
3. Comparison of calculated and experiment values

APPARATUS :
Hydraulic Bench
Fluid Friction Test Apparatus
Stop Watch

Figure 1 : Fluid Friction Apparatus

1. Shut-off valves for individual measuring sections

2. Double pressure gauge with connecting hoses
3. Infeed (covered)
4. Steel tube support
5. Measuring objects for flow measuring point
6. Connection for measuring points
7. Pressure tapping nipple
8. Drain
9. Measuring objects for shut-off devices

THEORY :

Experiment conditions
With turbulent pipe flow, where the flow is considered steady at
Reynoldss numbers of Re > 2320 ,pressure loss is proportional to
the
- length, l of the pipe
- Coefficient of pipe friction
- Density, p of flowing medium
- Square of the flow speed, v

In addition, the pressure loss increases as the pipe diameter

reduces. It is calculated as follows:

P =

l
pV
2d

The associated head loss h is calculated as follows:

h =

l v
d 2g

For turbulent pipe flow (Re > 2320) the pipe friction coefficient
depend on the pipe roughness k and the Reynolds number Re.
The pipe roughness k specifies the height of the wall elevations in
mm.
The relationship between Re, and k is showns in the Colebrook
and Nikuradse diagram. Here, the wall roughness k is related to
the pipe diameter d. The Reynolds number Re is calculated from
the pipe diameter (d), flow speed (v) and kinematic viscosity ().

Re =

vd

The kinematic viscosity for water can be taken from the table as a
function of the temperature. The flow speed v is calculated from
the volumetric flow V and the pipe cross-section.

v=

4V
d

For hydraulically smooth pipes (Re < 65 d/k) and a Reynolds

number in the range of 2320 < Re < 105, the pipe friction
coefficient is determined using the Blasius formula

0.3164

For pipes in the transition range to rough pipes (65 d/k < Re <
1300 d/k, the range below the limit curve in the diagram) the pipe
friction coefficient us calculated accoding to Colebrook

[ (

251 0.27
= 2lg
+
d / k

)]

It is an implicit formula that has to be iteratively resolved. First of

all estimate , place it in the formula and calculate an initial
approximation. This approximation is re-used in the equation to
calculated second approximation.

If the estimated value is taken from the Colebrook and Nikurdse

diagram, the initial approximation is generally sufficiently accurate
and the values only differ after the 3rd decimal place. Table 1
Kinematic viscosity of water as a function of temperature (after
Kalide: Technische Stromungslehre (Technical Fluid Mechanics)).

Kinematic viscosity in 10-6

m2/s
15
1.134
16
1.106
17
1.079
18
1.055
19
1.028
20
1.004
21
0.980
22
0.957
23
0.935
Table 1: Kinematic Viscosity

Temperature in C

Experimental Method

In the following experiment, the pipe is investigated in measuring

section ll. The measuring length is l = 800mm. The series of
measurements is carried out based on the head loss hv, i.e. the
ball cock before the measuring section is used to set certain
heights on the pressure gauge and determine the relevant
volumetric flow. The pressure gauge is connected and the
measurements are carried out as described in section 2.

PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the HM 150 Basic Hydraulics Module experiment

unit, with the drain above the volumetric tank.
2. Unscrew rear star handle nuts for pressure gauge mounting
and move pressure gauge down on hole, tighten star handle
nuts again.
3. Set up hose connections between HM 150 and the unit.
4. Open HM 150 drain.
5. Switch on the pump and slowly open the HM 150.
6. Connect pressure gauge to the desired measuring point.
7. Slowly open ball cock before the desired measuring section
and vent the pressure gauge (see section 2.1) Dual pressure
gauge.
8. By simultaneously adjusting the vent and drain valves on the
pressure gauge, regulate the water such that both water
columns are in the measuring range.
9. Determine the volumetric flow. To do this, stop for the time t
required to top up the volumetric tank on the HM 150 from
10 to 20 or 30 liters. The drain valves below the tank must be
closed.

RESULTS:

Kinematic viscosity

at 20 C = 1.004 10-6 m2/ s

Length of pipe, l = 0.8 m

Diameter of pipe, d = 0.02 m
Area, A = (3.142 10-4) m2
Gravity = 9.81

Measured head loss

hvm (m)
Volumetric flow (m3)
Time (s)
Flow rate, Q (m3/s)
Flow velocity, v (m/s)
Reynolds Number, Re
Pipe friction coefficient
according to Blasius,
Calculated head loss,
hvt
Variance (%)

1
0.065

2
0.18

3
0.33

4
0.515

5
0.27

0.01
149
6.711 10-

0.01
78
1.282 10-

0.01
40
2.5 10-4

0.01
0.01
54
58
1.852 10- 1.724 10-

0.214
4263
0.039

0.408
8127
0.033

3.641
10-3
0.90

11.199
10-3
11.80

0.796
15857
0.028

0.589
11733
0.030

0.549
10936
0.030

36.170
10-3
22.03

21.218
10-3
47.38

18.434
10-3
20.17

Calculation:

Q 1=

3 103
26

1.154 104

1=

0.3164
1 = 4
4576

= 4576

= 0.038

0.038 0.8 0.367 2

hv t 1=

0.02
2 9.81
1.52 ( 6.865 103 )
1.043 102

Variance1 =
`

HEAD LOSS ,hVt HEAD LOSS ,hVm

100
HEAD LOSS ,hVm

( 1.043 102 )0.05

0.05

1.154 10 4
4
3.142 10

= 0.367

0.367 0.02
( 1.604 106 )

1=

100

QUESTION:

1.

What conclusion can you draw from the data obtained?

We obtained that the average head loss for beginning increase

until it achieve until the maximum point before it become
decrease. It is because of unstable value of flow rate.

2. What further assertions can you make after evaluating the

diagram?
From diagram, we find that the flow rate will influence the result. It
is because of not accurate temperature are left. They also will
happen because of an error in calculation.

3.

Plot the graph Head loss versus Flow rate.

DISCUSSION:
All readings will be stored by the software and can be viewed in tabular or
graphical formats.
o Plot a graph for each size of pipe. Identify the laminar, transition and
turbulent zones on the graphs.
o Confirm that the graph is a straight line for the zone of laminar flow .
o Plot a graph for each size of pipe. Confirm that the graph is a
straight line for the of turbulent flow . Determine the slope of the straight
line.
o Compare the values of head loss determined by calculation with those measured
using the manometer.
o Confirm that the head loss can be predicted using the pipe friction equation
provided the velocity of the fluid and the pipe dimensions are known.

CONCLUSION:

Possible reasons for errors are in the reading of the Force Meter. Since the reading had to be
taken while the meter was moving, it was difficult to see exactly the reading. In future labs, this
problem could be prevented by using either a force meter that automatically stores data on a
computer, or by taking a picture using a camera. The lab originally involved the measurement of
acceleration of the car using Data Studio, but this would have no effect in the fulfillment of the
labs purpose, and was scrapped